MICROBIOLOGY EXAM 2
Which statement concerning glycolysis is FALSE? Glycolysis requires oxygen Substrate level phosphorylation occurs during glycolysis. An end product of glycolysis is 2 molecules of NADH. Glycolysis requires the input of 2 ATP. Glycolysis converts one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate.s
Glycolysis requires oxygen
The __________ of a transfer RNA molecule is complementary to a codon in a messenger RNA molecule.
anticodon
The correct sequence of events in the replication of bacteriophage is: attachment (adsorption), penetration, biosynthesis, assembly/maturation, release penetration, biosynthesis, attachment (adsorption), assembly/maturation, release attachment (adsorption), release, biosynthesis, assembly/maturation, penetration assembly/maturation, biosynthesis, release, penetration, attachment (adsorption) biosynthesis, penetration, assembly/maturation, attachemnt (adsorption), release
attachment (adsorption), penetration, biosynthesis, assembly/maturation, release
A(n) __________ is a mutant organism that has different nutritional requirements than the original wild-type organism.
auxotroph
Molecule(s) that act as "molecular glue" to bind DNA fragments together and seal gaps in the DNA is/are a. DNAse b. DNA ligase c. ligandase d. DNA polymerase e. a and c
b. DNA ligase
Which of the following types of plasmids allows a bacterial cell to kill its competitors? fertility factors cryptic plasmids bacteriocin factors resistance factors virulence factors
bacteriocin factors
A virus which has a tail: dsDNA animal virus ssRNA animal virus dsRNA animal virus bacteriophage plant virus
bacteriophage
All of the following are associated with chemiosmosis EXCEPT: ATP synthase. beta-oxidation. creation of a proton gradient. phosphorylation of 34 molecules of ADP. oxidative phosphorylation.
beta-oxidation.
All the following are possible methods for cultivating viruses except laboratory animals embryonated chicken eggs tissue cultures blood agar medium
blood agar medium
All the following are possible methods for cultivating viruses except tissue cultures blood agar medium laboratory animals embryonated chicken eggs
blood agar medium
DNA helicases synthesize short DNA molecules important for the function of DNA polymerase. assist in recognition of promoters during transcription. seal gaps between DNA fragments. break hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides. proofread DNA molecules.
break hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides.
Viral envelopes usually are acquired by budding through a membrane of the host cell an outgrowth of the genome membrane reaction with interferon protein synthesizing envelope lipids under direction of the virus
budding through a membrane of the host cell
All of the following are by-products of various types of anaerobic respiration in bacteria EXCEPT: hydrogen sulfide. methane. nitrite ions. carbonate. nitrous oxide.
carbonate.
An enzyme that strict aerobes will have: hydrogenase carboxylase oxygenase oxidoreductase catalase
catalase
A(n) __________ is an atom that has a full positive charge.
cation
Shingles is an example of a latent infection that may develop following reactivation decades afer having
chickenpox
Cells that are able to perform transformation are said to be __________.
competent
Sulfanilimide is an antimicrobial drug that mimics the shape of an important substrate for a particular bacterial enzyme, thereby inhibiting the enzyme. This type of inhibition is known as competitive inhibition. excitatory allosteric control. allosteric inhibition. Both A and C are correct. A, B, and C are correct.
competitive inhibition.
Which of the following chemical reactions stores energy? exchange redox hydrolysis condensation
condensation
In conjugation, F cells contain "jumping genes." serve as recipient cells. do not have conjugation pili. can transfer DNA only to other F cells. contain an F plasmid.
contain an F plasmid.
The nucleoid contains only RNA molecules. is surrounded by a membrane. contains the bacterial chromosome. Both A and B are correct. A, B, and C are correct.
contains the bacterial chromosome.
The process by which one parent DNA molecule produces two daughter DNA molecules, each containing one strand from the parent and one new strand is known as a. continuous replication b. discontinuous replication c. conservative replication d. liberal replication e. semiconservative replication
semiconservative replication
Proteins that promote chemical reactions in the cell are called flagella. genes. enzymes. protozoa. spores.
enzymes
Proteins that promote chemical reactions in the cell are called enzymes. genes. protozoa. flagella. spores.
enzymes.
Plaque assays are used to estimate the number of phages in a culture study prions grow viruses that cannot be grown any other way count the number of latent phages in a cell evaluate the cancer-causing ability of a virus
estimate the number of phages in a culture
Plaque assays are used to evaluate the cancer-causing ability of a virus study prions grow viruses that cannot be grown any other way estimate the number of phages in a culture count the number of latent phages in a cell
estimate the number of phages in a culture
Genes are active in a region of the eukaryotic chromosome called: the plasmid. the nucleoid. heterochromatin. the histone. euchromatin.
euchromatin
Loosely packed regions of a eukaryotic chromosome are called __________.
euchromatin
The viral envelope closely resembles the prokaryotic cell wall. capsomere. eukaryotic cell membrane. cytoplasm.
eukaryotic cell membrane.
If a cell reverses the process of beta-oxidation, which of the following molecules will it be making? amino acids fatty acids glycerol starch nucleotides
fatty acids
All of the following are associated with prokaryotic genomes EXCEPT: no nuclear membrane. one or two chromosomes. histones. 50,000-100,000 basepair loops. circular chromosomes.
histones.
The most common shape of a virus protein coat: helical pentagon icosahedron spherical hexagon
icosahedron
Where is the most ATP generated for eukaryotic cells? in the cytoplasmic membrane in the mitochondrial matrix in the outer membrane of the mitochondria in the cytosol on ribosomes
in the mitochondrial matrix
Which of the following must be removed from an mRNA molecule before it can be translated in eukaryotes? exon promoter intron codon anticodon
intron
Which of the following must be removed from an mRNA molecule before it can be translated in eukaryotes? promoter anticodon codon exon intron
intron
Another term for the palindromic sequence found at the ends of transposons is a(n) transposase. insertion sequence. inverted repeat. bacteriophage. complex transposon.
inverted repeat.
All of the following are associated with nucleic acid structure EXCEPT: ionic bonds. ribose. uracil. phosphate. hydrogen bonds.
ionic bonds.
The __________ is the DNA strand that is synthesized continuously during DNA replication.
leading strand
When a enveloped virus infects a cell, the spikes of the virus are: left at the receptor site lost during uncoating lost at maturation broken down by the products of the early genes broken down by the products of the late genes
left at the receptor site
Viruses have all the following except: metabolism definite shape ultramicroscopic size genes ability to infect host cells
metabolism
Malignant tumors invade other organs and tissue in a process called neoplasia metastasis oncogenesis contact inhibition latency
metastasis
If the codon AUG, coding for methionine, were mutated to AAG, coding for lysine, this would be an example of a(n) __________ mutation.
missense
Cellular organelles and viruses are generally measured in millimeters. centimeters. nanometers. decimeters. micrometers.
nanometers.
