Midterm

Aristotle's concept of ethos is related to: 1) analysis. 2) charisma. 3) credibility. 4) expertise. 5) interest.

3) credibility.

_______ is the level of stasis that relates to whether the venue is appropriate for the discussion. 1) Jurisdiction 2) Exigence 3) Quality 4) Fact 5) Definition

1) Jurisdiction

Manuscript speaking is: 1) a careful word-for-word reading of a prepared message. 2) delivery of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech using notes. 3) the delivery of a speech prepared by a person who can't attend. 4) the presentation of a short message with no advance preparation. 5) speaking that emphasizes meanings through subtle vocal cues.

1) a careful word-for-word reading of a prepared message.

A rhetorical question: 1) calls for listeners to inwardly contemplate the answer. 2) elicits an immediate verbal and/or nonverbal response. 3) is opposed to the topic and is therefore inappropriate. 4) should be used when audiences aren't paying attention. 5) usually has a political motivation and should be avoided.

1) calls for listeners to inwardly contemplate the answer.

A spatial speech pattern: 1) organizes main points according to how they exist in physical space. 2) delivers the most important ideas in the beginning of the speech. 3) presents two or more events that occur or occurred simultaneously. 4) allows a speaker to use evidence and reasoning in a reverse order. 5) makes sure that each of the main points is about the same length

1) organizes main points according to how they exist in physical space.

Conforming to a single structure and language style is an example of: 1) uniformity. 2) adequacy. 3) parallelism. 4) singularity. 5) consistency.

5) consistency.

An audience that is listening because they are required or feel obligated is called 1) captive audience. 2) recalcitrant audience. 3) voluntary audience. 4) random audience. 5) focus audience.

1) captive audience.

Inflections are: 1) changes in the pitch of a speaker's voice. 2) contractions that combine and shorten words. 3) filler words substituted for actual words. 4) incorrect uses of words, or malapropisms. 5) syllables added to a verb to make it a noun.

1) changes in the pitch of a speaker's voice.

In the introduction to your speech, your purpose: 1) clarifies what your speech will be about. 2) must be explained in much detail. 3) should be supported by an expert source. 4) takes about one third of your speech time. 5) will identify listeners by level of interest.

1) clarifies what your speech will be about.

Demographic analysis is concerned with: 1) culture, education, gender, age, occupation, and the like. 2) generational groups, such as boomers, Xers, and so on. 3) the pattern of political opinions in a particular region. 4) patterns of relocation of families from one region to another. 5) perceived occupational and pay equity between the sexes.

1) culture, education, gender, age, occupation, and the like.

In the problem-cause-solution format, you: 1) describe a problem, state what you think is the cause, and recommend a solution. 2) propose a plan that will prevent or reduce a specific set of problems in the future. 3) show how a historical problem was solved by addressing an unsuspected cause. 4) reveal a situation that will become a problem in the future, and propose change. 5) explain why something is a problem and convince listeners that action is urgent.

1) describe a problem, state what you think is the cause, and recommend a solution.

Parallelism refers to the idea that: 1) each main point follows the same structure and kind of language. 2) the indentation pattern of the outline should look symmetrical. 3) if a signpost is used with one main point, it is used with all. 4) an internal summary is used at the end of each of the main points. 5) the beginning and the end of the speech are worded identically.

1) each main point follows the same structure and kind of language.

In an extemporaneous speech you: 1) engage your audience with your message, eye contact, face, and gestures. 2) follow exactly your carefully planned sequence of words and ideas. 3) infuse the speech with informal language in order to sound relaxed. 4) memorize your speech so you can make continuous, full eye contact. 5) refuse to allow audience response to interfere with your presentation.

1) engage your audience with your message, eye contact, face, and gestures.

For speeches in this class, the written portion of the speech is a _______. 1) full sentence outline. 2) keyword outline. 3) manuscript. 4) notes. 5) uniform outline.

1) full sentence outline.

"In sum, these are the facts that we can all agree upon." If this statement was made in the first main section of forensic speech, it would best be described as a(n) 1) internal review. 2) internal preview. 3) clincher. 4) attention getting device. 5) thesis.

1) internal review

Conversational speaking style: 1) is the ability to sound expressive and be perceived as natural. 2) is achieved by any speaker who feels no speaking anxiety. 3) is appropriate for small audiences and informal topics. 4) can be easily achieved by avoiding doing full rehearsals. 5) can leave an audience bored, suspicious, or disappointed.

