Mid-term

8.Which of the following questions are you not likely to ask yourself when you are considering the election of a stimulus to be set up as an SD for the behavior of another person? Question options: Can the stimulus be presented primarily on occasions on which the response should occur? Is there a high probability that the person will attend to it? Are there a wide variety of reinforcers available that are sufficiently different from one another? Is the stimulus sufficiently different from other stimuli on more than one dimension?

Are there a wide variety of reinforcers available that are sufficiently different from one another?

1 ____________ involves the systematic application of learning principles and techniques to assess and improve individuals' covert and overt behaviors in order to enhance their daily functioning. Behavioral assessment Behavior analysis Behavior modification Cognitive behavior therapy

Behavior modification

1 Which of the following is not a misconception about behavior modification? Behavior modifiers only deal with the observable and they don't deal with the thoughts and feelings of clients. Behavior modification involves the systematic application of learning principles to improve covert and overt behaviors. Behavior modification involves the use of drugs, psychosurgery, and electroconvulsive therapy. Behavior modification only changes symptoms; it doesn't get at the underlying problems.

Behavior modification involves the systematic application of learning principles to improve covert and overt behaviors.

7.A procedure that involves extinction of a problem behavior, combined with reinforcing a behavior that is topographically dissimilar to, but not necessarily incompatible with the problem behavior is known as a: Question options: DRL schedule DRA schedule DRO schedule DRI schedule

DRA

7.A ____________ is a schedule for decreasing a response by reinforcing an alternative response that is incompatible with the response to be eliminated. Question options: DRO DRA DRI spaced-responding DRL

DRI

7. You are likely to reinforce (by answering pleasantly and with interest) an acquaintance who telephones you if such calls occur at a reasonably low rate, but not if they occur at such a high rate that you feel hassled. You friend is being reinforced on a(n): Question options: DRL schedule DRO schedule DRA schedule DRI schedule

DRL schedule

7. An individual is reinforced if a target response does not occur throughout a particular interval, and each response typically "resets" the interval back to zero. This refers to a(n) __________ schedule. Question options: DRI DRO DRA spaced-responding DRL

DRO

7. On a(n) __________ schedule of reinforcement, a reinforcer is presented if a specified period of time passes and a particular behavior does not occur during that time. DRA DRI DRL DRO

DRO

2. PSI has produced a statistically significant learning advantage of _____ percentile points over traditional approaches to university education. Question options: 12 40 19 32

19

6.

...

6. If parents reinforce their child's practicing of a musical instrument by allowing the child a certain amount of TV time following a fixed amount of practice, this is an approximation of a(n) ____________ schedule. Question options: FD FI FI/LH VI/LH

...

8.A stimulus that is correlated with the availability of reinforcement for a response is known as: Question options: a cue a controlling stimulus an SD an S∆

...

9.Which of the following is not an advantage of establishing stimulus control without errors? Question options: Errors consume valuable time. If an error occurs once, it tends to occur many times even though it is being extinguished. Establishing a mastery criterion without errors leads to increased generalization. The absence of reinforcement when errors are being extinguished often produces emotional side effects.

Establishing a mastery criterion without errors leads to increased generalization.

7.On a(n) ___________ schedule of reinforcement, responding by the individual before the time interval has passed has no programmed consequences. Question options: spaced-responding DRL FI limited-responding DRL FD

FI

6. "Reinforcement contingent on the first response occurring within a limited period of time following the expiration of a fixed interval of time" is the definition of: Question options: FI/LH FR/LH VR/LH VI/LH

FI/LH

6. Who wrote the classic authoritative work on schedules of reinforcement? Question options: Martin and Pear Keller and Skinner Keller and Watson Ferster and Skinner

Ferster and Skinner

2. The study of how psychological factors can influence or cause illness, and how people can be encouraged to practice healthy behavior so as to prevent health problems, is referred to as: Question options: Cognitive behavior therapy Stress therapy Treatment compliance Health Psychology

Health Psychology

3. When reinforcers are manipulated deliberately in a behavior modification program, we say that they are ____________ reinforcers. Question options: direct-acting indirect-acting natural programmed

IDK; its not direct-acting

9.The method of removing prompts in which the time interval between the final desired stimulus and the starting stimulus is gradually increased from a very small starting value is called the method of: Question options: increasing time decreasing time graduated guidance time delay

IDK; not decreasing time

3. Which of the following is not one of the reasons for explaining a reinforcement program to the individual whose behavior is to be reinforced? Question options: Instructions may speed up the learning process for individuals who already understand them. Instructions increase the effects of deprivation for making a reinforcer more effective. Instructions may influence an individual to work for delayed reinforcement. Instructions about reinforcement programs may help to teach individuals (such as young children) to follow instructions.

Instructions increase the effects of deprivation for making a reinforcer more effective.

2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of PSI? Question options: It identifies the learning requirements for a course in the form of study questions. It has frequent exams in which students are required to demonstrate their knowledge to the answers of study questions. It has mastery criteria so that students must demonstrate mastery at a particular level before going on to the next level. It emphasizes multiple-choice items and examinations as an objective scoring strategy ideally suited for large classes.

