mid term

In the process of teaching a class, the teacher learns new things. This illustrates _____ thesis, the idea that teaching is _____.

Vygotsky's; bidirectional

When newborns fall asleep, they immediately go into the _____ phase of sleep and spend most of their time in this state.

REM

Lupe carries her baby son in a sling. The skin-to-skin contact this kangaroo care provides decreases levels of the stress hormone cortisol in:

both Lupe and her son.

Good active coping skills improve children's life satisfaction more than poor active coping skills do after _____ divorces.

both high- and low-conflict

When do humans fully develop a fear of heights?

by 8 months of age

Bullying is MOST often decreased by:

bystanders who confront the bully.

During the first stage of labor, the cervix must thin out, or _____, and widen, or _____.

efface; dilate

Selective attention refers to a person's ability to:

focus only on relevant information.

Marisol's grandmother recalls that she and Marisol's grandfather adhered to their faith's disapproval of birth control. To avoid conception, the couple refrained from intercourse:

for approximately 2 weeks following menstruation.

Throughout history, cultures made special efforts to keep pregnant women calm and happy. Which choice correctly pairs a culture with the good luck charm used to keep evil spirits away during pregnancy?

garlic-filled sack—Guatemala

The primary risk with smoking during pregnancy involves:

giving birth to a smaller-than-normal baby.

Undernutrition impairs the development of:

gross and fine motor skills.

According to Vygotsky, thinking is a form of:

inner speech

What gives humans the ability to engage in social cognition?

language

Pruning in the frontal lobes starts _____ in other brain regions.

later than

This is a state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events and gives up without trying.

learned helplessness

Children's average scores on standard motor skills tests are _____ today than in previous cohorts, especially in the _____ grades.

lower; higher

The talents involved in running, jumping, and climbing are _____ skills.

Gross motor

By _____ year(s) of age, infants see just like adults do.

1

Boys' brains are about _____ percent larger than the brains of girls.

10

According to Piaget, babies begin acting like "little scientists" at about _____ months of age, when _____ circular reactions appear.

12; tertiary

Pregnancy lasts between _____ and _____ days.

266; 277

Aja has Down syndrome. Had she been born in 1920, it is unlikely that she would have attained adulthood. Today, however, she has an 80 percent chance of living at LEAST until the age of:

60

Middle childhood refers to boys and girls aged:

7 to 12

It takes the ovum _____ hours to travel to the uterus.

72

In Somalia and Afghanistan, as many as _____ percent of infants die before the age of 1.

8 to 10

The textbook suggests that the stereotype of the frail, dependent older adult is actually likely to apply only to the old-old; that is, people who are _____ years of age or older.

80

The top-ranking health disorder among U.S. children today, affecting 1 in 10 children, is:

ADHD

Baby LeBron was just born. The _____ scale is used to evaluate his condition.

Apgar

Societies across the world have celebrated pregnancy milestones throughout history. In _____, for example, the first kick was the signal for a woman to bake bread and take it to the church.

Bulgaria

Which statement about the Lamaze method is false?

It results in a pain-free birth.

According to _____'s theory, we think logically for the first time during _____.

Piaget; concrete operations

Chomsky was inspired by:

Skinner

Which statement BEST describes how nature shapes our nurture?

Temperamentally aggressive children provoke parents to act harshly and punitively.

Which statement about newborns' visual preferences is false?

They prefer to look at fathers instead of mothers.

Neuroimaging studies suggest theory-of-mind abilities depend on:

a certain level of frontal-lobe development.

The fluid-filled chamber which provides a home for the developing fetus and insulation from infection and harm is called the:

amniotic sac.

A recessive single-gene disorder occurs only if a child inherits:

an abnormal gene from each parent.

Sternberg argued that IQ tests only measure _____ intelligence.

analytic

According to Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development, the growth of _____ immediately follows that of trust during the first few years of a child's life.

autonomy

According to Erikson's stage theory, the development of initiative follows that of _____ and precedes that of _____.

autonomy; industry

Parker is an elementary school student. Parker has a two or three close friends, but there are one or two students who dislike Parker. With respect to popularity, Parker is BEST described as a(n) _____ child.

average

Which is Erik Erikson's first psychosocial task?

basic trust

When married parents have children from former unions, their family is called a _____ family.

blended

During the embryonic stage, the arm buds form before the leg swellings erupt. With respect to the principles of prenatal development, this fact BEST reflects the _____ sequence.

cephalocaudal

Physical abuse, neglect, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse are all forms of:

child maltreatment.

One's _____ is one's age group—the people with whom one travels through life.

cohort

A culture that values social harmony over personal achievement is called _____, whereas a culture that emphasizes independence, competition, and personal success is called _____.

collectivist; individualistic

Baby Sam loves to say "oooo." This is an example of:

cooing

Suppose a researcher surveys three different groups regarding attitudes toward marriage equality for LGBTQ+ individuals. The researcher selects a sample of a middle-aged Generation X participants, a sample of Millennials aged 25 to 40, and a sample of 18- to 25-year-old Generation Z participants. The researcher's study is BEST seen as an example of:

cross-sectional research.