1) is the ability to sound expressive and be perceived as natural.

When we refer to APA or MLA style, we are referring to: 1) the approved formats for presenting bibliographic information. 2) the vividness of the language used to maintain audience attention. 3) the vocabulary that indicates whether or not a speech is scholarly. 4) whether the delivery is entertaining, informative, or persuasive. 5) whether or not the speech follows a three-main-point structure.

1) the approved formats for presenting bibliographic information.

Recency is: 1) the position near the end of a speech. 2) the familiarity of ideas to the audience. 3) a characteristic of new information. 4) the position at the end of the speech. 5) the potential to surprise the audience.

1) the position near the end of a speech.

The changes in tone, volume, and pitch is referred to as 1) vocal variety. 2) physical manipulation. 3) conversational quality. 4) vocalics. 5) inflections.

1) vocal variety.

______________ anxiety is the communication apprehension created by the unique combination of influences generated by audience, time, and context. 1) Audience 2) Situational 3) Trait 4) Mental 5) Behavioral

2) Situational

In manuscript speaking: 1) listeners typically find the speaker engaging. 2) a speaker's attention is on the printed page. 3) a speaker freely interacts with the audience. 4) the tone is very likely to be conversational. 5) vocal cues enrich the delivery with meaning.

2) a speaker's attention is on the printed page.

What is a word or phrase where the meaning cannot be predicted from normal dictionary definitions? 1) a colloquialism 2) an idiom 3) malapropism 4) a simile 5) a metaphor

2) an idiom

The element of the speech that gets the audience interested in the speech from the beginning is called a(n) 1) transition. 2) attention grabbing device. 3) clincher. 4) preview. 5) thesis.

2) attention grabbing device.

Credibility is: 1) the accuracy of evidence and the logic in reasoning. 2) audience perception that the speaker is trustworthy. 3) audience recognition of the expert sources used. 4) the fulfillment of the audience's expectations. 5) the speakers' expertise, authority, and reputation.

2) audience perception that the speaker is trustworthy.

Trustworthiness is the: 1) accuracy and depth of evidence used in the speech. 2) audience's perception that the speaker is honest. 3) reassurance that the speaker wants nothing from you. 4) reputation of the speaker as forthright and sincere. 5) speaker's commitment to accuracy and honesty.

2) audience's perception that the speaker is honest.

Psychographic information refers to: 1) a person's degree of willingness to consider alternative points of view. 2) beliefs, attitudes, values, and opinions that might be difficult to predict. 3) descriptive information about social realities that impact mental health. 4) perceptions about what topics are considered "fit for discussion." 5) statistics concerning patterns of community mental health.

2) beliefs, attitudes, values, and opinions that might be difficult to predict.

Eye contact is achieved when a speaker: 1) can get the audience to believe he or she is looking at them. 2) can make visual contact with everyone in the audience. 3) glances around the room during transitions between points. 4) is able to sweep his or her gaze around the entire room. 5) memorizes a speech and doesn't need to rely on any notes.

2) can make visual contact with everyone in the audience.

When you report secondary information to your audience, you must: 1) explain what the primary researcher actually mean. 2) cite both the primary and secondary sources clearly. 3) paraphrase the information so that it's clear to you. 4) allow the audience to make their own assumptions. 5) give your evaluation of each of the research sources.

2) cite both the primary and secondary sources clearly.

Primary research is done in order to: 1) disprove mistaken ideas. 2) create new knowledge. 3) encourage fresh thinking. 4) verify factual information. 5) learn more about people.

2) create new knowledge.

Whenever a microphone is provided: 1) carefully adjust it to show competence. 2) decide for yourself whether you need it. 3) have it removed if it doesn't work. 4) it's there because speakers will need it. 5) use it, or be perceived as unprofessional.

2) decide for yourself whether you need it.

A thesis statement is a(n): 1) analytical response to a newly developed theory about the topic. 2) declarative statement stating the purpose or main idea of a speech. 3) hypothetical statement that presents a range of academic thought. 4) statement that summarizes your experience studying the topic. 5) tentative statement intended to gauge the reaction of the audience.

2) declarative statement stating the purpose or main idea of a speech.

Extemporaneous speaking is: 1) a careful word-for-word reading of a prepared message. 2) delivery of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech using notes. 3) the delivery of a speech prepared by a person who can't attend. 4) the presentation of a short message with no advance preparation. 5) speaking that emphasizes meanings through subtle vocal cues.

