Mid term review

94. In the nineteenth century, how did Ireland's population grow despite extreme poverty?

Extensive cultivation of the humble potato and also Because all those so many people in Ireland work for it made sense to marry because a couple can manage world property better then one living alone and children meant more hands in the field

In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that...

Landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently

What English weapon provided an advantage against the mounted French Knights in the battles of Poitiers and Agincourt?

Longbow

90. Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution because....?

They wanted a change of free religion and free individual freedom

Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?

After doubling its national debt in the Seven Year's War, Great Britain sought to tax the American colonies to fund the further defense of the colonies

68. Louis XV damaged the sense of his sacred authority by...?

Allowing his common-born mistress to exert tremendous cultural and political influence.

How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?

Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices.

What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?

Luther understood the power of the printing press and authorized the publication of his works

53. What characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?

Peasants were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children

What were the achievements of the Avignon popes before the Great Schism?

the Avignon popes firmly established papal authority over secular princes

42. The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was...?

A fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II

86. Congress of Vienna

A meeting of the quarduple allience russia prussia austria and great britian. Restoratin of france and smaller european states to fashion a genral peace settlement that began after the defeat of napoleans france in 1814

In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. What did this mean in terms of political practice?

In political practice the representatives didn't need or didn't want to elect a ruler. The representatives believed that they vote on laws and if majority rules than they pass it. Representatives believed that rulers caused to many problems there for they ruled as a group.

56. The industrious revolution was a result of...?

Poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to be used to buy consumer goods

31. How did the encomienda system function?

The way the system functioned was by Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly was by employing groups of indians work for exchange for providing food shelter and christian teaching

As the Jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to women's political activity?

Their reaction to womans political activity was that they allowed woman to join because such clubs had proliferated in perian neigborhoods since the beginning of the revolution. This drawed men and woman to debate the political issues of the day

The European voyages of the fifteenth century were derived from a desire to share in the wealth of the ________________________________.

the Indian Ocean Trade

Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in the fifteenth century?

the reason why the Italian state failed in the 15 c was because Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state.

The Abbé Sieyès considered the third estate...?

wrote an essay called "What is the Third Estate?" Argued that lower classes were more important than the nobles and the government should be responsible to the people. The royal council responded by doubling the size of the Third Estate's representative body in the Estates-General.

. The Spanish Inquisition was an attempt to do what?

the attempt of he Spanish inquisition was to organized by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to hunt out heretical or contrary opinions; subjects of persecution included Protestants, Jews, Muslims, and witches. therefore dividing the people and having an unrealistic goal.

39. How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?

Louis XIV of France's grandson, Phillip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united

9. John Calvin

Reformer who creates Calvinism which focuses on predestination and the elect; builds a Calvinist city in Geneva, Switzerland. Calvin is the second more radical wave of the Reformation. Becomes more influential on the look and feel of Protestantism in the long run than Luther. Reformed Church" is a reference to a Calvinistic Church.

. Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?

serveral thousand parisian women because they were angry that the Marie Antoinette had such large spending therefore made others suffer and put a heavy increase taxation on bread. She made the wrong decision to do that because bread was the most affordable thing but now it was equal to 1 months pay. The woman stormed into the castle and practically ruined it, the queen nearly escaped death. The towns people were tired of having such carless and ruthless ruling so they literally kicked them out.

60. How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?

the enlightenment affected the popular culture by raising superstitions and inferiority and also As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar

32. Describe the immigration patterns (forced and unforced) of Europeans and Africans to the Americas between 1500 and 1800?

the immigration patterns of europeans and africans to the americas were that About four times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans.

7. The Statute of Kilkenny attempted to do what?

the most extensive attempt to prevent intermarriage and protect racial purity is embodied in Ireland's Statute of Kilkenny. It states that "there were to be no marriages between those of immigrant and native stock; that the English inhabitants of Ireland must employ the English language and bear English names; that they must ride in the English way and have English apparel; that no Irishmen were to be granted ecclesiastical benefices or admitted to monasteries in the English parts of Ireland; and that the Irish game of hurling and the maintenance of Irish minstrels were forbidden to English settlers.

The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included...?

Everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy

43. How did Frederick William I, King of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army?

He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training after which they could return home and serve as army reservists

23. What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft?

If the woman were found guilty of witchcraft the judges would put them to death because they didn't want them to try to hypnotize people into witches.

47. What characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?

Some protestant clerics condemned Copernicus, while Catholic reaction was mild at first and only declared his hypothesis false in the 17th century

57. By the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society believed what about their circumstances?

That they divided them between the Europeans so they could expand there territory and trading routes

How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization?

The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead.

85. Who made up the Loyalist faction in the American Revolution?

The middle class men

28. What did the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish?

The treaty of tordessillas accomplished giving spain everthing to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the atlantic and giving portugal everything to the east. This treaty helped end fighting and wars between potugal and spain over goods and trade.

During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve?