Obligate anaerobes have: superoxide dismutase and catalase superoxide dismutase, but not catalase catalase, but not superoxide dismutase neither superoxide dismutase not catalase
neither superoxide dismutase not catalase
The conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia is called __________.
nitrogen fixation
The reduction of nitrogen gas to ammonia is called __________.
nitrogen fixation
5'-bromouracil mimics the chemical structure of thymine, making it a(n) __________.
nucleoside analog
The monomer of a nucleic acid is called a(n) __________.
nucleotide
___________ of a substance refers to its loss of one or more electrons. oxidation metabolism degradation reduction
oxidation
During complete aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is nitrogen. oxygen. an inorganic molecule other than oxygen. H2O. none of these.
oxygen
Pasteur made all of the following observations concerning the fermentation of grape juice EXCEPT: yeast can grow in sealed or open flasks of grape juice. bacteria produce acid in grape juice. yeast cells can grow and reproduce in grape juice. pasteurization kills yeast to prevent spoilage of grape juice. yeast can grow with or without oxygen.
pasteurization kills yeast to prevent spoilage of grape juice.
A cell that uses an organic carbon source and obtains energy from light would be called a chemoheterotroph. photoheterotroph. photoautotroph. lithoautotroph. chemoautotroph.
photoheterotroph.
A(n) __________ is a collection of pigments such as chlorophyll that are used to absorb light in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
photosystem
Viroids infect plants and animals. plants. bacteria. other viruses. brains of animals.
plants
A bacterial cell moving toward light would be an example of negative chemotaxis. negative phototaxis. positive chemotaxis. chemotaxis. positive phototaxis.
positive phototaxis.
All of the following are examples of the phenotype of an organism EXCEPT: presence of flagella. spherical cells. presence of a pilus. presence of a gene coding for penicillin resistance. presence of the enzyme catalase.
presence of a gene coding for penicillin resistance.
Infectious protein particles are called: prions hemagglutinins oncogenes viroids phages
prions
The presence of a prophage may cause the bacterium to: degenerate slowly lyse produce an exotoxin become permissive be able to be transformed
produce an exotoxin
What is the function of the light-dependent noncyclic reactions of photosynthesis? production of ATP only "recharging" chlorophyll with an electron production of ATP and NADPH production of glucose production of oxygen
production of ATP and NADPH
What is the purpose of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? carbon fixation production of oxygen production of ATP and NADPH regeneration of NAD production of ATP and NADH
production of ATP and NADPH
RNA polymerase initiates transcription by recognizing specific nucleotide sequences called __________.
promoters
A bacteriophage chromosome which has become part of the bacterial chromosome: lysogenic phage prophage transforming phage repressor phage replicative form
prophage
All of the following are involved in the biosynthesis of nucleotides EXCEPT: ribose 5-phosphate. proteases. glutamine and aspartic acid. folic acid. ATP.
proteases.
Antimicrobial agents that interfere with nucleic acids also affect endospores. the cell membrane. the viral envelope. the cell wall. protein synthesis.
protein synthesis.
The purpose of electron transport is to create a(n) __________ across a membrane that can then be used to make ATP.
proton gradient
The point at which a DNA double helix is "unzipped" is the __________.
replication fork
All of the following statements about the light-independent (dark) reactions of photosynthesis are true EXCEPT: are an example of gluconeogenesis intake CO2 produces three-carbon compounds that are combined into glucose requires both ATP and NADH uses the Calvin-Benson cycle
requires both ATP and NADH
Types of chlorophyll differ in the amount of oxygen they use up. the amount of light they can absorb. the number of electrons they release. the wavelengths of light they absorb. the amount of ATP they produce.
the wavelengths of light they absorb.
Types of chlorophyll differ in the amount of oxygen they use up. the amount of light they can absorb. the number of electrons they release. the wavelengths of light they absorb. the amount of ATP they produce.
the wavelengths of light they absorb.
All of the following are characteristics of inducible operons EXCEPT: they are often involved in anabolic pathways. they are normally inactive. they are a way for bacterial cells to conserve energy. they involve a repressor. they are active in the presence of an inducer.
they are often involved in anabolic pathways.
All of the following are characteristics of viruses EXCEPT: they are smaller than prokaryotic cells. they are visible with a light microscope. they are composed of genetic material and protein. they are acellular. they are obligatory parasites.
they are visible with a light microscope.
Membranes containing the photosystems necessary for photosynthesis are called chlorophylls. stroma. grana. thylakoids. cytochromes.
thylakoids.
Oncogenes are genes that encourage recombinations in bacteria transform normal cells to cancer cells the virus uses to replicate itself influence ongoing protein production
transform normal cells to cancer cells
Oncogenes are genes that influence ongoing protein production encourage recombinations in bacteria transform normal cells to cancer cells the virus uses to replicate itself
transform normal cells to cancer cells
Frederick Griffith discovered DNA. the lac operon. conjugation. transposons. transformation.
transformation.
The energy required for DNA replication comes from: DNA polymerase. RNA primer. triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides. the leading strand. DNA ligase.
triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides.
The energy required for DNA replication comes from: RNA primer. triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides. the leading strand. DNA polymerase. DNA ligase.
triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides.
Which of the following causes mutations by creating thymine dimers? nucleotide analogs ultraviolet light benzopyrene nitrous acid gamma rays
ultraviolet light
Which of the following causes mutations by creating thymine dimers? ultraviolet light benzopyrene nitrous acid nucleotide analogs gamma rays
ultraviolet light
All of the following are aspects of a cell's ability to regulate its metabolism EXCEPT: isolation of various enzymes within membranous organelles. synthesis of a catabolic enzyme only when its substrate is available. synthesis or degradation of membrane transport proteins. using the same coenzymes for anabolic and catabolic reactions that share substrate molecules. using the most energy-efficient energy source available.
using the same coenzymes for anabolic and catabolic reactions that share substrate molecules.
A prophage is another name for a bacteriophage viral DNA integrated into the bacterial chromosome a virulent phage that undergoes a lytic cycle a plasmid consisting of viral DNA
viral DNA integrated into the bacterial chromosome.