It emphasizes multiple-choice items and examinations as an objective scoring strategy ideally suited for large classes.

1 Which of the following is not a characteristic of behavior modification? Question options: It defines problems in terms of behavior. Its treatment procedures and techniques are ways of rearranging an individual's environment. Its techniques draw extensively from the principles of operant and Pavlovian conditioning. It emphasizes the use of summary labels for classifying individuals.

It emphasizes the use of summary labels for classifying individuals.

2. PSI (Personalized System of Instruction) was developed by: Question options: Lovaas Bellack Keller Skinner

Keller

5.Which of the following is not a potential problem of an extinction program? Question options: The behavior may get worse before it gets better. The program may produce aggression by the person whose behavior is being extinguished. Spontaneous recovery may occur. Other reinforced behaviors will also decrease in frequency.

Other reinforced behaviors will also decrease in frequency.

3. _____________ developed the principle that states: For any pair of responses, the more probable one will reinforce the less probable one. Question options: Skinner Michael Premack Greenspoon

Premack

8.When two people are eating dinner, the request by one person to pass the salt would be a(n) ________ for the other person to pass the salt. Question options: S∆ controlling stimulus SD effective SD

SD

8.An "Out of Order" sign on a vending machine is a(n) __________ for the response of putting in money. Question options: S∆ ineffective SD SD controlling stimulus

S∆

6. When reinforcement occurs after the behavior has been engaged in for a continuous period of time, where the specified time varies around some mean value, there is a ____________ schedule in effect. VR VD FR VD/LH

VD

7. A student who studies frequently in order to do well on unannounced pop quizzes in one of her courses is showing the effects of: Question options: a VI schedule a VR schedule a VI/LH schedule a VD schedule

a VI/LH schedule

4. Which of the following is most likely to be a primary reinforcer? Question options: a toy money a candy bar poker chips

a candy bar

4. A stimulus which is not originally reinforcing but which acquires reinforcing power through association with a stimulus that is reinforcing is called: Question options: a conditioned reinforcer a conditioned stimulus a natural reinforcer a back-up reinforce

a conditioned reinforcer

5.An extinction program may fail because: Question options: spontaneous recovery did not occur a desirable alternative behavior was not appropriately strengthened instructions were not given to the client prior to the program prior to the extinction program, the behavior was on a continuous rather than an intermittent schedule of reinforcement

a desirable alternative behavior was not appropriately strengthened

9.If a parent tries to teach a child to hold a pencil and make a line on a piece of paper by physically guiding the child's hand, and if over successive trials the physical guidance is gradually lessened to the point where the child will be able to draw a line without any help whatsoever, the parent is using: Question options: an extinction procedure a fading procedure SD - S∆ training stimulus discrimination training

a fading procedure

6. During piece-rate pay in a sewing factory, a worker is paid $10.00 for every ten pairs of pants. This is an example of: Question options: a fixed-ratio schedule a fixed-interval schedule continuous reinforcement a fixed-duration schedule

a fixed-ratio schedule

9. While teaching a child to obtain the appropriate colored object when the teacher said either "blue" or "green," the teacher's pointing to the correct object on a trial would be an example of: Question options: a physical prompt an environmental prompt a gestural prompt a modeling prompt

a gestural prompt

1 Which of the following is an example of cognitive behavior? Question options: a child reading out loud for a parent a baseball player talking to her coach a person on a hot day imagining that he is sitting at the ocean a student writing with a pen

a person on a hot day imagining that he is sitting at the ocean

1 Which of the following is an example of covert behavior? Question options: a skier thinking, "I hope I don't fall" a pitcher throwing a ball a student drinking coffee a child talking to her dog in the backyard

a skier thinking, "I hope I don't fall"

1 Behavior modifiers are cautious about using summary labels to refer to individuals or their actions because: the label for the behavior is often used as a pseudo-explanation for the behavior labels can negatively affect the way an individual might be treated labeling may influence us to focus on an individual's problem behaviors rather than on his or her strengths all of the above

all of the above

6. The response chosen in a concurrent schedule depends on: Question options: the relative immediacy of reinforcement the relative magnitude of reinforcement the relative response effort all of the above

all of the above

8.A stimulus that is correlated with extinction trials for a particular response is known as: Question options: an SD a controlling stimulus a cue an S∆

an SD

8.If a child is reinforced for swearing in front of other kids, but not for swearing in the presence of his parents, we would say that the parents are _______________ for swearing. Question options: an S∆ a reinforcer an SD a punisher

an S∆

3. A positive reinforcer is defined as: Question options: an event which, when presented immediately following a behavior, causes the behavior to decrease in frequency an event which is preferred by a subject an event which the subject finds rewarding an event which, when presented immediately following a behavior, causes the behavior to increase in frequency

an event which, when presented immediately following a behavior, causes the behavior to increase in frequency

