Mid Term Review Chapter 4

Which of the following statements best summarizes how hypnosis affects memory? A) Hypnosis is much more effective at enhancing a person's confidence in incorrect memories than it is at improving the accuracy of the memories. B) If a memory is forgotten or repressed, hypnosis is one of the most effective ways to produce the recall of vivid and highly accurate details. C) Under hypnosis, a person actually "relives" an earlier experience, such as an event from childhood, which virtually guarantees that the information recalled is accurate. D) Hypnosis is significantly more effective than other memory retrieval techniques in producing the accurate recall of information and events.

A) Hypnosis is much more effective at enhancing a person's confidence in incorrect memories than it is at improving the accuracy of the memories

Active sleep is to _____ as quiet sleep is to _____. A) REM sleep; NREM sleep B) parasomnia; dyssomnia C) NREM sleep; REM sleep D) dyssomnia; parasomnia

A) REM sleep; NREM sleep

Which of the following statements about alcohol is FALSE? A) Women metabolize alcohol more quickly than men. B) Blood levels of alcohol will rise more slowly if food is consumed while drinking an alcoholic beverage. C) For the person who is physically addicted to alcohol, withdrawal from alcohol causes hyperexcitability in the brain. D) Alcohol's effects on the brain are global.

A) Women metabolize alcohol more quickly than men

John is blind and is therefore unable to detect the light that normally sets the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). If he is like most totally blind people: A) his sleep-wake, body temperature, and melatonin circadian rhythms can become desynchronized. B) he will suffer from attacks of cataplexy, especially when he is emotionally aroused. C) he will use sign language and tend to "sleep sign" during stage 4 NREM sleep when sleep talking typically happens. D) his REM sleep will consist of very vivid visual dreams most of which will be lucid dreams.

A) his sleep-wake, body temperature, and melatonin circadian rhythms can become desynchronized

LSD and psilocybin: A) mimic the neurotransmitter serotonin. B) can be derived from the peyote cactus. C) rapidly produce drug tolerance and addiction. D) mimic the neurotransmitter anandamide.

A) mimic the neurotransmitter serotonin

Current research concludes that dreams: A) reflect the waking concerns and preoccupations of the dreamer and the active processes of trying to make sense of stimuli produced by the brain during sleep. B) represent the fulfillment of repressed wishes and urges. C) contain images that disguise the dream's true psychological meaning. D) have no meaning whatsoever and simply reflect random neural firings in the brainstem.

A) reflect the waking concerns and preoccupations of the dreamer and the active processes of trying to make sense of stimuli produced by the brain during sleep

The neodissociation theory of hypnosis suggests that the hypnotized person experiences: A) the splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity. B) social pressure to conform to the hypnotist's expectations in the situation. C) multiple personalities. D) suppression of activity in the brain's most sophisticated regions.

A) splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity

According to _____, dreaming is our subjective awareness of the brain's internally generated signals that occur repeatedly throughout the process of a night's sleep. A) the activation-synthesis model of dreaming B) Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory C) Stephen LaBerge's model of lucid dreaming D) William James' stream of consciousness theory

A) the activation-synthesis model of dreaming

Freud believed that dream images of sticks, swords, and other elongated objects were representations of _____, and that dream images of cupboards, boxes, and ovens symbolized _____. A) the penis; the vagina B) the vagina; the penis C) common household objects; the birth process D) apprehension; happiness

A) the penis; the vagina

The broad term that refers to a condition in which a person feels psychologically and physically compelled to take a specific drug is: A) withdrawal. B) addiction. C) tolerance. D) drug psychosis.

B) Addiction

When a person needs a gradual increase in the amount of a psychoactive drug to produce the desired effect, _____ has occurred. A) the drug rebound effect B) tolerance C) addiction D) hypermnesias

B) Tolerance

In contrast to the activation-synthesis model, the neurocognitive model of dreaming emphasizes the: A) relationship between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. B) continuity between waking and dreaming cognition. C) subjective awareness of the brain's internally generated signals during sleep. D) repressed urges that are symbolically expressed during dreams.

B) continuity between waking and dreaming cognition

The drug MDMA (ecstasy) produces a combination of effects. Which of the following is NOT one of the effects produced by MDMA? A) psychedelic effects B) depressant effects in the central nervous system C) stimulant effects D) emotional effects

B) depressant effects in the central nervous system

Tranquilizers are drugs that are: A) chemically similar to barbiturates but produce much more powerful effects. B) depressants that relieve anxiety. C) stimulants such as OxyContin and oxycodone. D) inhaled to produce changes in consciousness.