An infectious particle for plants which is smaller and more simple than viruses: peplomer peplos virion viroid prion
viroid
Infectious naked strands of RNA are called: virions oncogenes ss+RNA viroids prions
viroids
When a enveloped virus infects a cell, the spikes of the virus are gained: once the virus has left the cell during uncoating during maturation made by the the products of the early genes when the virus leaves the cell at the receptor site
when the virus leaves the cell at the receptor site
The lipid envelope of a virus is gained: as a function of the late genes during uncoating during maturation when the virus leaves the host cell as a result of the function of the early genes
when the virus leaves the host cell
Explain how cells use and regulate their enzymes as a way to control their metabolism.
written
Explain why the ATP yield from processes such as cellular respiration is generally given as a theoretical number.
written
All of the following statements about the light-independent (dark) reactions of photosynthesis are true EXCEPT: intake CO2 are an example of gluconeogenesis requires both ATP and NADH produces three-carbon compounds that are combined into glucose uses the Calvin-Benson cycle
requires both ATP and NADH
The __________ of an enzyme is reached when all active sites have bound substrate molecules.
saturation point
The genome of which of the following types of animal virus can act directly as mRNA? +ssRNA viruses retroviruses dsDNA viruses ssDNA viruses -ssRNA viruses
+ssRNA viruses
The genome of which of the following types of animal virus can act directly as mRNA? dsDNA viruses ssDNA viruses -ssRNA viruses retroviruses +ssRNA viruses
+ssRNA viruses
Which of the following scientists first hypothesized that gene sequences could provide new insights into evolutionary relationships between organisms such as microbes? Pauling Kluyver Ehrlich Avery Woese
Pauling
Because of proofreading, what is the error rate associated with DNA replication? 1 error in 10 million bases 1 error in 1,000 bases 1 error in 100,000 bases 1 error in 1 million bases 1 error in 1 billion bases
1 error in 1 billion bases
F factors are plamids that confer (fill in the blank) on the bacterial host cell in which they are found.
1) the ability to exchange genetic information horizontally, as as, vertically 2) a fertility pilus 3) the ability to act as a donor in conjugation
How many ATP molecules are produced from the NADH generated during the aerobic respiration of a molecule of glucose? 38 36 30 10 4
30
Because a codon is a particular combination of three nucleotides, there are __________ possible combinations of the nucleotides A, C, G, and T. 12 64 16 4 32
64
A(n) ________ organism makes its own food using solar energy.
Photoautotrophs
All of the following are true statements of eukaryotic transcription EXCEPT: Transcription occurs in the nucleus, mitochondria, and in chloroplasts (if present). Multiple transcription factors are required. There are four different RNA polymerases. Multiple elongation factors are required. A guanine is added to the 3' end and a poly A tail is added to the 5' end.
A guanine is added to the 3' end and a poly A tail is added to the 5' end.
A point mutation can be completely harmless, or it can result in the death of a cell or organism. Explain why these types of mutations can have such varying effects.
A point mutation is a single base change in the nucleotide sequence of a cell's genome. When considering the effects of these types of mutations, the location of the mutation is an important piece of information. Point mutations in noncoding regions of the genome are usually harmless. Even in coding regions, point mutations can be harmless if they result in silent mutations. Silent mutations preserve the sense of the amino acid code because of the concept of "wobble," in which two codons can code for the same amino acid by varying only at the third base of the codon. If the point mutation has occurred at this third base, then the amino acid sequence of the protein will remain unchanged. Point mutations occurring at the first or second base of the codon are almost always much more serious because they change the sense of the codon, to a completely different amino acid, a type of point mutation known as a missense mutation. (The only exception to this is if the new amino acid is chemically similar to the previous amino acid, which usually causes little or no change in the overall structure or function of the protein.) Finally, one of the most serious types of point mutations is a nonsense mutation, in which the codon has been changed to a stop codon. These types of mutations result in the abnormal termination of a protein sequence. In all these cases, if the protein affected by the mutation is an enzyme or some other vital protein required for proper cellular function, then the cell and/or organism may die as a result of these relatively simple mutations.
Transfer RNA molecules carrying amino acids initially bind to the ribosome at the __________.
A site
During translation, an mRNA codon will pass through which of the following sequences of tRNA binding sites on the ribosome? E site, P site, A site A site, P site, E site P site, A site, E site A site, E site, P site P site, E site, A site
A site, P site, E site
All of the following are characteristics of catabolic pathways EXCEPT:
A, B, and C are correct.
All of the following are characteristics of catabolic pathways EXCEPT: they produce ATP. they break large molecules into smaller ones. they are exergonic. Both A and C are correct. A, B, and C are correct.
A, B, and C are correct.
Which of the following is classified as a frameshift mutagen? benzopyrene ethidium bromide acridine Both A and B are correct. A, B, and C are correct.
A, B, and C are correct.
Which of the following is involved in translation? mRNA tRNA rRNA Both A and C are correct. A, B, and C are correct.
A, B, and C are correct.
ATP is produced by the phosphorylation of __________.
ADP
During complete anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is nitrogen. oxygen. an inorganic molecule other than oxygen. H2O. none of these.
an inorganic molecule other than oxygen.
According to the chemiosmotic theory ATP is produced when electrons leave oxygen and go to an inorganic molecule other than oxygen. ATP is produced when hydroagen ions that were extruded from the procaryotic cell reenter the cell, using ATP synthase. electrons pass energy to oxygen after traveling through the cytoplasmic membrane of the cell. ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation.
ATP is produced when hydrogen ions that were extruded from the procaryotic cell reenter the cell, using ATP synthase.
Match the metabolic process with the description of the terminal electron acceptor. Aerobic respiration Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation Cyclic photophosphorylation Noncyclic photophosphorylation A. Oxygen B. Electron(s) used to reduce NADP+ C. Organic molecule D. Electron(s) returned to chlorophyl E. Inorganic molecule other than oxygen
Aerobic respiration A. Oxygen Anaerobic Respiration E. Inorganic molecule other than oxygen Fermentation C. Organic molecule Cyclic photophosphorylation D. Electron(s) returned to chlorophyl Noncyclic photophosphorylation B. Electron(s) used to reduce NADP+
Which of the following is a true statement concerning the structure and function of enzymes? An apoenzyme is a combination of a cofactor bound to a holoenzyme. All enzymes bind to cofactors necessary for their function. The higher the temperature, the faster an enzyme will work. After an enzyme has catalyzed a reaction, it resumes its original shape and can interact with a new substrate molecule. Competitive inhibition of an enzyme occurs when an inhibitor binds to an allosteric site on the enzyme.
After an enzyme has catalyzed a reaction, it resumes its original shape and can interact with a new substrate molecule.
EXTRA CREDIT: All of the following are spongiform encephalopathies known to be caused by prionsEXCEPT: Kuru Creutzfeld-Jacob disease (CJD) Alzheimer's disease Scrapie Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Alzheimer's disease
All of the following are true statements concerning reduction reactions EXCEPT: A molecule gains a hydrogen atom. An electron acceptor becomes more positively charged. They are coupled with oxidation reactions. They frequently involve electron carrier molecules. An electron acceptor gains an electron.
