Microbiology Final

_________ is the destruction of all microbial life, whereas ____________ destroys most microbial life, thus reducing contamination on inanimate surfaces.

sterilization; disinfection

Chagas is caused by _________ and causes Swollen eyelids, if the parasite has entered through the eyes (known as Romaña's sign)?

A parasite called Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi)

The microbial control method best suited to sterilizing reusable medical and dental instruments is ___________. A. An autoclave B. Filtration C. Ionizing radiation D. UV radiation

A. An autoclave

Who first recognized the importance of handwashing to prevent the spread of disease agents? A. Ignaz Semmelweis B. Louis Pasteur C. Edward Jenner D. John Tydall

A. Ignaz Semmelweis

Each of the following parasites is transmitted by mosquitoes except: A. Leishmania donovani B. Wuchereria bancrofti C. Plasmodium vivax D. Plasmodium falciparum

A. Leishmania donovani Explanation: (Leishmania donovani). Leishmania donovani is transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies

______________ vaccines contain live whole pathogens in a weakened form. A. Live attenuated B. Inactivated C. Toxoid D. Conjugated

A. Live attenuated

Medical treatments for gum disease include... A. Scaling and root planning B. Getting cavities filled C. Brushing really hard D. Chewing sugar free gum

A. Scaling and root planning. •Explanation: Treatment for gum disease involves controlling infection. Any type of treatment requires good follow-up daily oral hygiene practices at home.Nonsurgical treatments for gum disease include: •Professional dental cleaning •Scaling and root planning (a deep-cleaning dental procedure) •Antibiotics •Chlorhexidine, a prescription mouth rinse or gelatin-filled chip •Use of antibacterial toothpaste that contain fluorides and an antibiotic called triclosan If medical treatments are not enough or the gum disease has progressed, surgical

A gram stain differentiates cells into two specific groups? A. True B. False

A. True

Zika is generally transmitted through the mosquito in the genus Aedes? A. True B. False

A. True

The autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells result in hyperglycemia, frequent urination, weight loss, and blurred vision in _____________. A. Type I diabetes B. Multiple sclerosis C. Hashimoto's thyroiditis D. Goodpasture's syndrome

A. Type I diabetes

Which of the following are the main mediators/initiators of type II hypersensitivity reactions? A. antibodies B. mast cells C. erythrocytes D.histamines

A. antibodies

The three basic modes of pathogen transmission from one host to another include A. contact transmission, vector-borne transmission, and common vehicle transmission B. contact transmission, indirect transmission and common vehicle transmission C. contact transmission, direct transmission and indirect transmission D. contact transmission, vector-borne transmission and indirect transmission

A. contact transmission, vector-borne transmission, and common vehicle transmission

A disease vector is a(n) ____________________ . A. organism that transmits a disease B. symptom of a disease C. environmental condition associated with a disease

A. organism that transmits a disease Disease vectors are intermediate hosts or organisms that spread a disease. Mosquitoes, fleas, lice, ticks, flies, and snails are vectors for specific diseases that infect humans. They carry the microorganisms that cause diseases such as the plague.

An epidemic that becomes unusually widespread and even global in its reach is referred to as a _________________ . A. pandemic B. hyperendemic C. Spanish flu

A. pandemic If conditions are optimal for the spread of contagion and if few people have an immunity to a disease, there can be a pandemic. This happened in 1918 when a new strain of the influenza virus (the Spanish flu), infected 1/5 of all people in the world.

The site or natural environmental location in which a pathogen normally resides is called a A) Source B) Reservoir C) Vector D) Hot zone

B) Reservoir

The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause _________ or __________ A. antibiotic production B. food spoilage C. microbial antagonism D. disease

B, D

The characteristic Lyme disease rash looks like... A. Polka dots. B. A bull's eye. C. Pus-filled blisters. D.None of the above.

B. A bull's eye.

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin, causing blood clot formation A. Hyaluronidase B. Coagulase C. Lipase D. Collagenase

B. Coagulase

The same virus that causes chickenpox also causes coxsackie. A. True B. False

B. False Coxsackievirus is a member of a family of viruses called enteroviruses. Enteroviruses are made up of a single strand of ribonucleic acid (RNA). The enteroviruses are also referred to as picornaviruses (pico means "small," so, "small RNA viruses"). They are present all over the world and spread by fecal-oral route. There are two coxsackievirus serotypes that cause most of the clinically recognized syndromes, usually in infants and kids. Types A and B are the most common. Type A viruses cause herpangina (sores in the throat) and hand, foot, and mouth disease, common among children. Children will get painful blisters in their mouth, and small tender lesions on the palms of their hands and bottom of their feet. It goes away on its own but can cause complications if the child can't drink or eat cause of pain. Group A virus also causes herpangina, blisters on the tonsils and soft palate, which presents as a sore throat. Group B virus causes infrequent, summer outbreaks of fever and spasms of the abdominal and chest muscles (pleurodynia). Subtypes of group A and B can cause more severe symptoms, including meningitis (inflammation of the spinal cord and brain).