5.An increase in responding during extinction is commonly referred to as: Question options: an extinction burst spontaneous recovery an establishing operation a pitfall of extinction

an extinction burst

2. The characteristics of language abnormalities, impaired social behavior, and repetitive self-stimulatory behaviors during the first few years after birth are shown by individuals diagnosed as: Question options: moderately developmentally disabled schizophrenic severely intellectually disabled autistic

autistic

4. A reinforcer for which tokens can be exchanged in order to maintain their reinforcing power is called a(n): Question options: secondary reinforcer conditioned reinforcer back-up reinforcer primary reinforcer

back-up reinforcer

4. At the end of a poker game, poker chips that you have obtained can be exchanged for money. In this case, money can best be described as a(n): Question options: back-up reinforcer unconditioned reinforcer natural reinforcer conditioned reinforcer

back-up reinforcer

4. In Erin's program, the time on Facebook or YouTube are examples of: Question options: tokens back-up reinforcers unconditioned reinforcers intrinsic reinforcers

back-up reinforcers

4. In a behavior modification token system, tokens can be exchanged for more powerful reinforcers called: Question options: extrinsic reinforcers primary reinforcers intrinsic reinforcers back-up reinforcers

back-up reinforcers

10.What one word characterizes all of the variables plotted on the vertical axis of all of the graphs in this text thus far? Question options: time interval behavior average

behavior

2. "Applications to socially significant problems in unstructured community settings where the behavior of individuals is not considered deviant in the traditional sense" is the definition of: organizational behavior management health psychology behavior community psychology behavior therapy

behavior community psychology

1 A child does not pronounce words clearly and does not interact with other children. These are examples of: Question options: behavioral excesses behavioral abnormalities behavioral deficits behavioral characteristics

behavioral deficits

2. A broad interdisciplinary field concerned with the links between health, illness, and behavior is referred to as: Question options: health psychology stress management behavioral medicine behavioral health

behavioral health

5. Unauthorized reinforcement provided for a behavior being subjected to an extinction program is the definition of: Question options: continuous reinforcement functional reinforcement bootleg reinforcement intrinsic reinforcement

bootleg reinforcement

8.Recognizing objects that are red and discriminating them from objects that are green is an example of: Question options: conceptual behavior response generalization a stimulus class stimulus generalization

conceptual behavior

4. A stimulus which is not originally punishing but which acquires punishing power through association with a stimulus that is punishing is called a(n): Question options: conditioned punisher warning stimulus unconditioned punisher conditioned stimulus

conditioned punisher

3. The best way to determine if something is reinforcing is to: Question options: ask the individual what they prefer for a reinforcer watch others perform the same behavior and find out what reinforces them and then use that with the individual of concern conduct an experimental test in which you present an item following some behavior on several trials to see if the frequency of that behavior increases provide a choice situation in which the "something" is presented along with known reinforcers to see if it will be chosen by the subject instead of the known reinforcers

conduct an experimental test in which you present an item following some behavior on several trials to see if the frequency of that behavior increases

8.When the general setting alters the manner in which an individual responds to a particular stimulus, then ______________ has been demonstrated. Question options: stimulus control stimulus equivalence contextual control stimulus discrimination

contextual control

8.If a child's swearing when playing with friends in the street increases as a function of the friends' natural reactions, then swearing exemplifies: Question options: contingency-shaped behavior rule-governed behavior extrinsic reinforcement intrinsic motivation

contingency-shaped behavior

3. When a behavior must occur before a reinforcer will be presented, we say that the reinforcer is ______________ upon that behavior. Question options: noncontingent contingent direct-acting indirect-acting

contingent

6. Each time you turn on the TV, a picture appears. This is an example of: Question options: fixed-ratio reinforcement variable-ratio reinforcement continuous reinforcement fixed-interval reinforcement

continuous reinforcement

9.The method of removing prompts in which a starting stimulus that reliably evokes the response is gradually changed until the response is evoked by the final desired stimulus is known as the method of: Question options: increasing assistance decreasing assistance graduated guidance time delay

decreasing assistance

2. Studies with clinical populations have shown behavior therapy to be: Question options: significantly inferior to the alternative treatment to which it was compared, which was usually some form of verbal psychotherapy demonstrably superior to specific alternative psychotherapeutic procedures in certain problem areas (e.g., phobias) used as the main mode of therapy for treating adults by approximately 60% of practicing therapists used about as often as psychodynamic therapy in the treatment of children by pediatric psychologists

demonstrably superior to specific alternative psychotherapeutic procedures in certain problem areas (e.g., phobias)

6. In a ___________ procedure, a distinct stimulus is presented prior to an opportunity for a response to occur and be followed by a reinforcement, and the next response cannot occur until another stimulus is presented, and so on. Question options: free operant reinforcement discrete trials natural reinforcement

discrete trials

2. A common strategy for delivering early intensive behavioral intervention with children with autism is referred to as: Question options: behavior management developmental teaching discrete-trials teaching behavior analysis

discrete-trials teaching; On each trial an instructor provides an antecedent (an instruction plus prompts to encourage a correct response), the child typically responds, and the teacher provides an immediate and appropriate consequence, such as a reward for correct behavior or saying no following an error.