An electron acceptor becomes more positively charged.
Horizontal gene transfer typically is a rare event. involves the transfer of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell. occurs only between cells of the same species. Both A and B are correct. A, B, and C are correct.
Both A and B are correct.
The synthesis of acetyl-CoA from pyruvic acid serves as a bridge between which of the following pathways? glycolysis and the Krebs cycle the Entner-Doudoroff pathway and the Krebs cycle glycolysis and fermentation Both A and B are correct. A, B, and C are correct.
Both A and B are correct.
Which of the following processes is involved in the "central dogma" of genetics? translation transcription DNA replication Both A and B are correct. A, B, and C are correct.
Both A and B are correct.
Which of the following produces NADPH? the pentose phosphate pathway the Entner-Doudoroff pathway the Embden-Meyerhof pathway Both B and C are correct. Both A and B are correct.
Both A and B are correct.
Nitrogen is extracted from the atmosphere by a few types of bacteria. is used to build proteins and carbohydrates. is a growth-limiting nutrient for many organisms. Both A and C are correct. A, B, and C are correct.
Both A and C are correct.
Which of the following are considered to be frameshift mutations? insertions inversions deletions Both A and B are correct. Both A and C are correct.
Both A and C are correct.
Which of the following is a common feature of chemiosmosis and the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? reduction of NADP electron transport a proton gradient Both B and C are correct. A, B, and C are correct.
Both B and C are correct.
Organisms that can grow with or without oxygen present are:
Both B and C.
Bacteria that can live without oxygen are termed ________.
anaerobic
Compare and contrast the lactose operon with the tryptophan operon.
Both the lactose and the tryptophan operons have certain features in common. They both contain a set of genes dedicated to a common purpose (such as the catabolism of lactose by the genes of the lactose operon) and regulatory elements such as a promoter and an operator. Each of these operons makes use of a repressor protein as well, which binds to the operator region and alters the activity of the operon. However, the lactose operon is classified as an inducible operon, which means it requires an inducer (lactose itself) in order to be activated; in the absence of the inducer, the repressor protein shuts down the operon. On the other hand, the tryptophan operon is a repressible operon, which requires a corepressor (tryptophan itself) in order to activate the repressor and shut down the operon; otherwise, the operon is fully functional. In both types of operon, the molecule either catabolized (in the case of lactose) or synthesized (in the case of tryptophan) is an important component of the regulation of the operon. In this way, the cell maintains precise control over these genetic pathways, and does not spend time and energy making enzymes that are not needed for example, making enzymes to catabolize lactose when no lactose is present.
For each component building block, identify the biological macromolecule in which it is found. (Answers may be used more than one time.) Fatty acids Amino acids Nitrogenous nucleotide bases Glycerol Saccharides A. Proteins B. Nucleic acids C. Lipids D. Carbohydrates
C. Fatty acids A. Amino acids B. Nitrogenous nucleotide bases C. Glycerol D. Saccharides
In respect to bacterial conjugation, when an F factor becomes integrated into the chromosome of an F+ cell, the cell becomes an Hfr (High frequency recombinant). If this Hfr cell mates (conjugates) with an F- (F minus) recipient, what are the possible outcomes following this mating? (Choose all answers that are correct.) A. The donor cell will lose it's F plasmid. B. The recipient cell will become an F+ cell. C. The recipient cell will remain an F- (F minus) cell. D. The donor will remain an Hfr. E. The recipient will become an Hfr cell. F. The recipient cell may become a recombinant.
C. The recipient cell will remain an F- (F minus) cell.
Which of the following is an organic molecule?
CH3(CH2)14COOH
Which of the following compounds is inorganic? C6H12O6 CH4 CO2 all of these are organic.
CO2
The effect of viruses upon cells and tissues: FDA CPE ACB VES EVA
CPE
Virus capsids are made from subunits called:
Capsomeres
Match the metabolic term with the best definition. Chemiosmosis Amphibolic Metabolism Anabolism Catabolism Oxidation Reduction A. Gain of electron(s) by an atom or molecule. B. Sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism. C. A proton gradient across a membrane that couples electron transport and ATP formation. D. The coupling of catabolic and anabolic pathways. E. Removal of electron(s) from an atom or molecule. F. Chemical reactions resulting in breakdown of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances. G. Chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules.
Chemiosmosis C. A proton gradient across a membrane that couples electron transport and ATP formation. Amphibolic D. The coupling of catabolic and anabolic pathways. Metabolism B. Sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism. Anabolism G. Chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules. Catabolism F. Chemical reactions resulting in breakdown of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances. Oxidation E. Removal of electron(s) from an atom or molecule. Reduction A. Gain of electron(s) by an atom or molecule.
This figure depicts which of the following reactions? Enzyme Catalysis (Metabolism Exam).jpg
D. Substrate-level phosphorylation
Molecules that act as "molecular glue" to bind DNA fragments together and seal gaps in the DNA is/are: a. DNAse b. DNA ligase c. ligandase d. DNA polymerase e. a and c
DNA Ligase
Which of the following is a DNA repair enzyme activated by visible light? bacteriocin primase DNA ligase DNA photolyase transposase
DNA photolyase
Which of the following is a DNA repair enzyme activated by visible light? transposase primase bacteriocin DNA ligase DNA photolyase
DNA photolyase
A cell's GC ratio is associated with which of the following classification methods? serological tests biochemical tests physical characteristics analysis of nucleic acids phage typing
analysis of nucleic acids
Which statement concerning reduction is FALSE? A substrate that acquires the electrons becomes reduced. The substance that gives up electrons is called the electron donor. Reduction is always coupled to oxidation Reduction is the gain of electrons. During oxidative phosphorylation, NADH becomes reduced.
During oxidative phosphorylation, NADH becomes reduced.
Which statement concerning reduction is FALSE? The substance that gives up electrons is called the electron donor. A substrate that acquires the electrons becomes reduced. Reduction is the gain of electrons. During oxidative phosphorylation, NADH becomes reduced. Reduction is always coupled to oxidation
During oxidative phosphorylation, NADH becomes reduced.
Which statement concerning the Krebs cycle is FALSE? During this cycle glucose is oxidized to form pyruvate. For every glucose molecule, two turns of the TCA cycle are completed During this cycle acetyl-CoA is oxidized to form CO2 During this cycle FADH2 is produced During this cycle NADH is produced.
During this cycle glucose is oxidized to form pyruvate.
