Midterm Health Policy
In what year was the Constitution of the United States enacted?
1789
If a woman meets all of the qualifications to be a state senator, for how many years must she be a U.S. citizen?
9 years
According to the article "The Growing Influence of State Governments on Population Health in the United States", which state in the U.S. has the same life expectancy as Latvia
Alabama
What is an example of a health law that was passed with the help of advocacy?
All of these are correct. The Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act The Children's Health Insurance Program The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
The __________ is notable mostly because the law defines "places of public accommodation" to include private hospitals and other private healthcare providers.
Americans with Disabilities Act; ADA
Which of the following represents the temporal sequence of the core functions of public health?
Assessment---> Policy Development ---->Assurance
Medicare Part __________, which is also known as Supplemental Medical Insurance (SMI), covers physician, outpatient, and preventive services.
B
Which of the following is not one of the four key tools used by policy advocates?
Campaign contributions
Prior to establishing the Medicare program in 1968, what country provided insurance in a manner that was similar to the U.S?
Canada
__________ uses managed care organization personnel to manage and coordinate patient care to make sure care is provided in the most cost-effective manner.
Case management
Which of the following refers to a percentage of service costs that patients pay when they receive services or drugs?
Coinsurance
What type of law is central to legal systems in many countries, particularly those that were territories or colonies of England, which is how the United States came to rely on it as part of its legal system?
Common law
What type of law governs the relationship between individuals and their government?
Constitutional law
Expansion Medicaid populations receive their benefits through the Alternative Benefit Plan structure, which is based on the __________ passed in 2006.
Deficit Reduction Act
In the Canadian healthcare system, which of the following services are covered under private insurance?
Dental and vision care
Which agency provides medical coverage to veterans' family members through its TRICARE program?
Department of Defense
As a result of the focus on preventing terrorism, which agency includes an Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response?
Department of Health and Human Services
Which of the following was enacted because many private hospitals had long turned away patients who were uninsured and could not pay for their care out of pocket?
Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act
Which piece of legislation is often described as one of the foundations of health rights?
Examination and Treatment for Emergency Medical Conditions and Women in Labor Act
True or False: "Soft" social, behavioral, and economic sciences do not employ the same scientific and statistical approaches as "hard" sciences, such as epidemiology and clinical medicine
False
True or False? Generally speaking, we are not privy to the lawmakers' rationales for the laws they write and the judges' reasoning for their legal opinions.
False
True or False? Health equity can be fully achieved through ensuring access to health care.
False
True or False? Individual contributions to health savings accounts are made with pre-income tax dollars; however, withdrawals to pay for qualified healthcare expense are taxable.
False
True or False? Nations that provide universal health care entitlements have incurred bankruptcy due to the increasing costs of health care.
False
True or False? Policy advocacy is mostly about raising awareness of an issue.
False
True or False? States must exercise their police powers in order to affect or engage in policymaking related to public health.
False
True or False? The State Children's Health Insurance Program is designed to provide health insurance to low-income children whose family income meets the eligibility requirements for Medicaid in their state.
False
True or False? The goal of policy advocacy is always to change an existing law.
False
True or False? The majority of physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants practice in primary care.
False
True or False? The point-of-service model attempts to locate a middle ground between the very restrictive HMO models and the fee-for-service structure that resulted in very high healthcare utilization and costs.
False
True or False? When a problem is identified as a public policy problem, the only means of solution involves a government intervention.
False
Which historical perspective became dominant in the 1990s and continues to be a forceful influence today?
Free market perspective
The health system of __________ is characterized as a national health system that is publicly financed and where care is provided by government employees or contractors.
Great Britain
Which strategy is based on the knowledge that several urgent health-related challenges, such as inequities, chronic disease, and skyrocketing costs, are often complex, multidimensional, and connected to one another?
Health in all policies strategy
Which of the following has the most restrictive rules pertaining to patients and providers?
Health maintenance organization
The article "Advocacy for public health: a prime" covers ten questions for public health advocates. Which of the following question is not mentioned in the article?
How can you mobilize community members to participate effectively in your campaign?
The __________ and cell phones are becoming increasingly useful in individual and population health, including things such as appointment reminders, learning more about one's symptoms and diagnoses, and buying insurance through state exchanges.