8.A (n) ____________ is that which is correlated with the availability of reinforcement for a particular response. Question options: conditioned stimulus discriminative stimulus warning stimulus controlling stimulus

discriminative stimulus

1 Which of the following is an example of behavior? Question options: hair color the color of someone's eyes the clothes someone is wearing dressing in the morning

dressing in the morning

3. Persons with developmental disabilities learn certain discriminations better when the correct response reveals a reinforcer hidden inside a container, rather than when a reinforcer is simply handed to the individual for a correct response. Martin and Pear suggest that such a contingency should be described as: Question options: a direct-acting contingency an indirect-acting contingency a reinforcement discovery contingency a response equilibrium contingency

either a response equilibrium contingency or a reinforcement discovery contingency

8. A stimulus that is correlated with the availability of reinforcement for a response is known as: Question options: a cue a controlling stimulus an SD an S∆

either a sD or a cue

1 Which of the following is not true of behaviorists and behavior modifiers? their treatment procedures draw mainly on operant and Pavlovian conditioning they deny the importance of genetics in determining behavior they study thoughts and feelings of individuals as well as observable behavior of individuals they assume that private thoughts and feelings and observable behaviors are all influenced by techniques of behavior modification

either the 1st or 2nd

8. As a result of learning to match a golf ball to a golf club, and a golf club to a golf bag, a child is now able to match a golf bag to a golf ball without specific training to do so. In this example, the golf ball, the golf club, and the golf bag constitute a(n): Question options: stimulus class equivalence class stimulus common-element class response class

equivalence class

5. When observing an undesirable behavior prior to introducing an extinction program, you would take into account: Question options: events that may be reinforcing the behavior ways to minimize the number of trials for the extinction program punishers that may be used to decrease the behavior that is to be extinguished how to implement the program without the client's knowledge

events that may be reinforcing the behavior

10.Which of the following is not one of the three stages of a shaping program? Question options: specify the final desired behavior identify a starting response to work toward the final desired behavior extinguish behaviors that interfere with the shaping program reinforce the starting response, and then closer and closer approximations to the final desired behaviour

extinguish behaviors that interfere with the shaping program

9.When teaching a child the correct position of the knife, fork, and spoon at a place setting at a dinner table, the teacher initially draws the location of the utensils on a place mat, and then fades out the drawing over trials. The drawing on the place mat is a(n): Question options: extra-stimulus prompt within-stimulus prompt physical prompt time-delay prompt

extra-stimulus prompt

10.Sally tells her dog to sit while pressing down on the dog's rump. When the dog is in a complete sitting position, she gives it a dog biscuit. Over trials, Sally pushes the dog down with less and less force until eventually it is sitting on command. Sally's procedure exemplifies: Question options: shaping fading stimulus discrimination training intermittent reinforcement

fading

9.The gradual change, on successive trials, of a stimulus that controls a response so that the response eventually occurs to a partially changed or completely new stimulus, is known as: Question options: fading stimulus discrimination training shaping SD - S∆ training

fading

9.The procedure in which the response remains the same over trials while the controlling stimulus is gradually changed is called: Question options: method of successive approximation shaping stimulus discrimination training fading

fading

9.A stimulus that you want to eventually control a target behavior is called a(n): Question options: effective stimulus training stimulus starting stimulus final desired stimulus

final desired stimulus

7. Jack works at a job where he is paid by the hour. Jack is being reinforced on a _____________ schedule. Question options: fixed-ratio fixed-interval fixed-duration variable-interval

fixed-duration

6."Reinforcement contingent on the first response occurring after a fixed period of time" is the definition of a _____________ schedule. Question options: fixed-interval-with-limited-hold fixed-ratio fixed-interval fixed-duration

fixed-ratio

10.Across several golf practices, a golfer is reinforced for hitting five shots, then seven shots, then ten shots, and then fifteen shots. This is an example of ____________ shaping. Question options: topography duration intensity frequency

frequency

4. A dollar bill may not be reinforcing for a young child who has had no experience with money. However, after the dollar bill is paired with a variety of back-up reinforcers while making various purchases in the store, the dollar bill becomes a powerful reinforcer. This is an example of the development of a: Question options: extrinsic reinforcer generalized conditioned reinforcer simple conditioned reinforcer primary reinforcer

generalized conditioned reinforcer

4. A reinforcer that is based on a number of different back-up reinforcers is called a(n): Question options: natural reinforcer generalized reinforcer intrinsic reinforcer extrinsic reinforcer

generalized reinforcer

4. Praise is best referred to as a(n): Question options: natural reinforcer generalized reinforcer intrinsic reinforcer back-up reinforcer

generalized reinforcer

2. Helping the elderly to function independently during old age is part of the field referred to as: Question options: gerontology behavioral medicine behavioral community psychology behavior management

gerontology

1 Behavioral assessment seeks to: Question options: determine the underlying mental disturbance responsible for behavioral symptoms identify the type of mental disorder assumed to underlie particular patterns of abnormal behavior identify potential controlling variables of problem behaviors, and select behavioural treatment determine the necessary intelligence level of potential clients as a prerequisite to behavior modification programs

identify potential controlling variables of problem behaviors, and select behavioural treatment