Which of the following would not be found as a subcomponent of a bacteriophage? DNA Tail fibers Base Plate Envelope Icosahedral capsid
Envelope
Which of the following would not be found as a subcomponent of a bacteriophage? Envelope Base Plate Icosahedral capsid DNA Tail fibers
Envelope
Which of the following would not be found as a subcomponent of a bacteriophage? Tail fibers Base Plate DNA Icosahedral capsid Envelope
Envelope
The majority of human cancers are caused by viruses.
False
The majority of human cancers are caused by viruses. True False
False
For each component building block, identify the biological macromolecule in which it is found. (Answers may be used more than one time.) Fatty acids Amino acids Nitrogenous nucleotide bases Glycerol Saccharides A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Nucleic acids D. Proteins
Fatty acids B. Lipids Amino acids D. Proteins Nitrogenous nucleotide bases C. Nucleic acids Glycerol B. Lipids Saccharides A. Carbohydrates
Which statement concerning fermentation is FALSE? Ethanol and lactic acid are possible endproducts. Fermentation is a method of producing ATP in the presence of oxygen. In fermentation, the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule. NADH is oxidized. Fermentation is an anaerobic process
Fermentation is a method of producing ATP in the presence of oxygen.
A genetic determination used in classification of the different taxa of Gram-positive bacteria is the __________ ratio.
G+C
Match the metabolic pathway with the descriptive information. (Select the BEST answer for each.) Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway) Decarboxylation Transition Step Kreb's Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle) Electron Transport System Cyclic Photophosphorylation Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation Calvin-Benson Cycle Anaerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration Fermentation A. Glucose converted to two molecules of pyruvate. B. Light-dependent photosynthetic reactions where electrons are returned to chlorophyl. C. Pyruvate converted to acetyl-CoA. D. Light-independent photosynthetic reactions responsible for catabolizing three-carbon compounds. E. Metabolic process that involves the partial oxidation of sugar to release energy using an endogenous organic molecule as the final electron acceptor rather than an electron transport chain. F. Metabolic process that involves the complete oxidation of substrate molecules and production of ATP via a series of redox reactions with oxygen as the final electron acceptor. G. Light-dependent photosynthetic reactions where electrons from chlorophyl are used to reduce NADP+. H. Reduced coenzymes pass electrons to series of carriers setting up a proton gradient. I. Metabolic process that involves the complete oxidation of substrate molecules and production of ATP via a series of redox reactions with inorganic molecules other than oxygen used as the final electron acceptor. J. Acetyl-CoA converted to CO2.
Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway) A. Glucose converted to two molecules of pyruvate. Decarboxylation Transition Step C. Pyruvate converted to acetyl-CoA. Kreb's Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle) J. Acetyl-CoA converted to CO2. Electron Transport System H. Reduced coenzymes pass electrons to series of carriers setting up a proton gradient. Cyclic Photophosphorylation B. Light-dependent photosynthetic reactions where electrons are returned to chlorophyl. Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation G. Light-dependent photosynthetic reactions where electrons from chlorophyl are used to reduce NADP+. Calvin-Benson Cycle D. Light-independent photosynthetic reactions responsible for catabolizing three-carbon compounds. Anaerobic Respiration I. Metabolic process that involves the complete oxidation of substrate molecules and production of ATP via a series of redox reactions with inorganic molecules other than oxygen used as the final electron acceptor. Aerobic Respiration F. Metabolic process that involves the complete oxidation of substrate molecules and production of ATP via a series of redox reactions with oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Fermentation E. Metabolic process that involves the partial oxidation of sugar to release energy using an endogenous organic molecule as the final electron acceptor rather than an electron transport chain.
Which statement concerning glycolysis is FALSE? Glycolysis is an aerobic process. An end product of glycolysis is 2 molecules of NADH. Substrate level phosphorylation occurs during glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.
Glycolysis is an aerobic process.
Which statement concerning glycolysis is FALSE?
Glycolysis requires oxygen
Match the class of enzyme with the type of reaction that it catalyzes. Hydrolase Isomerase Ligase or polymerase Lyase Oxidoreductase Transferase A. Joining two or more chemicals together (anabolic). B. Transfer of electrons or hydrogen atoms from one molecule to another. C. Rearrangement of atoms within a molecule without changing the overall composition. D. Breakdown of a covalently-bonded molecule into smaller parts using water (catabolic). E. Moving a functional group from one molecule to another. F. Breakdown of a chemical molecule into smaller parts without using water (catabolic).
Hydrolase D. Breakdown of a covalently-bonded molecule into smaller parts using water (catabolic). Isomerase C. Rearrangement of atoms within a molecule without changing the overall composition. Ligase or polymerase A. Joining two or more chemicals together (anabolic). Lyase F. Breakdown of a chemical molecule into smaller parts without using water (catabolic). Oxidoreductase B. Transfer of electrons or hydrogen atoms from one molecule to another. Transferase E. Moving a functional group from one molecule to another.
All of the following are true statements concerning glycolysis EXCEPT: It uses, as well as produces, ATP. It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. It is a pathway common to both respiration and fermentation. It produces ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. It involves the conversion of a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
It produces ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.
The __________ is a pathway in which the energy in acetyl-CoA molecules is converted to the form of NADH and FADH2.
Krebs cycle
All of the following statements concerning pili are true EXCEPT: A bacterial cell will usually have only one pilus. Pili are longer than fimbriae and flagella. Not all bacteria have pili. Pili are long, hollow tubules. Pili facilitate the transfer of DNA among bacterial cells.
Pili are longer than fimbriae and flagella.
Match each structure on the left with where it is found on the right. Lipid membrane Double-stranded DNA genome Double-stranded RNA genome Ribosomes Proteins Capsids A. Found in neither cells nor viruses B. Found only in cells C. Found only in viruses D. Found in both cells and viruses
Lipid membrane D. Found in both cells and viruses Double-stranded DNA genome D. Found in both cells and viruses Double-stranded RNA genome C. Found only in viruses Ribosomes B. Found only in cells Proteins D. Found in both cells and viruses Capsids C. Found only in viruses
Match each structure on the left with where it is found on the right. Lipid membrane Double-stranded DNA genome Double-stranded RNA genome Ribosomes Proteins Capsids A. Found in both cells and viruses B. Found only in viruses C. Found only in cells D. Found in neither cells nor viruses
Lipid membrane (A. Found in both cells and viruses) Double-stranded DNA genome (A. Found in both cells and viruses) Double-stranded RNA genome (B. Found only in viruses) Ribosomes (C. Found only in cells) Proteins (A. Found in both cells and viruses) Capsids (B. Found only in viruses)
All of the following are true statements concerning cellular metabolism EXCEPT: ATP is used in the formation of macromolecules. Energy obtained from nutrients or light is stored in the bonds of ATP. Macromolecules are converted into cell structures via catabolism. Enzymes are used in both catabolic and anabolic reactions. The goal of metabolism is reproduction of the organism.