Internet
Which of the following is a not-for-profit corporation created by federal law in 1974 as the single, largest financer of civil legal aid for low-income Americans?
Legal Services Corporation
__________ branch committees at the federal, state, and local levels that are not typically considered "health" committees could create legislation with the HIAP approach in mind.
Legislative
According to the article "GLOSSARY: Community health advocacy", the advocacy strategies include
Legislative and regulatory advocacy Advocacy through the media Using coalitions Using the courts Correct! All of them are correct
Approximately 11 million people are called dual enrollee or dual eligible, which means that they qualify for both Medicaid and __________.
Medicare
Which of the following services falls under the policy development core function?
Mobilization of community partnerships to identify and solve public health problems
Which method of setting premiums allows insurers to consider factors such as age and gender?
Modified community rating
In 2003, the __________ released a report that included overwhelming evidence of racial and ethnic health disparities and documented that these disparities could not be explained by the relative amount of health care needed by populations of color and non-minority populations alone.
National Academy of Medicine; NAM; Institute of Medicine; IOM
The _______ initiative involves the interdisciplinary collaboration of professionals involved with human, animal, and environmental health, and focuses specifically on antimicrobial resistance.
One Health
Which of the following, technically, is an umbrella term that refers to a small group of constitutional interpretation theories, all of which share a common belief that constitutional provisions have a fixed meaning?
Originalism
According to the article " The State of U.S. Health Insurance in 2022", people who are insured all year are considered to be underinsured if
Out-of-pocket costs over the prior 12 months, excluding premiums, were equal to 10 percent or more of household income. Out-of-pocket costs over the prior 12 months, excluding premiums, were equal to 5 percent or more of household income for individuals living under 200 percent of the federal poverty level ($27,180 for an individual or $55,500 for a family of four in 2022). *****Correct! All of them are correct The deductible constituted 5 percent or more of household income.
Part C managed care plans must include which benefits?
Part A and B benefits
Which piece of legislation reformed the public health insurance market primarily through an expansion of Medicaid eligibility to cover all nonelderly, low-income persons who are legal residents or citizens?
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Which state enacted a law, 20 years after Roe v. Wade, that imposed a series of requirements on women seeking abortion services and began another battle in the Supreme Court over abortion and the right to privacy?
Pennsylvania
Under __________ constitutional law, citizens are guaranteed "the right to health protection" and access to publicly financed healthcare services.
Polish
According to the article " The State of U.S. Health Insurance in 2022". What is the primary reason people give for dropping their health insurance coverage?
Premium costs
Which of the following is the most dominant historical health perspective in terms of both length of time it held favored status and its effect in the actual shaping of health policy and law?
Professional autonomy perspective
In which of the following domains is the central focus on why and how the government regulates private individuals and corporations in the name of protecting the health, safety, and welfare of the general public?
Public health policy and law
__________ are created by the executive branch administrative agencies to implement statutes and clarify their ambiguities.
Regulations
Which of the following was the first infectious disease eradicated by collective human action?
Smallpox
Congress created the State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) in 1997 as a $40 billion, 10-year block grant program codified as Title XXI of the:
Social Security Act.
Which historical perspective sees physicians as just one of several stakeholders that lay claim to important rights and interests in the operation of the healthcare system?
Social contract perspective
The World Health Organization defines which of the following as "the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age"?
Social determinants of health
Which of the following is a characteristic of the PublicHealth 2.0 era?
Systemic development of the capacity of state and local health departments
The 1998 NAM/IOM report _______ characterizes public health's mission as "fulfilling society's interest in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy" and identifies three core functions of governmental public health agencies as: assessment, policy development, and assurance.
The Future of Public Health
Which Title of the 1964 Civil Rights Act is the key law used to combat race and ethnicity discrimination in health care?
Title VI
Which of the following is a new mandatory Medicaid benefit under the Affordable Care Act?
Tobacco cessation programs for pregnant women
According to the article " The State of U.S. Health Insurance in 2022". People who were uninsured for a year or longer were disproportionately young, Latinx/Hispanic, poor, sicker, and living in the South.