3. The principle of positive reinforcement states that: Question options: if, in a given situation, an individual is given a choice of two or more items, the item chosen will be the positive reinforcer if, in a given situation, somebody does something that is immediately followed by a positive reinforcer, then that person is more likely to do the same thing again if, in a given situation, an individual is positively reinforced, then that individual will select that situation in future opportunities a reinforcer can be used to strengthen behavior

if, in a given situation, somebody does something that is immediately followed by a positive reinforcer, then that person is more likely to do the same thing again

3. A parent tells a child, "If you pick up the toys in your room, then I'll take you to buy your favorite ice cream after dinner." This is an example of: Question options: direct acting reinforcement the Premack principle a natural reinforcer indirect acting reinforcement

indirect acting reinforcement

3. Suppose that a critical response precedes the reinforcer by more than 30 seconds. This is a clue that the results are due to: Question options: the Premack principle direct-acting reinforcement indirect-acting reinforcement response disequilibrium

indirect-acting reinforcement

3. Suppose that a single occurrence of a consequence produces a large change in the behavior that preceded that consequence. This is a clue that the results are due to: Question options: indirect-acting reinforcement direct-acting reinforcement the Premack principle response disequilibrium

indirect-acting reinforcement

8. In the case of a man who inadvertently enters the women's washroom, the printed sign on the door "Women" is a(n) _________ for the response of entering, on the part of the man. Question options: ineffective S∆ effective S∆ effective SD ineffective SD

ineffective S∆

5. If you tell someone to stop eating candies, and the person stops, that is an example of: Question options: extinction the Premack principle instructional control over behavior indirect-acting reinforcement

instructional control over behavior

2. The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities now prefers the term ________________ to refer to individuals characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior? Question options: intellectual disability mental retardation developmental disability mentally handicapped

intellectual disability

5.If, in a given situation, an individual emits a previously reinforced response which is not followed by the usual reinforcing consequence, then that person: Question options: is less likely to do the same thing again in that situation will stop emitting that behavior immediately in that situation is more likely to do the same thing again in that situation will become very aggressive in that situation

is less likely to do the same thing again in that situation

1 Behavior modifiers stress the importance of defining problems in terms of specific behavioral deficits or behavioral excesses because: therapists can then focus on the individual's problem behaviors rather than on his or her strengths it is behavior that causes concern, and there are specific procedures now available to change behavior labeling an individual implies that a particular treatment program will be helpful labeling an individual is useful for quickly providing general information about how that individual might perform

it is behavior that causes concern, and there are specific procedures now available to change behavior

10.Across several practices, a swimmer is reinforced for starting more and more quickly to the sound of the starter's pistol. This is an example of ____________ shaping. Question options: duration intensity latency topography

latency

7. Reinforcement is given at the end of a session, provided that the number of responses during that session do not exceed some specified limit. This is the definition of: Question options: limited-responding DRL interval DRL spaced-responding DRL limited-hold DRL

limited-responding DRL

7. When the session is divided into intervals and reinforcement is given at the end of each interval in which the number of responses do not exceed some specified limit, then a(n) __________ schedule is being applied. Question options: VI/LH spaced-responding DRO DRA limited-responding DRL

limited-responding DRL

10.Shaping would not be the procedure of choice for: Question options: changing the topography of a behavior linking a series of responses together increasing the frequency of a behavior decreasing the latency of a behavior

linking a series of responses together

5.It is important to consider the setting in which extinction will be carried out in order to: Question options: capitalize on use of instructions put the undesirable behavior on intermittent reinforcement before introducing extinction maximize the chances of the behavior modifier persisting with the program minimize spontaneous recovery

maximize the chances of the behavior modifier persisting with the program

3. In training programs in which reinforcers are dispensed frequently, it's best to use a small amount of the reinforcer on any one trial in order to: Question options: let the client know that there's more to come minimize satiation and maximize the number of trials in a training session ensure that the program is cost-effective prevent the client from becoming greedy

minimize satiation and maximize the number of trials in a training session

5.It is important to consider the setting in which extinction will be carried out in order to: Question options: capitalize on use of instructions minimize the influence of alternative reinforcers on the undesirable behavior put the undesirable behavior on intermittent reinforcement before introducing extinction minimize spontaneous recovery

minimize the influence of alternative reinforcers on the undesirable behavior

9.When a teacher demonstrates a correct behavior, the teacher is using a(n): Question options: physical prompt environmental prompt verbal prompt modelling prompt

modelling prompt

4. Which of the following is a conditioned reinforcer? Question options: a drink of water a candy bar warmth from a fireplace money

money

3. Events or conditions that temporarily alter the effectiveness of a reinforcer, and increase the frequency of behavior reinforced by that reinforcer, are called: Question options: positive reinforcers direct-acting events indirect-acting events motivating operations

motivating operations

3. Giving a person salty foods, or depriving that person of water are examples of: Question options: discriminative stimuli unconditioned stimuli direct-acting reinforcers motivating operations

motivating operations

3. Eating is reinforced by the taste of food. This is an example of: Question options: indirect acting reinforcement arbitrary reinforcement natural reinforcement the Premack principle

natural reinforcement

3. Unprogrammed reinforcers that occur in the normal course of everyday living are called: Question options: natural reinforcers arbitrary reinforcers contrived reinforcers rewards

natural reinforcers

3. The principle of ___________ states that there are certain stimuli whose removal immediately after the occurrence of a response will strengthen that response. Question options: positive reinforcement non-contingent reinforcement negative reinforcement motivating operations

negative reinforcement

10.A guideline for effective application of shaping is to: Question options: never move to a new approximation until the student has mastered the previous approximation overtrain at each approximation to ensure mastery reinforce each approximation about 4 times before moving on to the next approximation make each approximation somewhat difficult to avoid boredom

never move to a new approximation until the student has mastered the previous approximation