Macromolecules are converted into cell structures via catabolism.
The Ames test proves that a chemical is
Mutagenic In Salmonella
Which statement concerning NAD+/NADH is FALSE? This is a coenzyme. NADH serves to carry electrons from one substrate to another. NAD+ participates in redox reactions. NAD+ is an electron donor.
NAD+ is an electron donor.
During glycolysis, glucose is converted to __________, a molecule that can be used in either fermentation or respiration pathways.
NOT pyruvic
Match the virology term in the left column with it's description in the right column. Nucleocapsid Icosahedron Burst Size Uncoating Lysogenic conversion A. The number of new bacteriophages released from each infected cell. B. The combination of a virion's protein coat and nucleic acid core. C. A twenty-sided polyhedral capsid. D. The process by which a bacteriophage can change a harmless bacteria into a pathogen. E. The process of removing the nucleic acid from the capsid within the infected cell.
Nucleocapsid B. The combination of a virion's protein coat and nucleic acid core. Icosahedron C. A twenty-sided polyhedral capsid. Burst Size A. The number of new bacteriophages released from each infected cell. Uncoating E. The process of removing the nucleic acid from the capsid within the infected cell. Lysogenic conversion D. The process by which a bacteriophage can change a harmless bacteria into a pathogen.
Match the virology term in the left column with it's description in the right column. Nucleocapsid Icosahedron Burst size Uncoating Lysogenic conversion A. The process by which a bacteriophage can change a harmless bacteria into a pathogen. B. A twenty-sided polyhedral capsid. C. The combination of a virion's protein coat and nucleic acid core. D. The number of new bacteriophages released from each infected cell. E. The process of removing the nucleic acid from the capsid within the infected cell
Nucleocapsid (C. The combination of a virion's protein coat and nucleic acid core.) Icosahedron (B. A twenty-sided polyhedral capsid.) Burst size (D. The number of new bacteriophages released from each infected cell.) Uncoating (E. The process of removing the nucleic acid from the capsid within the infected cell) Lysogenic conversion (A. The process by which a bacteriophage can change a harmless bacteria into a pathogen.)
All of the following are associated with the packaging of eukaryotic chromosomes EXCEPT: histones. heterochromatin. nucleosomes. Okazaki fragments. euchromatin.
Okazaki fragments.
Identify all of the virus families that can be oncogenic. (More than one answer is required.) Retroviridae Adenoviridae Herpesviridae Coronaviridae Togaviridae Rhabdoviridae Polyomaviridae Hepadnaviridae Papillomaviridae Picornaviridae
Polyomaviridae Herpesviridae Hepadnaviridae Retroviridae Adenoviridae Papillomaviridae
EXTRA CREDIT: Which of the following individuals discovered prions? Prusiner Henrietta Lacks Iwanowski Koch Pasteur
Prusiner
A more specific name for the enzyme reverse transcriptase is DNA-dependent RNA polymerase DNA-dependent DNA polymerase RNA-dependent DNA ligase RNA-dependent RNA polymerase RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
Match the carbon and energy produced/used in aerobic respiration with the microbial metabolic pathway in which it occurs. That is, follow the CARBON and ENERGY. (You may use each answer more than one time.) Requires two (2) molecules of ATP as activation energy per molecule of glucose. Produces two (2) molecules of ATP and four (4) molecules of CO2 per molecule of glucose. Produces 34 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose. Oxidizes 10 molecules of NADH to NAD+ per molecule of glucose. Produces six (6) molecules of reduced NADH and two (2) molecules of reduced FADH2 per molecule of glucose. Oxidizes two (2) molecules of FADH2 to FAD+ per molecule of glucose. Produces a total of four (4) molecules of ATP (two NET) and two molecules of NADH per molecule of glucose. Produces NO ATP, but two (2) molecules of reduced NADH and two molecules of CO2 per molecule of glucose. A. Electron Transport System B. Decarboxylation (Transition Step) C. Kreb's Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle) D. Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway)
Requires two (2) molecules of ATP as activation energy per molecule of glucose. [Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway)] Produces two (2) molecules of ATP and four (4) molecules of CO2 per molecule of glucose. [Kreb's Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle)] Produces 34 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose. [Electron Transport System] Oxidizes 10 molecules of NADH to NAD+ per molecule of glucose. [B. Electron Transport System] Produces six (6) molecules of reduced NADH and two (2) molecules of reduced FADH2 per molecule of glucose. [Kreb's Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle)] Oxidizes two (2) molecules of FADH2 to FAD+ per molecule of glucose.[Electron Transport System] Produces a total of four (4) molecules of ATP (two NET) and two molecules of NADH per molecule of glucose. [Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway)] Produces NO ATP, but two (2) molecules of reduced NADH and two molecules of CO2 per molecule of glucose. [D. Decarboxylation (Transition Step)]
Which of the following is associated with the Calvin-Benson cycle? PABA acetyl-CoA TMAO FADH2 RuBP
RuBP
The person who won the Nobel Prize for discovering that abnormally folded brain proteins that he named prions were the cause of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies was
Stanley Prusiner
Which produces the most ATP? The oxidation of one molecule of glucose to CO2 via anaerobic respiration. The complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose to produce CO2 via aerobic respiration. The fermentation of one molecule of glucose. The oxidation of two molecules of acetyl CoA to produce CO2 and H2O.
The complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose to produce CO2 via aerobic respiration.
Which produces the most ATP? The oxidation of one molecule of glucose to CO2 via anaerobic respiration. The fermentation of one molecule of glucose. The complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose to produce CO2 via aerobic respiration. The oxidation of two molecules of acetyl CoA to produce CO2 and H2O.
The complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose to produce CO2 via aerobic respiration.
All of the following are true statements regarding fermentation EXCEPT: Ethanol and lactic acid are possible products. NADH is oxidized. The final electron acceptor is an organic molecule. It starts with glycolysis. The main goal is ATP production.
The main goal is ATP production.
All of the following are true statements regarding fermentation EXCEPT: Ethanol and lactic acid are possible products. NADH is oxidized. The final electron acceptor is an organic molecule. It starts with glycolysis. The main goal is ATP production.
The main goal is ATP production.
Anabolism includes each of the following, except: The biosynthesis of macromolecules. The production of nucleic acids. The production of CO2 and H20 from glucose. The production of lipids from fatty acids and glycerol. The production of proteins from amino acids.
The production of CO2 and H20 from glucose.
Anabolism includes each of the following, except: The production of CO2 and H20 from glucose. The production of lipids from fatty acids and glycerol. The production of proteins from amino acids. The production of nucleic acids.
The production of CO2 and H20 from glucose.