2) delivery of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech using notes.

If you use information from the US Census Bureau to learn more about your possible audience members, what type of audience analysis technique have you utilized? 1) direct observation 2) existing data 3) a focus group 4) an interview 5) a survey

2) existing data

A causal speech format: 1) describes how a phenomenon occurred. 2) explains cause and effect relationships. 3) seeks to clarify popular misconceptions. 4) allows for creativity in arranging ideas. 5) is characterized by an informal nature.

2) explains cause and effect relationships.

If your audience is small, you can: 1) depart from your original outline. 2) generate greater audience contact. 3) make comments to specific people. 4) move about the front of the room. 5) use dimmer, more intimate lighting.

2) generate greater audience contact.

In testing the validity of the serial position effect, Ebbinghaus found that information: 1) that followed a signpost transition was remembered best. 2) given during the conclusion had the highest level of recall. 3) given during the introduction had the highest level of recall. 4) repeated in an internal summary was remembered best. 5) given with common sequence transitions was forgotten.

2) given during the conclusion had the highest level of recall.

Scholarly articles are: 1) designed to inform a general audience. 2) mainly written for educated or academic audiences. 3) mandatory elements in a classroom speech. 4) too difficult to understand with specialized training in statistics. 5) written in clear, straightforward language.

2) mainly written for educated or academic audiences.

In a smaller public speaking venue, you should: 1) make dramatic gestures and facial expressions. 2) manage your visual aids and notecards carefully. 3) pace back and forth across the available space. 4) put notes on the lectern and hands in pockets. 5) refrain from using any presentation aids.

2) manage your visual aids and notecards carefully.

One of the things researchers look for is: 1) questions that have never before been researched. 2) new applications for something that already exists. 3) proof that the theories of others are misguided. 4) ethical ways to get their conclusions published. 5) research ideas that are unique and can be funded.

2) new applications for something that already exists.

Including a preview in the introduction to a speech: 1) increases the length of a speech to fill the time slot. 2) prepares the audience for what they will be hearing. 3) provides information about your expert sources. 4) reduces the need for people to listen to fine details. 5) undermines the impact of surprising information.

2) prepares the audience for what they will be hearing.

A thesis statement expressing only one main point is an example of: 1) parallelism. 2) singularity. 3) consistency. 4) adequacy. 5) uniformity.

2) singularity.

In a large auditorium, it is a good idea to: 1) put your notes on pages instead of cards. 2) speak more slowly and clearly than usual. 3) use your full-sentence outline for speaking. 4) wear bright colors so listeners can see you. 5) wear muted colors so listeners can't see you.

2) speak more slowly and clearly than usual.

The serial position effect is the: 1) relief audiences feel when they sense the end of a presentation. 2) tendency to better remember items at the beginning or end of a list. 3) reason why an effective thesis statement is crucially important. 4) perceived sophistication of ideas near the beginning of a speech. 5) perceived importance of items or information at the top of a list.

2) tendency to better remember items at the beginning or end of a list.

A categorical/topic speech pattern is: 1) defining terms in ways specific to the purpose of a speech. 2) the organization of chunks of information that go together. 3) a pattern of stating something categorically, then proving it. 4) a speech structure that presents questions followed by answers. 5) a way of comparing and contrasting different things or ideas.

2) the organization of chunks of information that go together.

When a speech has an ineffective ending: 1) listeners will be understanding and thank the speaker. 2) the speech loses energy and the audience is disappointed. 3) the strength of the speech's message makes up for it. 4) a speaker can hide it by asking if there are any questions. 5) the speaker should apologize and thank the audience.

2) the speech loses energy and the audience is disappointed.

Libraries and librarians are an effective resource for students because: 1) most of the time, you can get your work done in one sitting. 2) they provide access to good materials in a variety of formats. 3) librarians will help you without giving another assignment. 4) librarians usually feel sorry for students who must do research. 5) the library is an excellent place to get away from distractions.

2) they provide access to good materials in a variety of formats.

Situational analysis is concerned with such things as: 1) current social realities like immigration and the economy. 2) voluntariness of the audience, occasion, and audience size. 3) whether or not your speech will treat audience members fairly. 4) your motivations behind your choice of your topic. 5) your speech's position on a list of many presentations.