3. If a reinforcer is presented at a particular time, irrespective of the preceding behavior, we say that the reinforcer is: Question options: noncontingent contingent direct-acting indirect-acting

noncontingent

3. A coach of young hockey players always has a scrimmage at the end of each practice, something that the players really enjoy. This is an example of: Question options: noncontingent reinforcement direct acting reinforcement contingent reinforcement indirect acting reinforcement

noncontingent reinforcement

9.George teaches his dog to bring him the morning newspaper by first reinforcing the dog for sniffing at the paper, then for picking it up in its mouth, then for carrying it a few steps, and finally for bringing it all the way to him. George's procedure exemplifies: Question options: fading stimulus discrimination training intermittent reinforcement none of the above

none of the above

7.It would be appropriate to use a DRL schedule of reinforcement when a behavior: Question options: occurs at greater than the desired rate does not occur occurs at very low rates is harmful to the client or others

occurs at greater than the desired rate

3. Behaviors that act on the environment to generate consequences and are in turn influenced by those consequences, are called _____________ behaviors. Question options: operant reflexive covert overt

operant

3. Behaviors that operate on the environment to generate consequences, and are in turn influenced by those consequences, are called: Question options: behaviors respondent behaviors reflexive behavior operant behaviors

operant behaviors

3. Strengthening a response by adding an event immediately following that response is referred to as: Question options: positive reinforcement negative reinforcement escape conditioning the Premack principle

positive reinforcement

10.Shaping is a procedure that involves two basic principles, namely: Question options: intermittent reinforcement and extinction continuous reinforcement and instructions positive reinforcement and extinction reinforcer sampling and Premack principle

positive reinforcement and extinction

4. Stimuli which are reinforcing without prior learning are called: Question options: conditioned reinforcers back-up reinforcers intrinsic reinforcers primary reinforcers

primary reinforcers; same as unconditioned reinforcers

4. For someone who has not eaten for several hours, food would be a ____________ reinforcer, as it is naturally reinforcing in and of itself. Question options: primary conditioned back-up secondary

primary; same as unconditioned reinforcers

9.Which of the following is not a major category of prompts? Question options: verbal prompts psychological prompts gestural prompts physical prompts

psychological prompts

2. Which of the following is not a sub-area of the application of behavioral principles in health psychology? Question options: establishing treatment compliance promotion of healthy living stress management psychological testing of personality disorders

psychological testing of personality disorders

5. Behavior that extinguishes slowly is said to be: Question options: reinforced intermittently showing spontaneous recovery resistant to extinction exhibiting extinction bursts

resistant to extinction

8.What do the authors mean by "an error in discrimination training"? Question options: failing to respond to the S∆ not responding at all responding to the SD responding to the S∆

responding to the S∆

5. Suppose that, following instances of a child swearing, the parents said to the child, "You have just lost 25 cents of your weekly allowance." This is an example of: Question options: extinction reprimand punishment forgetting response cost punishment

response cost punishment

8.If a father were to tell his 16-year-old son, "You can use the family car on Saturday if you mow the lawn on Friday," and if the son mows the lawn on Friday, we would describe the son's lawn-mowing as: Question options: contingency shaped behavior intrinsically motivated behavior rule-governed behavior self-managed behavior

rule-governed behavior

1 Which of the following is an example of an outcome of behavior? throwing a baseball lifting a heavy weight scoring a goal in ice hockey standing at the free throw line in basketball

scoring a goal in ice hockey

2. Which of the following is not a general area in which behavior modification has been applied in sport psychology? Question options: improving skills of athletes selecting athletes for Olympic programs on the basis of those with the personality most suited to sacrifice and dedication to winning increasing the frequency of specific practice behaviors and components of practice behaviors of athletes developing strategies to help athletes prepare for serious competition in sport

selecting athletes for Olympic programs on the basis of those with the personality most suited to sacrifice and dedication to winning