Which is a helminth disease A. Polio B. Filariasis C. Filaria D. Diphtheria

B. Filariasis Elephantitis shown in figure

Pasteurization is achieved by which of the following processes? A. Cleaning surfaces with a disinfectant B. Heating a fluid to 63 degrees Celsius (145.4 Fahrenheit) for 30 minutes C. Sterilizing instruments at 49.4 degrees Celsius (121 Fahrenheit) for 20 minutes D. Using an alcohol-based hand rub

B. Heating a fluid to 63 degrees Celsius (145.4 Fahrenheit) for 30 minutes

Which of the following statements is true about the activities of microorganisms? A. Microorganisms do nothing but causes diseases B. Microorganisms are actually more beneficial than harmful to mankind C. None of these

B. Microorganisms are actually more beneficial than harmful to mankind

What is the difference between periodontitis and gingivitis? A. Gingivitis is more serious B. Periodontitis is more serious C. Gingivitis causes tooth loss D. Periodontitis only affects the gums

B. Periodontitis is more serious Explanation: Gingivitis affects the gums, but when the inflammation reaches the ligaments and bone surrounding the teeth it becomes periodontitis. Periodontitis is also called "gum disease" and is characterized by loss of gum tissue and bone around the teeth. Periodontitis is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults.

COVID-19 is caused by A. SARS CoV-1 B. SARS CoV-2 C. SARS CoV-3 D. MERS CoV E. H3N2 influenza A virus

B. SARS CoV-2

Wastewater is transferred to an aeration chamber so oxidation by microbes can remove 75% of the BOD in the _________ phase of sewage remediation. A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Sterilization

B. Secondary

In which of the following treatment involve oxidation of organic constituents of the wastewater? A. Primary treatment B. Secondary treatment C. Advanced treatment D. Final treatment

B. Secondary treatment Explanation: Secondary or biological treatment is done to adsorb and ultimately oxidize organic constituents of the wastewater, i.e, to reduce the BOD (BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen required to remove waste organic matter from water in the process of decomposition by aerobic bacteria (those bacteria that live only in an environment containing oxygen). )

Which of the following is the local symptom of mumps? A. Swelling of pancreatic glands B. Swelling of salivary glands C. Swelling of testes D. Swelling of adrenal glands

B. Swelling of salivary glands Explanation: The mumps virus is a virus that causes the swelling of salivary glands and this results in the enlargement of glands due to parotitis. It also gives rise to the rashes on the skin.

______ is the destruction of most microbes using chemicals on a living surface such as the skin. A. disinfection B. antisepsis C. decontamination D. sterilization

B. antisepsis Antiseptics are substances that help to stop the growth of microorganisms on the skin. They're used daily in medical settings to reduce the risk of infection and stop the spread of germs The neutralization or removal of dangerous substances, radioactivity, or germs from an area, object, or person. Decontamination is the process of removing contaminants on an object or area, including chemicals, micro-organisms or radioactive substances. This may be achieved by chemical reaction, disinfection or physical removal. Decontamination is the process of removing contaminants on an object or area, including chemicals, micro-organisms or radioactive substances. This may be achieved by chemical reaction, disinfection or physical removal.

Diseases that are due mostly to environmental changes, increased population densities, and pollution that result from modernization in third world nations are referred to as: A. diseases of poverty B. diseases of development C. schistosomiasis

B. diseases of development Poor sanitation in burgeoning urban centers, industrial pollution, and river damming have resulted in an increase in the frequency of some diseases (e.g., cholera, dysentery, lung cancer, and schistosomiasis). These are diseases of development.

Diseases that are always present in a community, usually at a low, more or less constant, frequency are classified as having an ____________ pattern. A. epidemic B. endemic C. pandemic

B. endemic Diseases that have an endemic pattern may or may not be contagious, but they are always present in a community. Malaria, arthritis, tooth decay, and high blood pressure are examples of endemic diseases in some societies.

