Microbiology Lecture Exam 1

The size of a virus is expressed in terms of what unit of measure?

Nanometer

Obligate intrracellular pathogen

Obligate intracellular parasites cannot reproduce outside their host cell, meaning that the parasite's reproduction is entirely reliant on intracellular resources. All viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. Bacterial examples (that affect humans) include: Chlamydia, and closely related species.

The size of bacteria and protozoa are expressed in terms of what unit of measure?

Micrometers

Characteristics of Protista

eukaryotic, heterotrophic or autotrophic

Study of algae

phycology/algology

Prion

protein particles that cause disease

Gram-positive stains which color?

purple

Mycology

study of fungi

Biotechology

use and application of living things and biological process

3 groups of fungi

yeast, mold, mushrooms

Antibiotics

Drugs that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria

The resolving power of the unaided eye

0.2 mm

Prokaryotic cells are _____ times smaller than eukaryotic cells?

10

Binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size

Fungi

A kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Differences between compound light and simple microscopes

A simple microscope uses a single magnifying lens to produce an enlarged image. In contrast, a compound microscope employs multiple lenses

Plant cell

A small living part of a multicellular organism that makes its own food in chloroplast and reproduces sexually or asexually.

Bacteriophages

A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.

Function of the mitochondria

ATP production/cellular respiration

Who is the father of microbiology?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Example of a prokaryote

Bacteria and Archaea

Bacterial Gram Staining

Bacteria exposed to a gram stain/dye (one of the simplest methods uses crystal violet Gram stain)

What type of microscope to view syphilis

Darkfield microscopy

Archaea

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan

E. Coli, is the E the genus or species?

Genus

Layers of gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Gram-positive bacteria are surrounded by many layers of peptidoglycan (PG), which form a protective shell that is 30-100 nm thick Gram negative bacteria is surrounded by a thin peptidoglycan cell wall, which itself is surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide.

Functions of the cell membrane

Helps keep cytoplasm in and substances located outside the cell out. Determines what is allowed to enter and exit.

Viroids

Infectious particles that cause disease in plants

Which organism groups we are studying living and non living

Living organisms - are known as cellular microbes or microorganisms; examples include bacteria, archaea, some algae, protozoa, and some fungi Non living - are known as acellular microbes or infectious particles; examples include viroids, prions, and viruses

He discovered vaccines and anthrax

Louis Pasteur

Uses of microbes

Maintain earths ecological balance thru decomposition, produce foods and chemicals, maintain good health (normal flora, probiotics) cause disease

Function of ribosome

Makes proteins

indigenous microflora

Microbes that live on the skin and inside the human body

Bacteria with one flagella are termed what?

Monotrichous bacteria

Viruses that cause cancer

Oncogenic Viruses or Oncovirusesa

Algae

Plantlike protists

Differences between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

Prokaryote: 1. "Before nucleus": Anuclear; Nucleoid region; One single circular-shaped chromosome; DNA is not segregated from the rest of the cell; Loops of DNA called plasmids 2. Cytosol: No internal compartments or subdivisions by membranes 3. Smaller cells, higher metabolism & faster cell division rate 4. All bacteria and Archaea have this cell type Eukaryotic: 1. "True nucleus": Nucleated / Nucleus; Linear shaped chromosomes; DNA is segregated from the rest of the cell 2. Cytoplasm: Membrane formed compartments. Called organelles 3. Larger cells, Slower metabolism & cell division rate. 4. All organisms other than bacteria or Archaea have this cell type

Is Coli the genus or species?

Species

Compound light microscope vs electric microscope

The lens used in the compound microscope is the glass lens and the electron microscope uses the electromagnetic lens. Compound microscope magnifies the object about 2000 times but electron microscope magnifies the object 200,000 times. Under the compound microscope, both live and dead cells or specimens can be seen.

Taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified

Mycoplasma

What genus is known as the smallest free living bacteria? (hint: has no cell wall and has sterols in the membrane)

Saprophytes

a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter.

Who developed the first compound microscope?

Zacharias Janssen

Kingdom Protista

a kingdom of a variety of eukaryotic unicellular, colonial, and multicellular organisms, such as ameoba, euglena, paramecieum, protozoans, algae, etc.; classified under Domain Eukarya

basic unit of life

cell

Shapes of bacteria

coccus, bacillus, spirillum

Is Streptococcus gram positive or gram negative?

gram positive

A virus can infect what groups of organisms?

humans, plants, animals, bacteria and fungi

Amphitrichous bacteria

one or more flagella at both ends

Obligate anaerobe

organism that cannot live in the presence of oxygen

Objectives on a microscope

scanning (4x), low power (10x), high power (40x), oil immersion (100x)

Lichens

small plants that consist of algae and fungi