Middle Passage (Ch. 2)
How was work divided among the slaves during seasoning in the West Indies?
b.Masters generally split the slaves up into several gangs, with the strongest men doing the heaviest work, the older slaves and women doing weeding, and children assisting in light tasks.
How did African women's experiences differ from African men's on board slave ships?
b.African women experienced sexual violence by the ships' crews. This high level of violence, and its psychological effects, may have led to their lessened sex drives once the women arrived in the Caribbean and Latin America.
What steps did the Europeans take to reduce the risk of rebellion at the slave factories in Africa?
b.Families and ethnic groups were separated.
What was not true about the rapid spread of disease on slave ships?
b.Generally, ship doctors used a primitive form of inoculation to prevent the worst diseases.
When was the Atlantic trade abolished and by whom?
Britain - 1807
What was "the scramble"?
Captains established standard prices, herded them together, let buyers rope the slaves they desired together
What religion did Portugal hope to spread?
Christianity - against the muslims
The Triangle Trade's route was:
England to Africa to Indies and back
What were 3 advantages to Europe regarding the Slave Trade?
1. Economic opportunities 2. Financed many businesses 3. Government taxes - tax on human imports
What were the 3 criterions?
1. Many died 2. Had to adapt to new food/climate 3. Learn new language
Largest number of captives went to ____________
Brazil
Bartolome de Las Casas
A catholic missionary who had the idea to use Africans soldiers as slaves
Asiento
A contract
Elmina
First Slave Factory in 1481
John Newton
Former captain of slave ship, then a priest that repented his involvement on the ship
Papal Bull of 1493
Pope Alexander VI gave Spain South-western land in South America & gave Africa to Portugal
Papal Bull of 1455
Pope Nicholas V claimed that there was no moral conlifct in slavery with God and people believed him since he represented God
Most fatal disease aboard the ships?
Smallpox
Seasoning
The process by which slaves were broken into slavery
The Spanish and Portuguese dominated the early slave trade with the Africans. Which nation ousted them from this status in the early seventeenth century?
a.Holland
Which European country took the lead in exploration and colonization in the early 1400s?
a.Portugal
Many slaves were sold once they reached the West Indies. What was typical of the sale process?
a.Slavers allowed the slaves some time to rest and recuperate before sale.
Europeans found native populations in the areas of North and South America. Why did they need labor from Africa?
a.The Native Americans quickly began to die in huge numbers from diseases imported by the Europeans.
Which of the following is not true of Creoles or older Africans?
a.They were considered less valuable than other Africans for many reasons.
Enslaved people in the Americas became __________ , or personal property. When they became slaves they often lost many of their legal and customary rights.
a.chattel
Until the early sixteenth century, for what were the early slaves captured by the Portuguese used?
a.domestic servants
Which of the following best describes "seasoning" for the newly arrived slaves?
a.the process of becoming accustomed to and learning new skills for their lives in the Americas
Which of the following does not characterize doctors of slave ships at the time?
b.Since slavers wanted to keep as many slaves alive as possible, ships' doctors had an unusually sophisticated knowledge of medicine at the time.
Which statement about the nature of the Islamic slave trade prior to European entry is true?
b.The Islamic slave trade was not based primarily on race.
What do we learn from the story written by Olaudah Equiano, a former slave?
b.The middle passage was an incredibly difficult experience for Africans, torn from their home and families and forced into horrifying conditions.
Why did the British want to take over the slave trade in the late seventeenth century?
b.They needed labor for tobacco cultivation in Virginia and Maryland.
Which of the following is not a reason why Africans enslaved other Africans, and sold them to Europeans?
c.African tribes were forced under threat of annihilation or war to sell other Africans to the Europeans.
Who was the first known Portuguese merchant to begin to formally trade for slaves with the Africans?
c.Ruy do Siqueira
How did a planter decide if a slave had been "seasoned"?
c.The slave seemed psychologically stable, and did not participate in armed rebellion or suicide attempts.
How did an African become a slave?
c.Their town or village was conquered by another African army.
What disease took the lives of most slaves while on board the slave ships?
c.smallpox
Which accomplishment was not a first for (or sponsored by) the Portuguese?
c.the discovery of the New World
Where did most of the slaves from Africa go?
c.to Brazil, to work on the sugar plantations
What do we learn from the story of John Newton, a British slave-ship captain?
d.Both that Christians could be cruel, harsh slavers and that some never saw a contradiction between trading in human cargo and their religious beliefs.
Slavery in the Americas developed along different lines than had slavery in Africa. Which of the following was not one of those differences?
d.In West Africa, female slaves were only used to make cloth, while they generally did hard agricultural work in the Americas.
Which of the following was not a characteristic of a typical slave ship?
d.Slave ships were generally poorly constructed, and were more likely to fall apart on their way to the Americas as make it there.
Which was not a reason why the British abolished the Atlantic slave trade in 1807?
d.The British had begun to believe that racism was scientifically incorrect and should not be a part of their belief systems.
Which of the following is true about the path a slave—once captured—took to the market in Africa?
d.The slaves were tied together with ropes, or had "yokes" around their necks during the journey.
How did the early Europeans usually obtain their supply of slaves?
d.They obtained their slaves through trade with native African tribes.
What was the international reaction to England's abolition of the slave trade?
d.When many African nations began warring after the abolition, some European colonies had an excuse to establish colonies there.
Slave rebellions were not an uncommon experience on slave ships. Which of the following was not a common way for slaves to rebel or resist their imprisonment?
d.by stealing life boats and rowing back to shore prior to the ship leaving for the Americas.