In looking at the significant accomplishments of epidemiology during the 20th century, the demographic group that had the most dramatic reduction in deaths is: A. young adults B. infants and children C. middle aged adults D. elderly

B. infants and children

Which of the following things cause malaria? A. mosquitoes B. plasmodia (singular plasmodium) C. red blood cells

B. plasmodia (singular plasmodium) Plasmodia are single celled organisms that are parasites on red blood cells. They ultimately cause the severe anemia and very high fever that are malaria symptoms. They are transmitted from host to host unintentionally via blood sucking mosquitoes.

What is Lyme disease? A. A fungal disease. B..A bacterial illness. C. A viral infection. D.. None of the above.

B..A bacterial illness. Explanation: Lyme disease is a bacterial illness caused by a bacterium called a "spirochete."

Which biosafety is appropriate for research with microbes or infectious agents that pose moderate risk to laboratory workers and the community, and are typically indigenous?

BSL-2

What is Zoonoses? A. A disease transmitted from humans to animals B. A disease that can be caught by going to the zoo C. A disease transmitted from animals to humans D. A disease that affects the nose

C. A disease transmitted from animals to humans

What is Chagas disease? A. An inflammatory disorder caused by a protozoan parasite. B. An inflammatory disease caused by Tom cruzi. C. A parasitic disease caused by the kissing bug. D. A type of lung cancer

C. A parasitic disease caused by the kissing bug.

Which of the following plasma protein is involved in coagulation of blood? A. Albumin B. Globulin C. Fibrinogen D. Amylase

C. Fibrinogen Explanation: Fibrinogen is a glycoprotein, during tissue injury it is converted by thrombin to fibrin and subsequently to a fibrin based blood clot.

What is the primary effect of botulism toxin? A. Ascending paralysis B. Tonic paralysis C. Flaccid paralysis D. Nausea and vomiting

C. Flaccid paralysis Explanation: Botulism toxin inhibits acetylcholine release from the presynaptic nerve terminal, causing flaccid paralysis. Death in botulism exposure is generally due to respiratry failure. Tonic paralysis is the cause of respiratory arrest in other toxicity exposures, such as exposure to tetanus toxin.

What prevents clotting of blood in blood vessels? A. Serotonin B. Fibrinogen C. Heparin D. Fibrin

C. Heparin

vCJD is caused by... A. genetic factors B. ingestion of sporocytes C. ingestion of meat (esp brain and spinal cord) from cows with BSE ("mad cow disease") D. All of the above

C. Ingestion of meat (esp brain and spinal cord) from cows with BSE ("mad cow disease") Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or vCJD, is a very rare, fatal disease that can infect a person for many years before making them sick by destroying brain cells. Eating beef and beef products contaminated with the infectious agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is the main cause of vCJD. It is a prion disease

Mother-fetus Rh incompatibility problems result from: A. the mother's antibodies agglutinating the fetus' Rh positive red blood cells B. the fetus' antibodies agglutinating its own red blood cells C. the fetus' antibodies agglutinating its mother's red blood cells

C. The fetus' antibodies agglutinating its mother's red blood cells. It occurs when the mother is Rh negative; baby is Rh positive In order for the fetus to be Rh positive, the father must also be Rh positive. As a result, when the mother is Rh negative and the father is Rh positive (or his Rh type is unknown), doctors usually assume that there will be a serious medical problem.

Clumping of cells is known as _______ A. clotting B. mutation C. agglutination D. hemmaglutination

C. agglutination Explanation: Agglutination is a process that occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody called isoagglutinin. This is used during blood grouping.

The upper region of the trickling filter is favorable for the growth of _____________ A. fungi B. protozoa C. algae D. bacteria

C. algae Explanation: The upper region of the trickling filter is favorable for the growth of algae, and at times their growth may become so extensive that it impairs the operation of the filter.

The outcome of most host-parasite relationships depends on which of the following? A) The number of microorganisms infecting the host B) The virulence of the organism C) The host's defenses or degree of resistance D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Select the treatment that can be used to address genital warts. A. surgical excision B. laser treatment/removal C. no treatment because many cases spontaneously clear D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Lipase A. Converts fibrinogen to fibrin, causing blood clot formation B. Damages connective tissue by degrading collagen, a key fiber C. Damages connective tissues by degrading hyaluronic acid D. Damages adipose tissues by degrading fats

D. Damages adipose tissues by degrading fats

What is the main way that fixed nitrogen is released back into the atmosphere? A. Crop harvests B. Volatilization C. Erosion D. Denitrifying microbes E. Runoff

D. Denitrifying microbes Explanation: Only two options here actually lead to the conversion of fixed nitrogen to atmospheric nitrogen, volatilization and denitrification of which denitrification is a relatively rapid process carried out by numerous denitrifying microbes thus making it the greater contributor to the return of nitrogen to the atmosphere from fixed nitrogen.