2) voluntariness of the audience, occasion, and audience size.

When we refer to the logical flow of main points, we refer to: 1) how well we use linear reasoning in each point. 2) whether they make sense in a particular order. 3) the effectiveness of the examples we provide. 4) the accuracy of information in each main point. 5) making sure each main points is important.

2) whether they make sense in a particular order.

In a forensic speech, if the speaker argues that the action of a person is not as bad as it appears, which level of stasis are they using? 1) Fact 2) Definition 3) Quality 4) Jurisdiction 5) Exigence

3) Quality

Penelope is sitting in a small circle with six other people who are responding to questions asked by a researcher. What is Penelope participating in? 1) direct observation 2) existing data 3) a focus group 4) an interview 5) a survey

3) a focus group

A theory is: 1) an analysis of discoveries and events that have already happened. 2) a rational solution for a scientific, economic, or social problem. 3) a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested. 4) a prediction about future social and scientific discoveries. 5) an opinion that is readily accepted by scientists and educators.

3) a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested.

Research is good because it: 1) gives us the proof we need in order to win a debate. 2) contributes to the number of items in our bibliography. 3) can expose us to knowledge we never knew existed. 4) makes librarians more amenable to helping us. 5) helps us find sources to support our personal opinions.

3) can expose us to knowledge we never knew existed.

The model for a forensic speech mentions two types of openings, or theses. They are: 1) intense and subdued 2) high style and low style 3) direct and subtle 4) persuasive and informative 5) attack and defend

3) direct and subtle

The nonverbal aspects of delivery: 1) are the strategies a speaker uses to get audience attention. 2) determine whether or not the audience likes the speaker. 3) have a profound influence on audience comprehension. 4) help the speaker as he or she presents his or her message. 5) should be limited to presenting visual or audio aids.

3) have a profound influence on audience comprehension.

Signposts are used to: 1) persuade listeners to trust the speaker. 2) make the information more memorable. 3) help listeners follow along during a speech. 4) cite the source of evidence or information. 5) identify the conclusion.

3) help listeners follow along during a speech.

Reference librarians are: 1) college graduates hired by the library to help busy librarians. 2) consultants who can help ensure that you will get high grades. 3) highly educated specialists in academic information retrieval. 4) people who help you out when you're jamming for time. 5) tutors who can tell you how to fulfill your assignments.

3) highly educated specialists in academic information retrieval.

When speaking in an unfamiliar space such as a large auditorium, you should: 1) find a focal point above listeners' heads. 2) grip your notecards to keep from shaking. 3) practice your entire speech in that location. 4) rely on your visual aids to distract listeners. 5) stay calm by avoiding direct eye contact.

3) practice your entire speech in that location.

If you're speaking in an outdoor venue, you should: 1) begin the speech with a joke. 2) emphasize technical information. 3) project your voice without yelling. 4) wait for listeners to pay attention. 5) wear sunglasses or a baseball cap.

3) project your voice without yelling.

In using any microphone: 1) lean in, or get it as close to your mouth as you can. 2) move away from it whenever you take a breath. 3) pronounce your words more clearly than usual. 4) say, "Testing!" to get the attention of the audience. 5) tap on it first to make sure it's working correctly.

3) pronounce your words more clearly than usual.

A parallel structure of main points refers to: 1) putting a definition, or a quotation, into each point. 2) proving that all the points support your conclusion. 3) similar grammatical structure in stating those points. 4) beginning each with the same three-word sequence. 5) making sure you provide synonyms for all concepts.

3) similar grammatical structure in stating those points.

Which of the following is NOT a section in a forensic speech according to the model provided by your professor: 1) argument and support 2) statement of controversy 3) solution 4) refutation

3) solution

Volume is: 1) the amount of information in a speech. 2) the length or the duration of a speech. 3) the loudness or softness of a speaker's voice. 4) suggested nuance or subtle meaning. 5) the tone or vocal quality of a voice.

3) the loudness or softness of a speaker's voice.

Memorized speaking is: 1) a careful word-for-word reading of a prepared message. 2) delivery of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech using notes. 3) the rote recitation of a prepared and memorized message. 4) the presentation of a short message with no advance preparation. 5) speaking that emphasizes meanings through subtle vocal cues.

3) the rote recitation of a prepared and memorized message.