The workers demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms

12. What did Italian humanists stress?

classics, to learn about human nature

97. What reform did France's Second Republic institute in 1848?

The right to vote for all adult men

38. The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was...?

The subordination of all groups and institutions to the monarchy

36. When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to...?

A vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit

84. How did the National Assembly respond to the hopes and expectations of Saint-Domingue's different social groups?

They came down on rules and anybody who disobeyed would have taxes increased

75. By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?

They increased taxes

How did French armies during the French Revolution offer a mixed message to the people they conquered

armies were abolishing feudalism where they went, but they were also plundering for food and jewels there as well

92. Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established...?

by violent revolution

24. France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to accomplish what?

to prevent Charles V from gaining more power and then taking there states and running it.

78. What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?

Napoleon's bargain with the middle class which reasserted two fundamental principles of the revolution - 1.equality of all male citizens before the law & 2. Security of wealth and private property

17. Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation

Salvation came through faith alone as a gift of God's grace

3. Who benefited from the Black Death?

The Workers: Those who survived demanded high wages after the Black Death, increasing the standard of living for the broad mass of people.

55. The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also...?

Gave british merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with british colonists

82. What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System?

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy. It actually ended up hurting the European economy while Great Britain could still trade with the Americas. therefore the system had a negative outcome because he was only hurting his country and adding advantage to Great Britain.

59. Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because...

Of community pressure on a couple to marry when a woman became pregnant

Social Consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system

People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions

10. What purposes were served by sumptuary laws?

The purpose for these laws was to show physically that you were in a higher class or that your money got you power. Laws governing the clothes that one is allowed to wear. Only nobles were permitted to wear certain fabrics. These laws were becoming increasingly annoying to the rising bourgeoisie (who increasingly had more cash than nobles

48. The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that....?

The universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion

8. Desiderius Erasmus

(1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not suport the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly. wanted a reform within the Catholic Church that would change the focus to self piety rather than systematic laws

20. Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler. After defeat of Schmalkaldic League, Charles issued the Augsburg Interim (1548). Ordered that all Protestants must return to their Catholic beliefs and traditions. Intense negative reaction from Protestants. Compromise reached at Peace of Augsburg in 1555. Cujus Regio, Ejus Religio. Ruler of the land had a right to determine the religion in his region. Those unhappy with the choice could leave. Calvinism NOT recognized by the Peace of Augsburg, but Lutheranism was. This gave the princes of Germany to chose between being Catholic and any other religion.

16. The Spanish Inquisition was an attempt to do what?

Institution organized by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to hunt out heretical or contrary opinions; subjects of persecution included Protestants, Jews, Muslims, and witches

65. What occurred during the Hundred Days in France?

March 1st., 1815, while Congress of Vienna still on-going, Napolean escaped from Elba and marched back toward Paris, raising an army as he went. French forces sent to stop him instead joined him. Had been increasing discontent with the restored Bourbon monarchy so Napolean easily took over army and goverment.Then marched northeast to Waterloo. Duke of Wellington won and Napoleon abdicated. Exiled to St. Helena in South Atlantic. Effect of 100 Days was to renew the European powers' dread of more revolutions, caused them to renew their commitment to the Quadruple Alliance, and agreed to more congresses to maintain the battle of waterloo. To end the hundred days in france Napolean marched with his army to battle of waterloo.

89. Composers in the Romantic Movement...?

Belief in emotional exuberance unrestrained imagination and spontaneously in both art and in personal life

93. What did Count Henri de Saint-Simon believe in the nineteenth century?

Believed that modern society would require rational management, basically wanted a board of directors for the economy, also The key to progress was proper social organization

35. How did the Turks' expansion of the Ottoman Empire and their conquest of the Byzantine Empire and its capital Constantinople in 1453 influence European exploration?

It forced Europeans to search for alternate trade routes to China, bypassing the overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman Empire.

37. Political power in the Dutch Republic

Controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy merchants

96. What was the effect of France's Constitutional Charter in the post-Napoleonic period?

It secured most of the grains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the French Revolution and permitted intellectual and artistic freedom

Wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of...

Debt Peonage

41. Mercantilist Theory

Economic activity should be regulated by and for the state

. What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists?

Economic relationship between classes

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as...?

Empiricism

40. Thomas Hobbes

English materialist/ political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of humans - wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; believed only a powerful government could keep an orderly society

How did Europeans initially justify the enslavement of Africans?

Enslavement benefited the Africans by bringing Christianity to them.

81. How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?

He consolidated his rule by recruiting disillusioned revolutionaries for the network of ministers, prefects, and centrally appointed mayors that depended on him and came to serve him well.. Only former revolutionaries who leaned too far left or right were pushed to the sidelines. Members of the old nobility were not slighted. Napoleon granted amnesty to one hundred thousand emigres on the condition that they return to France and take a loyalty oath. Members of this returning elite soon occupied many high posts in the expanding centralized state. Created a new imperial nobility in order to reward his most talented generals and officials

63. Why was John Wesley's Methodism particularly appealing?

He refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it.