10.The procedure used for developing a new behavior by successively reinforcing closer approximations and extinguishing preceding approximations to achieve a final desired behavior is called: Question options: intermittent reinforcement shaping fading discrimination training

shaping

10.Tom teaches his dog to sit on a particular area of the carpet in his living room by first reinforcing the dog for being anywhere in the living room, then for being within approximately six feet of that specific area, then for being within approximately three feet of the area, and finally only when the dog is sitting on that particular area. Tom's procedure exemplifies: Question options: fading chaining shaping intermittent reinforcement

shaping

7. Reinforcement is given immediately after a response during a session, provided that that response is separated from the preceding response by some minimal time period. This refers to a(n): Question options: FI/LH limited-responding DRL VI/LH spaced-responding DRL

spaced-responding DRL

7.On a(n) ___________ schedule of reinforcement, responding too soon means that the time interval will recycle so that a reinforced response must occur a minimum of a specified interval of time following a preceding response. Question options: limited-responding DRL interval DRL spaced-responding DRL limited-hold DRL

spaced-responding DRL

5.The reappearance of an extinguished behavior following a rest is called: Question options: intermittent reinforcement an extinction burst spontaneous recovery indirect reinforcement

spontaneous recovery

9.The initial stimulus that reliably evokes the desired behavior at the start of a fading program is known as the: Question options: effective stimulus starting stimulus discriminative stimulus target stimulus

starting stimulus

6. A characteristic effect of a VI/LH schedule is: Question options: intermittent responding with very little pausing steady responding with very little pausing very occasional responding with very frequent pausing steady responding with no pausing

steady responding with very little pausing

1 The people, objects, and events that make up a person's environment are called: Question options: stimuli conditioned stimuli unconditioned stimuli reinforcing stimuli

stimuli

8.The people, objects, and events currently present in one's surroundings that can be detected by one's sense receptors are referred to as: Question options: SD stimuli S∆s antecedents

stimuli

8.A ____________ is defined as any physical event or object in one's immediate surroundings that impinge on one's sensory receptors and that can affect a behavior. Question options: stimulus positive reinforcer discriminative stimulus natural reinforcer

stimulus

8.When a particular behavior is likely to occur in the presence of a particular stimulus and not others, we say that ____________ exists. Question options: behavior persistence stimulus generalization stimulus control stimulus discrimination training

stimulus control

8.The procedure by which we learn to emit a specific behavior in the presence of some stimuli and not in the presence of other stimuli is called: Question options: shaping stimulus control training stimulus discrimination learning contextual control training

stimulus discrimination learning

8.Reinforcing a response in the presence of a particular stimulus and extinguishing that response in the presence of some other stimulus is known as: Question options: an intermittent schedule a shaping procedure a reinforcer sampling procedure stimulus discrimination training

stimulus discrimination training

9.Susan praises her child for saying "please" before being given a treat and for saying "thank you" after receiving the treat. Susan's procedure exemplifies: Question options: stimulus discrimination training extinction fading intermittent reinforcement

stimulus discrimination training

8.If teaching a child to say "red" in the presence of red objects increases the chances that the child will also say "red" to pink objects, we say that has occurred. Question options: response generalization stimulus generalization stimulus control stimulus discrimination

stimulus generalization

8.When behavior becomes more probable in the presence of one stimulus or situation as a result of having been reinforced in the presence of another stimulus or situation, we say that has occurred. Question options: stimulus generalization stimulus discrimination response generalization stimulus control

stimulus generalization

8.A child learns that a small green Volkswagen and a large white limousine are both cars, because they share some common features, even though they are very different in many respects. This represents: Question options: stimulus generalization due to considerable physical similarity stimulus generalization due to equivalence classes stimulus generalization due to behavioral momentum stimulus generalization involving a stimulus common-element class

stimulus generalization involving a stimulus common-element class

10.Shaping is referred to as the method of: Question options: intermittent reinforcement successive approximations contingency adjustment self-instruction

successive approximations

3. A behavior that is strengthened because it accidently precedes a reinforcer, even though it did not actually produce the reinforcer, is called: Question options: operant behavior superstitious behavior respondent behavior reflexive behavior

superstitious behavior

1 Behaviors to be improved in a behavior modification program are frequently called: Question options: overt behaviors covert behaviors cognitive behaviors target behaviors

target behaviors

5. A behavior is likely to extinguish very slowly if: Question options: that behavior was reinforced intermittently prior to the extinction program that behavior was reinforced continuously prior to the extinction program an alternative desirable behavior is reinforced there is no aggression as a side-effect

that behavior was reinforced intermittently prior to the extinction program

6. The advantage of VR over FR in training programs is that: Question options: reinforcement occurs after a certain number of responses are emitted a reinforcer is no longer presented following each response the VR generates longer pauses and a steady rate of responding the VR generates less pausing and can maintain a high rate with fewer reinforcements

the VR generates less pausing and can maintain a high rate with fewer reinforcements

2. Organizational behavior management refers to: Question options: the application of behavior modification techniques to individual or group performance within an organizational setting an emphasis on the use of non-professionals in human service programs use of behavior modification to help individuals adhere to a healthy lifestyle seeking out intervention strategies at the organizational level rather than at the individual level

the application of behavior modification techniques to individual or group performance within an organizational setting