Saying that research is a process, not an event, means: 1) that part of doing research is compiling a lengthy list of sources. 2) research librarians require a great deal of attention from students. 3) the steps taken to do research require an investment of time. 4) the process of research is never over; there is no end point. 5) that a great deal of research is done before a topic is chosen.

3) the steps taken to do research require an investment of time.

Providing a preview in your introduction means: 1) the audience can decide whether or not to pay attention. 2) it will be substantially easier for you to memorize the speech. 3) your audience will perceive you as organized and credible. 4) you will give listeners time to change their expectations. 5) you will pique the interest of some people and lose others.

3) your audience will perceive you as organized and credible.

A vocal cue is: 1) the apparent effort or energy given to a presentation. 2) an emphasis given to a particular word or phrase. 3) the fluency with which a speaker presents a speech. 4) a meaningful variation in pitch, tone, volume, or pace. 5) most likely to appear in a manuscript presentation.

4) a meaningful variation in pitch, tone, volume, or pace.

Competence is the: 1) ability of the audience to understand the speaker. 2) ability of the audience to follow the speaker's reasoning. 3) ability of a speaker to establish and maintain audience attention. 4) degree to which a speaker is perceived to be knowledgeable. 5) speaker's eloquence and emotional impact on the audience.

4) degree to which a speaker is perceived to be knowledgeable.

Which of the following is NOT an element of a forensic speech conclusion, according to the model provided by the professor: 1) review 2) restate 3) clinch 4) elaborate

4) elaborate

A casual speech format: 1) describes how a phenomenon occurred. 2) allows for creativity in arranging ideas. 3) seeks to clarify popular misconceptions. 4) explains cause and effect relationships. 5) is characterized by an informal nature.

4) explains cause and effect relationships.

The three end results that researchers strive toward are: 1) ethics, logic, and reputation. 2) organization, clarity, and status. 3) speed, accuracy, and completion. 4) facts, theories, and applications. 5) achievement, status, and fame.

4) facts, theories, and applications.

A chronological speech pattern: 1) presents events and ideas in the order of their importance. 2) addresses issues by how familiar they will seem to listeners. 3) arranges main points by how long it takes to present each. 4) follows the order in which events occurred in time. 5) is reserved specifically for significant historical events.

4) follows the order in which events occurred in time.

"Today, I will talk about the past, present, and what will happen in the future." Which principle of orgnization is violated by this sample preview? 1) adequacy 2) singularity 3) uniformity 4) parallelism 5) consistency

4) parallelism

Caring/Goodwill refers to the: 1) attitude toward the speaker before the introduction of the speech. 2) benevolent attitude of the speaker toward people in the audience. 3) character of the speaker, as revealed by his or her topic choice. 4) perception of the speaker as caring about people in the audience. 5) reputation of the speaker as someone who serves the community.

4) perception of the speaker as caring about people in the audience.

A good delivery is: 1) a memorable presentation that uses dramatic gestures. 2) a presentation given by an appealing, charismatic speaker. 3) a presentation that excites and energizes the audience. 4) presenting a clear, coherent message in an interesting way. 5) a ringing delivery that evokes strong audience response.

4) presenting a clear, coherent message in an interesting way.

Which of the following is NOT an element of a speech conclusion: 1) review. 2) restate. 3) clinch. 4) refute.

4) refute.

A comparison/contrast speech pattern: 1) explains and clarifies a confusing overlap of two different things. 2) either compares or contrasts, but does not attempt to do both things. 3) debunks old arguments and replaces them with newer findings. 4) shows the similarities and differences among two or more things. 5) reveals how things that appear to be the same are actually different.

4) shows the similarities and differences among two or more things.

A transition is a sentence or phrase in which the speaker: 1) distinguishes the differences between two of the main points. 2) moves from one topic to another, unrelated purpose and topic. 3) reminds the audience that their understanding is important. 4) summarizes what was said and previews what will come next. 5) tells listeners how he or she became expert on a specific point.

4) summarizes what was said and previews what will come next.

Primacy is: 1) the most important point within a speech. 2) the emphasis with which a point is made. 3) a characteristic of a powerful conclusion. 4) the position at the beginning of a speech. 5) the position at the end of the speech.

4) the position at the beginning of a speech.

Impromptu speaking is: 1) a careful word-for-word reading of a prepared message. 2) delivery of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech using notes. 3) the delivery of a speech prepared by a person who can't attend. 4) the presentation of a short message with no advance preparation. 5) speaking that emphasizes meanings through subtle vocal cues.