For low-risk pregnancies, a recent meta-analysis (Hutton et al., 2019) reveals that, as compared to hospital births, home births are:

equally safe.

Jeanine recently had surgery on a slim, pipelike structure that her eggs travel down to enter her uterus. Jeanine has had surgery on her:

fallopian tube.

Theory-of-mind abilities are tested using _____ tasks.

false-belief

Describing the celebration of pregnancy milestones, the opening section of Chapter 2 notes that "in Bulgaria, the first kick was the signal for a woman to bake bread." The developing baby's first kick occurs during the _____ period of prenatal development and is called the _____.

fetal; quickening

Lee is in the first grade. His writing is extremely sloppy because he is still developing the required _____ motor skills.

fine

_____ is one example of a self-conscious emotion.

guilt

Abeer has been diagnosed with a specific learning disorder. This means that she:

has difficulty with language-related materials.

When their caregiver re-enters a room after being separated, babies with an anxious-ambivalent attachment style:

have trouble being soothed.

Compared to other developed nations, the United States has a(n) _____ infant mortality rate.

high

Children who live in single-parent mother-headed families are often:

impoverished.

Children living _____ are NOT living in a blended family.

in traditional two-parent families

Erikson viewed the main goal of middle childhood as:

industry

What is the middle-childhood psychosocial task, according to Erikson?

industry

The capacity to engage in deferred imitation reflects a child's _____ capacities.

memory

Family day care often has _____, while day-care centers have _____.

more caregiver stability; a larger number of children

A biochemist and a nurse are both studying Alzheimer's disease. This is a reflection that lifespan development is:

multidisciplinary.

The fact that lifespan development draws information from a variety of disciplines such as nursing, psychology, and neuroscience indicates that lifespan development is:

multidisciplinary.

When her father puts 6-month-old Clara's favorite stuffed animal under a blanket and she looks under the cover to find it, she is showing the beginnings of:

object permanence.

When William Corsaro went undercover as a member of a preschool class, he found that preschool play plots:

often centered on mastering upsetting events.

When 3-year-old Edward's father asked his son what he had done that day, Edward replied, "I sawed two deer outside and goed to see them." These classic language mistakes are called:

overregularization.

Nolan, a 10-year-old boy, is the envy of his classmates because he doesn't have a set bedtime and is free to stay up as late as he wants. Nolan is a well-adjusted child who feels that his parents love him. Based on this description, his parents are MOST likely:

permissive

_____ children are frequently named in the most-liked category and never appear in the disliked group. They also stand out as being really liked by everyone.

popular

During development, normative changes are _____ life transitions, whereas non-normative changes are _____ transitions.

predictable; unpredictable

Children's transition from pretending to playing more structured, rule-governed games and sports coincides with the transition from _____ to _____ thought in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

preoperational; concrete operational

Gender-segregated play begins during:

preschool and increases in elementary school.

In each brain region, extensive synaptogenesis is followed by:

pruning

Attachment refers to the powerful bond of love between caregiver and child. During the twentieth century, this intense bond was considered important by _____ in psychology.

psychoanalysts but not behaviorists

Jaden is a newborn. One can expect the volume of her brain to _____ by the time Jaden celebrates her fourth birthday.

quadruple

A true experiment involves:

randomly assigning people to different treatments.

Eleven-year-old Sarah loves to tattle on her older sister. Last week, Sarah told her sister's boyfriend that her sister had kissed another boy. Sarah showed _____ aggression.

relational

Which of these is NOT a tip for making school more intrinsically motivating?

reward the children who do well with special prizes

One-week-old Gabriel turns toward his mother's finger every time his cheek is touched. This is the _____ reflex.

rooting

Based on textbook's discussion of the results of a Dutch survey, which of these toddler behaviors should truly worry a parent?

showing no interest in a new object

As compared to levels of anxiety and depression among people in general, levels of anxiety and depression among pregnant women are:

similar, but they appear to be rising in recent decades.

The frontal lobes develop _____; they allow people to _____.

slowly; consider options and inhibit immediate responses

Early Head Start:

supports low-income pregnant women, infants, and toddlers.

Harry Harlow's research with isolation-reared monkeys showed that:

the behaviorist idea that one gets attached through being fed was wrong.

The social-interactionist perspective on language learning emphasizes that:

the desire to communicate with each other promotes developing language.

Ingrid fills out a questionnaire to examine her attitudes toward child discipline. Ingrid's example BEST illustrates a measurement technique called:

the self-report strategy.

Diana realizes that her mother does not know the thoughts inside her head. As a result, she has recently started lying. Diana has developed _____ and is roughly _____ years old.

theory-of-mind abilities; 4

When Piaget said that children progress through qualitatively different stages of intellectual development, he meant that:

there are fundamental differences in how children of different ages reason.

With respect to principles of prenatal development, the cephalocaudal sequence is to the proximodistal sequence as _____ is to _____.

top-down; inner-to-outer

Everything that you are thinking about right now is being processed in a limited-capacity gating system called _____ memory.

working

Fostering school self-efficacy involves praising children for:

working hard