3. If a response increases in frequency because of its immediate reinforcing consequences, this is known as: Question options: the direct-acting effects of positive reinforcement a functional response-reinforcer relationship the indirect-acting effects of positive reinforcement natural reinforcement

the direct-acting effects of positive reinforcement

6. The statement "The time devoted to an activity in a concurrent situation is proportional to the rate of reinforcement of that activity relative to the rates of reinforcement on the other concurrent activities," describes: Question options: performance on a VI/LH the concurrent schedule law the rate of reinforcement law the matching law

the matching law

5.If a parent ignores the behavior of a child, that is an example of extinction if: Question options: the child listens to the parent the parent's attention was reinforcing the child's behavior the child is obedient the child's behavior was annoying to the parent

the parent's attention was reinforcing the child's behavior

1 Behavior Analysis refers to: Question options: behavior modification in which there is typically an attempt to analyze or clearly demonstrate controlling variables the scientific study of laws that govern the behavior of human beings and other animals behavioral treatment carried out on dysfunctional behavior behavior modification that focuses on overt behaviors that are of social significance

the scientific study of laws that govern the behavior of human beings and other animals

4. Which of the following is a stimulus that is a conditioned reinforcer (i.e., associated with more powerful reinforcers) but is not a token? Question options: gold stars on an improvement chart coupons for food products the sight of a loved one money

the sight of a loved one

1 In behavior modification, the term "environment" refers to: the neighborhood in which a person is raised the natural habitat of an organism the specific physical variables in one's immediate surroundings the general situation where one happens to be

the specific physical variables in one's immediate surroundings

2. Behavior modifiers have begun to pay more attention to issues of race, gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation because: Question options: the Association of Behavior Analysis is now an international organization culturally diverse individuals now make up 30% of the American population these variables can influence the effectiveness of treatment there are no dangers of overgeneralizing about any particular cultural group

these variables can influence the effectiveness of treatment

1 Behavior modifiers made little use of the first two DSMs because: they were based primarily on research rather than on Freud's theory individual disorders were based on categories of problem behaviors they used a multidimensional recording system they were based on Freud's theory of abnormal behavior

they were based on Freud's theory of abnormal behavior

4. Conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated and exchanged for other reinforcers are known as: Question options: adventitious reinforcers tokens back-up reinforcers extrinsic reinforcers

tokens

1 A behavioral deficit is: too little of a particular type of behavior too much of a particular type of behavior an appropriate behavior occurring to the wrong stimulus an appropriate behavior occurring at the wrong time or place

too little of a particular type of behavior

1 A behavioral excess is: too much of a particular type of behavior too little of a particular type of behavior an appropriate behavior occurring to the wrong stimulus an appropriate behavior occurring at the wrong time or place

too much of a particular type of behavior

1 A behavioral excess is: Question options: too much of a particular type of behavior too little of a particular type of behavior an appropriate behavior occurring to the wrong stimulus an appropriate behavior occurring at the wrong time or place

too much of a particular type of behavior

10.A child is reinforced for saying "wa-wa," then "watah," and finally, "water." In this example, ______________ has been shaped. Question options: frequency topography amount intensity

topography

10.The form or spatial configuration of a behavior is referred to as: Question options: latency of behavior amount of behavior frequency of behavior topography of behavior

topography of behavior

8.As a result of learning to match A to B and B to C, an individual can now match A to C without specific training. This is called: Question options: stimulus equivalence transitivity reflexivity symmetry

transitivity

6. When reinforcement that is contingent on the first response occurs within a limited period of time following another interval of time, which varies around some mean value, a(n) ____________ schedule is in effect. Question options: variable interval with limited hold fixed interval with limited hold variable interval fixed interval

variable interval with limited hold

6. "Reinforcement occurring after a variable number of responses, where the number varies around some mean value" defines the ____________ schedule. Question options: variable-ratio variable-interval variable-ratio-with-limited-hold variable-interval-with-limited-hold

variable-ratio

6. A child pounds pegs into a peg board and is reinforced by getting the pegs level with the board. This is an approximation of a ____________ schedule. Question options: fixed-duration fixed-ratio variable-interval variable-ratio

variable-ratio

7.When Suzie plays the slot machines in Las Vegas, her gambling behavior is reinforced on a _______________ schedule. Question options: variable-interval variable-duration fixed-ratio variable-ratio

variable-ratio

1 In behavior modification, motivation and intelligence refer to: Question options: inner mental processes ways of behaving causes of behavior major sources of abnormality

ways of behaving

5. Extinction and forgetting are similar in that both involve: Question options: weakening a behavior as a function of that behavior being emitted without being reinforced weakening a behavior as a function of time following that behavior weakening a behavior as a function of intermittent reinforcement weakening of behavior

weakening of behavior

9.When a teacher alters the characteristics of the SD or the S∆ to make them more noticeable and therefore easier to discriminate during discrimination training with a child, the teacher is using a(n): Question options: extra-stimulus prompt physical prompt within-stimulus prompt modelling prompt

within-stimulus prompt

1 Which of the following is an example of overt behavior? feelings of nervousness yelling at someone a boy on a date thinking, "I like this girl" imagining a beautiful sunset

yelling at someone

1 Which of the following is an example of overt behavior? Question options: feelings of nervousness yelling at someone a boy on a date thinking, "I like this girl" imagining a beautiful sunset

yelling at someone