All of the following statements concerning transcription in bacteria are true EXCEPT: Sigma factors are parts of RNA polymerase that recognize promoter regions. It occurs in the nucleoid region. Termination is either self-induced or due to the presence of Rho protein. There are a variety of sigma factors that affect transcription. The same RNA polymerase transcribes primer RNA, mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
The same RNA polymerase transcribes primer RNA, mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
Which statement concerning sour milk is FALSE? Milk tastes sour due to the accumulation of lactic acid in it. The staphylococci in milk are responsible for the souring of milk. Homolactic fermenters cause the souring of milk. Most people do not like the taste of sour milk!
The staphylococci in milk are responsible for the souring of milk.
All of the following are characteristics of Okazaki fragments EXCEPT: They are joined together by DNA ligase. They are longer in eukaryotic cells. They make up the lagging strand of replicated DNA. They begin with an RNA primer. They are checked for accuracy by DNA polymerase III.
They are longer in eukaryotic cells.
All of the following are true statements of plasmids EXCEPT: They can be found in bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. They can replicate autonomously. They can carry genes that confer resistance against antibiotics. They are small circular molecules of DNA. They carry genes that are required for growth and repair.
They carry genes that are required for growth and repair.
All of the following are true statements concerning enzymes EXCEPT: They can be used to catalyze a chemical reaction over and over again. They function best at 37°C. They are usually, but not always, proteins. They form a temporary intermediate compound with a substrate. They can be denatured if the pH of their environment is too high or too low.
They function best at 37°C.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of normal cells? They grow as a monolayer. They grow as multiple layers. They undergo a limited number of divisions and then die. They stick tightly to the surface of glass culture dishes.
They grow as multiple layers.
How does DNA directly and indirectly control all the activities of a cell?
Through the concept of the central dogma of genetics, DNA contains information that can be used to make RNA molecules (transcription), which in turn contain information that can be used in the synthesis of proteins (translation). Proteins contribute to the traits of the cell in two major ways. First, many cellular proteins are used to build various structures of the cell, thus contributing directly to the shape and function of the cell. Second, a large number of proteins produced in the cell are enzymes, controlling all the major metabolic functions of the cell, including the synthesis of other molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Thus, a cell's entire collection of genes, known as its genotype, determines the cell's physical characteristics, or phenotype.
dATP and dCTP are examples of __________, the building blocks of DNA molecules.
Triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides
Most viruses cannot be seen by light microscopy. True False
True
True or False The integration of phage DNA into host DNA occurs in much the same physical mechanism as with transformation, transduction or conjugation.
True
All of the following are true statements concerning the Krebs cycle EXCEPT: The ATP generated is initially GTP. Two molecules of acetyl-CoA generate more ATP after two cycles than a single molecule of glucose at the end of glycolysis. It is also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Oxaloacetic acid is regenerated. NAD+ and FAD are reduced as a result.
Two molecules of acetyl-CoA generate more ATP after two cycles than a single molecule of glucose at the end of glycolysis.
________ are microbes small enough to pass through filters that are designed to trap bacteria.
Viruses
Match each description on the left with the appropriate virology item on the right. Viruses are shed slowly and steadily. Viruses remain dormant ("hidden") in a cell. Virus replication results in the death of the cell. A prophage is present. A mechanism of release for enveloped viruses. A. Budding B. Persistent infection C. Latency D. Lytic replication E. Lysogeny
Viruses are shed slowly and steadily. B. Persistent infection Viruses remain dormant ("hidden") in a cell. C. Latency Virus replication results in the death of the cell. D. Lytic replication A prophage is present. E. Lysogeny A mechanism of release for enveloped viruses. A. Budding
Which of the following is found at the 5' end of a DNA strand? a methyl group a phosphate group a hydrogen bond histones a hydroxyl group
a phosphate group
Creutzfeld-Jacob disease is: also called "mad cow disease" caused by a chronic latent virus initiated by an oncogenic virus a spongiform encephalopathy of humans caused by a viroid
a spongiform encephalopathy of humans
DNA replication always proceeds in a(n) a. 5' to 3' direction b. semicircular direction c. continuous fashion. d. 3' to 5' direction e. antiparallel fashion
a. 5' to 3' direction
Enzymes increase the rate of reaction by lowering the __________.
activation energy
The __________ of an enzyme has a shape that is complementary to the enzyme's substrate.
active site
A plasmid may carry genes allowing resistance to antibiotics. is a small, extrachromosomal piece of DNA found in some bacterial cells. can be copied and passed from cell to cell by conjugation. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following are differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA? Eukaryotes have multiple chromosome copies, prokaryotes are haploid. Eukaryote DNA is associated with histone proteins different from prokaryotic DNA. Eukaryotic DNA is linear, prokaryotic DNA is circular. all of the above
all of the above
Destruction of red blood cells that produces a greenish-brown discoloration in blood agar is known as __________.
alpha-hemolysis
When a cell forms an amino acid by adding an amine group derived from ammonia to a precursor metabolite, this process is called transamination. deamination. reduction. amination. polymerization.
amination
Which of the following is a by-product of the catabolism of proteins?
ammonia
Metabolic pathways that function in both anabolism and catabolism are best called __________ pathways. metabolic fermentative amphibolic oxidative
amphibolic
Chemical reactions that can proceed toward either anabolism or catabolism are called light-independent. amphibolic. synthetic. cyclic. glycolytic.
amphibolic.
EXTRA CREDIT: The virus-induced, specific damage to cells or tissues that can be seen in a light microscope is called: cytopox plaques plasmolysis lysogeny cytopathic effect
cytopathic effect
Which of the following occurs during cellular respiration? a. substrate-level phosphorylation b. oxidative phosphorylation c. photophosphorylation d. a and b e. a, b and c
d. a and b
Which of the following is NOT a component of an operon? a. operator b. promoter c. structural genes d. regulator
d. regulator
The conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA can be described as __________, since a molecule of CO2 is produced as a by-product. respiration oxidation amination phosphorylation decarboxylation
decarboxylation
Bacteriophages and animal viruses both may enter a host cell by endocytosis. both may enter a host cell by fusion. both involve entry of the entire nucleocapsid. differ because bacteriophages leave the capsid outside the cell, while animal virus entry involves the entry of the whole nucleocapsid.
differ because bacteriophages leave the capsid outside the cell, while animal virus entry involves the entry of the whole nucleocapsid.
RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase differ from each other in all of the following ways EXCEPT: efficiency of proofreading. direction of polymerization. type of nucleotides used. dependence on helicase. speed.
direction of polymerization.