True
According to the article "The Growing Influence of State Governments on Population Health in the United States", the divergence in state health trajectories might reflect the growing polarization of public policies across states
True
According to the article "U.S. Health Care from a Global Perspective, 2019: Higher Spending, Worse Outcomes?', the U.S. Has the Highest Average Five-Year Survival Rate for Breast Cancer, but the Lowest for Cervical Cancer
True
According to the article "U.S. Health Care from a Global Perspective, 2019: Higher Spending, Worse Outcomes?', the U.S. rate of hip replacements per 1,000 persons age 65 and older was higher than the OECD average but similar to the rate in Norway and Switzerland.
True
According to the article: Strengthening primary health care to tackle racial discrimination, promote intercultural services and reduce health inequities. Investing in accessible and universal digital technology platforms and employing telemedicine as an important tool for reducing access barriers to health care are the potential action areas for addressing racial discrimination.
True
True or False? According to the U.S. Constitution, the federal government has limited powers, while the states retain most powers not expressly given to the federal government.
True
True or False? Although the federal and state court systems have critically distinctive authority, they are not very different structurally.
True
True or False? Appropriations bills and reconciliation instructions must have the president's signature on them in order for them to become laws.
True
True or False? Despite whether the policymaker is a public or private figure, the decision being made must be authoritative.
True
True or False? Educational attainment and corresponding income levels tend to be strong predictors of individual and population health.
True
True or False? Health promotion and protection is not a power explicitly granted to the federal government in the U.S. Constitution, and therefore it is a power to be exercised by states or reserved to people themselves.
True
True or False? Including language respecting health rights in a legal document, even one as profound as a national constitution, does not guarantee that the right will be recognized or enforced.
True
True or False? Individuals who qualify for block grant programs may be denied services or receive reduced services due to lack of funds.
True
True or False? It could be said that the Affordable Care Act shows a curbing of the free market perspective and an elevation of the social contract perspective.
True
True or False? It is easier to identify problems than solutions.
True
True or False? Medicaid generally has been more generous than the typical private insurance plan, particularly in the case of children.
True
True or False? Policy advocacy and policy analysis both rely on research and evidence.
True
True or False? The government is required to provide legal counsel to all federal defendants who are unable to afford their own attorney.
True
True or False? Uncertainty about risk and the presence of asymmetric information lead to the problem of adverse selection.
True
While policy analysts help their clients identify their own preferred solution, policy advocates try to convince policymakers to adopt the ________ solution.
advocate's
The __________ domain houses some of the most explosive questions in health policy, including the morality and legality of abortion.
bioethics
The EPSDT __________ standard means a state must provide coverage for preventive and developmental treatment, as well as for services needed to treat a specific diagnosis.
correct or ameliorate
A(n) __________ is an amount the insured person pays out of pocket before the insurance plan assists with the costs of healthcare services.
dedutible
Policy advocacy occurs at the ___________ level of government.
federal local state Correct! All of these are correct.
Interest groups have a variety of tools at their disposal when developing strategies for lobbying, such as trying a(n) __________ strategy and harnessing the influence of community leaders and other prominent individuals.
grasstops
A(n) __________ exists when one population group experiences a higher burden of disability or illness than another group.
health disparity
According to the article "GLOSSARY: Community health advocacy",_____________focuses on an examination of whether the long-term change has resulted from the program or effort.
impact evaluation
Advocacy is the application of pressure and _________ to get what you want.
influence
The study of __________ is basically the study of human beings, particularly their evolving customs, beliefs, and value systems.
law
It is not enough to have an end goal in mind (e.g., end childhood obesity); a policy advocate must also identify specific policy _______ for the campaign.
objectives
According to the article: Strengthening primary health care to tackle racial discrimination, promote intercultural services and reduce health inequities. What is the essential strategy for reorientating health systems and societies to become healthier, equitable, effective, and sustainable?
primary health care
According to the article "GLOSSARY: Community health advocacy",_____________ is a brief, quotable statement.
sound bite
The method by which courts implement their responsibility to maintain legal stability is through application of __________, a Latin legal term that means "let it stand."
stare decisis
Sixteen states require a legislative __________ or voter approval to raise taxes.
supermajority
In general, being __________ means individuals do not have financial means to cover the gap between what their insurance covers and the total cost of their medical bills.
underinsured
Whether companies are allowed to consider an applicant's medical history or other personal information to help assess risk of healthcare needs in the future is a practice referred to as medical __________.
underwriting