22. Edict of Nantes

Henerys willingness to safrifice religious priciples to political necesity saved france. He converted to catholism but also issued the edict of nantes. Document issued by henrey IV of france granting liberty of conscience and public worship to calvinest which helped restored peace in france

2. What changes around 1300 permitted a significant expansion in the movement of goods?

Improvements in ship design permitted year-round sailing

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years?

Initially pleased by France's weakening, then threatened by its radical message.

64. Why did Pietism, which began in Germany in the late seventeenth century, appeal to people?

It was an appeal because it opened doors for all classes to be able read and study the bible, it also didnt put as much stress on clergy and luthern laity. Pietism was also appealing because it called for emotional religion that every one could experiance. Third it appealed because any body of christian decent from all classes could have power. In conclusion it appealed because there werent as many strict rules as to who could have religion privledges, it was open to mostly everybody and mostly all classes.

Charles Fourier, a utopian socialist, envisioned mathematically precise communities called "phalanxes" and also urged...?

Kind & lonely man w/ tenuous hold on reality Envisioned a socialist utopia of mathematically precise, self-sufficient communities of 1,620 people Part garden city/part agricultural commune - "phalanxes" Total female emancipation Critical of middle-class family life Marriage = kind of prostitution Called for abolition of marriage Free unions based on love & sexual freedom

30. Settlers from the Massachusetts colony dispersed into new communities such as Connecticut and Rhode Island because...?

King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.

102. The Chartist movement in Britain in the 1830s and 1840s demanded

The british movement of supporters of the People's Charter, which demanded universal manhood suffrage (despite property holdings) vote by secret ballot, equal electoral districts and other reforms.

. How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era?

The concordat resolves the crisis by Napoleon healed ties between the Catholic church, french catholics could practice religion, and napoleon gained political power.

Junkers

The estates of brandonburg and prussia were dominated by the nobility and the landowning classes. They were reluctent allies of fredrick William in his consolidations of the prussian state.

During the Great Schism, how did the powers of Europe align themselves?

With urban or clement along striclty political lines and along traditional political alliances,with france and her allies supporting the french pope and the others favoring the italian pope

According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on what

a good leader/prince, if people don't hate him but fear him, gets the job provided order, security, and safety of the populace

27. 17th Century Dutch East India Company

a joint stock company chartered by the States-General of the Netherlands to expand trade and promote relations between the Xdutch government and its colonial ventures. It established a colony at the Cape of Good Hope (1652), and in the 1630s it paid a return of 35% on investments.

83. Olympe de Gouges

a self-taught writer and woman of the people, took up her pen to protest the evils of slavery as well as the injustices done to women. Published her "Declaration of the Rights of Woman." à Direct challenge to revolutionaries to respect the ideals of the revolution. Later executed by the Revolutionaries.

13. Early Renaissance Italian art....?

significant contributions were made to Western civilization, with particular gains in literature, art, philosophy and political and historical thought, sought personal credit for achievements rather than glory to God

34. How did justifications for slavery change from the fifteenth to eighteenth century?

Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion.

87. Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?

As a classical liberal, he feared that it would lead to intolerance and violence

Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus

Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations.

52. How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.

. What was the Republic of Letters

Intellectual communities of scholars and literary figures (men) that stretched across national boundaries but respected differences in language and culture. Letters because the individuals wrote to each other from great distances. Voltaire and Diderot participated, among many others.

66. How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and anti-slavery delegates?

It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.

101. What was the result of the "June Days" in France in 1848?

The Republican army under General Lewis Cavaignac stood triumphant in a series of working-class blood and hatred. workshop workers were forced to move to cities or lose their job and many became furious. the government called in the army. national guard and mobile guard to fight the rebellious workers. many workers killed. therefore the result of of the June days was many workers being killed and people divided.

4. What characteristic distinguished the English Parliament from other representative assemblies?

the nobles participated in the legislature rather than simply bringing their cases directly to the king

How did the French provisional government respond to the worsening depression and rising unemployment in 1848?

established national workshops to provide public works jobs

. What caused the life-and-death political struggle between the Girondists and the Mountain?

personal hatred and jealousy

50. A striking feature of the salons was that...?

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled, basically every body came together to discuss social issues

62. The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication of the...?

power of the state over the church.

How did Charles X of France seek to rally political support for himself in 1830?

successor to Louis XVIII. wanted to reestablish the old order in France. Turned govt in 1830 to military adventure to rally French nationalism and gain popular support.

61. What was the result of the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century?

the result of the consumer revolution was that the economy expanded at rapid rate; made possible the production of more goods and services; overcame scarcity; required new kinds of skills; created new consumer demands and standard of living

45. French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the...?

the subordination of all groups and institutions to the monarchy

77. Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor?

they believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed

88. Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to...?

they sought to find the uniquegreatness of every people in its folk culture.