SYNTHESIS OF ANIMAL VIRUSES: Match the type of viral genome with the molecule that serves as a template to replicate more of the original genome. dsDNA ssDNA +ssRNA (positive stranded) +ssRNA (Retroviridae) (positive stranded) -ssRNA (negative stranded) A. DNA is synthesized B. -RNA (negative strand) is synthesized to act as template C. Each strand of DNA serves as template for its complement (except hepatitis B virus) D. Complementary strand of DNA is synthesized to act as template E. +RNA (positive strand) is synthesized to act as template
dsDNA C. Each strand of DNA serves as template for its complement (except hepatitis B virus) ssDNA D. Complementary strand of DNA is synthesized to act as template +ssRNA (positive stranded) B. -RNA (negative strand) is synthesized to act as template +ssRNA (Retroviridae) (positive stranded) A. DNA is synthesized -ssRNA (negative stranded) E. +RNA (positive strand) is synthesized to act as template
Semiconservative DNA replication means that each daughter DNA molecule is composed of one original strand and one new strand. the sequence of a DNA molecule is preserved as it is being replicated. each strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule is replicated differently. the cell can proofread its newly synthesized DNA part of the time. nucleotides are constantly being recycled as cells make DNA.
each daughter DNA molecule is composed of one original strand and one new strand.
All of the following are characteristics of noncyclic photophosphorylation EXCEPT: it requires both photosystem I and II. electrons return to the photosystem that generated them. it occurs in all plants and algae. electrons are obtained from molecules such as water. both ATP and NADPH are generated.
electrons return to the photosystem that generated them.
A chemical reaction that traps energy within newly-formed chemical bonds is a(n) __________ reaction.
endothermic
In which of the following stages of glycolysis is ATP made? lysis stage energy-investment stage energy-conserving stage Both B and C are correct. Both A and B are correct.
energy-conserving stage
Another term for an organic catalyst is a(n) __________.
enzyme
The microbial formation of alcohol from sugar is known as pasteurization. metabolism. antisepsis. abiogenesis. fermentation.
fermentation.
Anaerobic respiration involves the use of molecules other than oxygen as the __________ in an electron transport chain.
final electron acceptor
A(n) __________ is a specific sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein or an RNA molecule.
gene
Choose the pair that is mismatched: gene therapy: the use of chemicals to treat disease genetic engineering: the use of bacteria to produce useful products recombinant DNA technology: inserting human genes into bacteria molecular biology: a tool used in genome sequencing sequence data: used to establish evolutionary relationships
gene therapy: the use of chemicals to treat disease
The __________ is the set of genes in the genome of an organism.
genotype
What is the major product of the Calvin-Benson cycle that can then be used to form glucose? glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate ATP NADPH CO2 RuBP
glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate
Specialized proteins in viral envelopes that have polysaccharides attached to them are called __________.
glycoprotein spikes
The accumulation of glucose inside a bacterial cell via phosphorylation of the molecule is an example of plasmolysis. facilitated diffusion. osmosis. diffusion. group translocation.
group translocation.
Which of the following is the strongest base pair? adenine-thymine guanine-cytosine adenine-uracil Both B and C are correct. Both A and B are correct.
guanine-cytosine
All of the following are types of carrier molecules found in electron transport chains EXCEPT: metal-containing proteins. hemoglobin. cytochromes. ubiquinones. flavoproteins.
hemoglobin.
If the codon AAA is changed to AAG, it still codes for the amino acid lysine; this is an example of a frameshift mutation. missense mutation. silent mutation. gross mutation. nonsense mutation.
silent mutation
The main difference between eukaryote and prokaryote ribosomes is in function. size. shape. none of these.
size.
Induction of a lysogenic phage may result in the excised phage genome carrying some of the host cell bacterial genes that were adjacent to the site of prophage integration. If this happens, then genetic exchange can occur when a newly infected bacterial host acquires the previous host's genes. This process is known as specialized transduction transformation recombination generalized transduction conjugation
specialized transduction
Induction of a lysogenic phage may result in the excised phage genome carrying some of the host cell bacterial genes that were adjacent to the site of prophage integration. If this happens, then genetic exchange can occur when a newly infected bacterial host acquires the previous host's genes. This process is known as transformation recombination conjugation generalized transduction specialized transduction
specialized transduction
In addition to coding for the amino acid methionine, what function does the codon AUG serve? termination signal causes "wobble" marker for introns start signal recognition site for RNA polymerase
start signal
In addition to coding for the amino acid methionine, what function does the codon AUG serve? causes "wobble" start signal termination signal recognition site for RNA polymerase marker for introns
start signal
During electron transport in chloroplast thylakoids, protons are pumped outside the thylakoid into a space called the __________.
stroma
Match the diagrammed metabolic pathways with the correct and complete pathway name. Pathway A.jpg Pathway B.jpg Pathway C.jpg Pathway D.jpg Pathway E.jpg Pathway F.jpg Pathway G.jpg A. Photosynthetic light-dependent reactions using cyclic photophosphorylation B. Photosynthetic light-dependent reactions using non-cyclic photophosphorylation C. Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle D. Electron transport system E. Photosynthetic light-independent reactions using Calvin-Benson cycle F. Fermentation G. Decarboxylation and Citric Acid cycle H. Embden-Meyerhof pathway
study guide
The molecule which an enzyme acts upon is known as its holoenzyme. substrate. coenzyme. apoenzyme. catalyst.
substrate.
The __________ radical is formed during the incomplete reduction of O2 during electron transport in aerobes.
superoxide
Obligate aerobes have: superoxide dismutase and catalase superoxide dismutase, but not catalase catalase, but not superoxide dismutase neither superoxide dismutase not catalase
superoxide dismutase and catalase
The fusion of cells into giant multinuclear cells: viroplexis syncytia hypertrophy hyperplasia teratogenesis
syncytia
The bacterium which has a phage chromosome inserted into its own chromosome: lytic phage temperate phage prophage prototype lysogenic bacterium
temperate phage
Carbon dioxide is a by-product of which of the following? chemiosmosis the Krebs cycle electron transport the pentose phosphate pathway glycolysis
the Krebs cycle
The retrovirus can synthesize DNA from RNA because it contains envelope proteins that provide receptor sites the necessary glucose molecules cytoplasm within its genome the enzyme reverse transcriptase the enzyme nitrate reductase
the enzyme reverse transcriptase
The development of lysogeny depends on a spontaneous mutation the formation of a recombinant DNA molecule the contact of two mating types of bacteria an absorption of DNA from the environment
the formation of a recombinant DNA molecule
During oxidative phosphorylation the oxidation of NADH is coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP. the high energy phosphate of ATP is passed to a substrate such as glucose. energy liberated by chemical reductions is used for the synthesis of ATP. ATP is produced as electrons are passed from NAD+ to an organic molecule.
the oxidation of NADH is coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP.