4) the presentation of a short message with no advance preparation.

Plagiarism is: 1) giving credit to the sources of specific ideas and quotations. 2) inserting the best possible quotations directly from the experts. 3) paraphrasing quotations in order to make them understandable. 4) the use of other people's ideas and research without giving credit. 5) using other people's words in order to be as accurate as possible.

4) the use of other people's ideas and research without giving credit.

When you're using a small clip-on microphone: 1) carefully direct your voice toward it. 2) cover it when you look down at your notes. 3) speak a little louder than you usually do. 4) use a minimum of vocal adaptation. 5) wear it to one side, not right in front.

4) use a minimum of vocal adaptation.

A fact is: 1) a universal belief that has not so far been disproven. 2) a reliable point of view upon which we can depend. 3) an unalterable, unchangeable piece of information. 4) common sense built upon years of human experience. 5) a truth that is arrived at through the scientific process.

5) a truth that is arrived at through the scientific process.

In the reporting function of research, you: 1) criticize past research and recommend changes. 2) describe the errors and superstitions in old research. 3) explain what research is, and how it should be done. 4) predict exciting directions for future research. 5) accumulate information and pass it along to others.

5) accumulate information and pass it along to others.

The specific purpose of the forensic speech is to 1) inform and persuade. 2) praise and blame. 3) argue and support. 4) entertain and convince. 5) accuse and defend.

5) accuse and defend.

An internal preview: 1) clearly separates the next main point from the previous one. 2) is a part of the introduction that prepares the audience to listen. 3) should be used only when the purpose of the speech is persuasive. 4) must be presented at the beginning of each of the main points. 5) gives the audience an idea of what is to come in the next section.

5) gives the audience an idea of what is to come in the next section.

Memorized speaking: 1) is adaptable to audience confusions or other responses. 2) allows for spontaneous interaction with the audience. 3) is available and appropriate for any audience. 4) makes it easy to answer questions after the speech. 5) has the risk of producing a monotone delivery pattern.

5) has the risk of producing a monotone delivery pattern.

A psychological speech pattern: 1) relies on strategies found in advertising. 2) bombards listeners with startling facts. 3) begins with a riveting rhetorical question. 4) persuades listeners by being informal. 5) is designed to follow a logical argument.

5) is designed to follow a logical argument.

Evidence is: 1) readily observed patterns evident to most people. 2) reasoning that takes you from one point to the next. 3) a fact that is well established in people's minds. 4) added after your outline has been initially drafted. 5) relevant information from an authoritative source.

5) relevant information from an authoritative source.

If your audience is large: 1) adapt your word choices to be more theatrical. 2) generate enthusiasm and evoke audience response. 3) imitate the vocal techniques of famous speakers. 4) make a positive comment about the great turnout. 5) rely on your preparation for an effective speech.

5) rely on your preparation for an effective speech.

Paraphrasing: 1) allows you to give your own insights about the work of others. 2) can help you get through a quantity of information quickly. 3) is a flexible way to deliver main ideas without all the details. 4) means you don't have to cite the original source of the idea. 5) requires that you represent the original meanings accurately.

5) requires that you represent the original meanings accurately.

To conclude a speech, you should: 1) give listeners a surprise ending. 2) nod confidently and stop talking. 3) tell listeners that your speech is over. 4) ask if listeners enjoyed the speech. 5) signal that the speech is about to end.

5) signal that the speech is about to end

Students should visit the reference librarian at a time when: 1) it's too difficult to read the materials they have. 2) other students think their topic is stupid or boring. 3) there is a looming deadline and they need a rescue. 4) they've drawn a blank about a general area to research. 5) they've already made an effort to find some materials.

5) they've already made an effort to find some materials.

Balancing your main points means: 1) having an equal number of positive and negative main points. 2) making certain that every statement will be fair and objective. 3) putting both "pro" and "con" information into each main point. 4) leaving your audience uncertain as to your views on the topic. 5) treating each with the same depth of detail, emphasis, and length.

5) treating each with the same depth of detail, emphasis, and length.

Impromptu speaking is: 1) an opportunity to share political opinions. 2) responding with a usual "stock comment." 3) speaking while pretending you didn't prepare. 4) speaking without any purpose or direction. 5) unexpected, unprepared, and usually short.

5) unexpected, unprepared, and usually short.