The inflammatory response in allergy is due to the release of ________ by mast cells. A. Antibodies B. Antigens C. Mucus D. Histamine

D. Histamine Explanation: Inflammatory response in allergy is due to the release of histamine by mast cells. Histamine along with IgE antibodies act as allergy mediator. It dilates arteries and causes fluid accumulation which causes the inflammatory response.

Each of the following statements concerning hookworm infection is correct except: A. Hookworm infection can cause pneumonia B. Hookworm infection is acquired by humans when filariform larvae penetrate the skin C. Hookworm infection is caused by Necator americanus D. Hookworm infection can be diagnosed by finding the trophozoite in the stool

D. Hookworm infection can be diagnosed by finding the trophozoite in the stool

Pollen would most likely evoke which type of hypersensitivity response: A. Cytotoxic (Type II) B. Immune complex (Type III) C. Cell-Mediated (Type IV) D. Immediate type (Type I) E. latent (Type V)

D. Immediate type (Type I)

During a major medical crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic, the Food and Drug Administration can compress the timeline of vaccine development by issuing a(n) ______________. A. Vaccine Acceleration Protocol B. Pandemic Preparedness Plan C. CDC Override Authorization D. None of these

D. None of these Emergency Use Authorization would be implemented

What is the largest natural reservoir nitrogen on earth? A. The hydrosphere B. The sun C. The biosphere D. The Earth's atmosphere E. The geosphere

D. The Earth's atmosphere Explanation: The atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen gas and while by mass the atmosphere is less massive than the all the other choices the other choices are not primarily composed of nitrogen and contain relatively little compared to the nitrogen in the atmosphere.

Which of the following organisms causes fever, headache, fatigue, myalgia, and buboes? A. Borrelia burgdorferi B. Staphylococcus aureus C. Bacillus anthracis D. Yersinia pestis

D. Yersinia pestis Explanation: The question stem describes bubonic plague which is caused by Yersinia pestis. Staphylococcus aureus causes skin infections, toxic shock, and food poisoning. Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, which is similar to plague, but does not cause buboes. Borrelia burgdorferi causes lyme disease., which presents as rash and arthralgia.

New information suggests that microcephaly is found in higher infection rates of humans with which microorganism? A. rotovirus B. Neisseria meningitides C. Mycobacterium leprae D. Zika

D. Zika

Clinical features of acute meningitis include which of the following? A. fever B. severe headache C. stiff neck D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Epidemiologists are interested in learning about ____________________ . A. the causes of diseases and how to cure or control them B. the frequency and geographic distribution of diseases C. the causal relationships between diseases D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following forms of anthrax infection is almost always 100% fatal? A. wound anthrax B. gastrointestinal anthrax C. cutaneous anthrax D. pulmonary anthrax

D. pulmonary anthrax

_____________ is an abrupt onset of fiery-red swelling of the face or extremities that is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and remains in primary area?

Erysipelas Explanation: Erysipelas is an infection of the upper layers of the skin (superficial). The most common cause is group A streptococcal bacteria, especially Streptococcus pyogenes. Erysipelas results in a fiery red rash with raised edges that can easily be distinguished from the skin around it. They may enter through a wound, an insect bite, or lesions caused by another condition, such as eczema or scabies. The bacteria that cause the infection are either Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) or Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes).

What is protection from disease in a group, due to a large enough proportion of the population having immunity to prevent disease from spreading from person to person?

Herd immunity

Pathogenesis is defined as the ____________ and ___________of a disease. Insights into disease etiology and progression, the two major aspects of pathogenesis, are paramount in the prevention, management and treatment of various diseases.

Pathogenesis is defined as the origin and development of a disease. Insights into disease etiology and progression, the two major aspects of pathogenesis, are paramount in the prevention, management and treatment of various diseases.

Candidiasis is the most common cause of _________; affects 75% of females. It's a curd-like milky vaginal discharge; also causes thrush-like infection of the penis in males.

Vaginitis- There is rise in pH levels because of decrease in Lactobacillus population. Contributing factors include wearing tight or wet clothing and taking antibiotics for other infections

______________Transmission of an infection from the parenatal generation to their offspring. This can occur in utero or immediately after birth (ingestion of breast milk or direct contact during or after birth).

Vertical transmission