B) depressants that relieve anxiety

Depressant drugs: A) tend to increase a person's inhibitions. B) inhibit the activity of the central nervous system. C) are used to enhance mental alertness. D) do not have the potential to produce addiction.

B) inhibit the activity of the central nervous system

The activation of the _____ brain areas reflects the dreams emotional qualities. A) prefrontal cortex B) limbic system C) language D) left hemisphere

B) limbic system

Research on the effects of methamphetamine on the brain indicates that abusers experience up to 10 percent tissue loss in: A) the cerebellum. B) limbic system areas involved in emotion and reward. C) the left hemisphere. D) both the left and right hemispheres.

B) limbic system areas involved in emotion and reward

Opioids: A) powerful depressant drugs that increase anxiety and promote sleep B) mimic endorphins and occupy endorphin receptor sites in the brain. C) include the prescription drugs Seconal and Nembutal. D) are almost chemically identical to the neurotransmitter serotonin.

B) mimic endorphins and occupy endorphin receptor sites in the brain

The presence of sleep spindles and K complexes are the defining characteristics of: A) narcolepsy. B) stage 2 NREM sleep. C) stage 3 and 4 NREM sleep. D) REM sleep behavior disorder.

B) stage 2 NREM sleep

In response to bright morning light: A) there is an increase in the number of K complexes generated by the brain. B) the suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to decrease production of melatonin. C) the pineal gland increases production of melatonin. D) brief but harmless instances of hypermnesia can occur.

B) the suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to decrease production of melatonin

The effects of posthypnotic suggestions: A) usually last for about a year. B) typically last for only a few hours or days. C) are permanent, unless they are removed or cancelled by a signal from the hypnotist. D) have never been demonstrated in controlled scientific studies.

B) typically last for only a few hours or days

In which stage does the brain become much more active, and heart rate, blood pressure, the respirations shift up and down, and sometimes extremely A) stage 1 NREM B) stage 2 NREM C) REM D) stage 4 NREM

C) REM sleep

Consciousness allows us to: A) sleep peacefully at night. B) avoid unpleasant memories. C) integrate past, present, and future behavior. D) cope with recurring anxiety and stress.

C) integrate past, present, and future behavior

In a study examining brain differences between practitioners of meditation and those who never meditated, MRI scans showed that: A) cortical thickness was negatively correlated with meditation experience. B) several cortical areas were thinner in the meditators' brains than in the nonmeditators. C) the meditators had more gray matter in regions associated with attention, emotion, and sensory processing. D) meditators and nonmeditators have identical brains.

C) the meditators had more gray matter in regions associated with attention, emotion, and sensory processing

_____ is defined as a cooperative social interaction in which one person responds to another person's suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior. A) Sleepwalking B) Lucid dreaming C) Meditation D) Hypnosis

D) Hypnosis

Which of the following sleep disorders is NOT a dyssomnia? A) insomnia B) obstructive sleep apnea C) narcolepsy D) sleepwalking

D) Sleepwalking

Which of the following statements about the suprachiasmatic nucleus is FALSE? A) The suprachiasmatic nucleus is your internal "biological clock." B) The suprachiasmatic nucleus governs the timing of circadian rhythms, including the sleep/wake cycle and the mental alertness cycle. C) The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a cluster of neurons located in the brain structure called the hypothalamus. D) The suprachiasmatic nucleus secretes a naturally occurring compound called adenosine that increases mental alertness.

D) The suprachiasmatic nucleus secretes a naturally occurring compound called adenosine that increases mental alertness

In combination, stage 3 NREM and stage 4 NREM: A) occur mostly during the second half of the night. B) are called paradoxical sleep. C) are comprised mostly of beta brain wave activity. D) are referred to as slow-wave sleep.

D) are referred to as slow-wave sleep

The most widely used psychoactive drug in the world is: A) heroin. B) marijuana. C) cocaine. D) caffeine.

D) caffeine

Dyssomnias are: A) conditions in which increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect. B) sleep disorders involving undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep or sleep transitions and include sleep terrors, sleepsex, sleepwalking, sleep-related eating disorder, and REM sleep behavior disorder. C) maladaptive behavioral patterns that result in disruptions in academic, social, or occupational functioning or maladaptive patterns in legal or psychological problems. D) sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.

D) sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep

The parasomnias are: A) sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep. B) uncommon in children but increase in frequency with age. C) the universal dream symbols that Freud first identified. D) sleep disorders that involve undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep, or sleep transitions.

D) sleep disorders that involve undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep, or sleep transitions