Midterm HI 264 India, Midterm HI 264 China, HI 264 Japan

Kang Youwei

Chinese nationalist establish a constitutional monarchy supported by the Guangxu loathed by Empress Dowager Cixi;

Opium War

Lin Zexu tried to control w anti-opium crusading beginning 1838 demanded people stop selling and using ended in 1842

castes

each of the hereditary classes of Hindu society, distinguished by relative degrees of ritual purity or pollution and of social status

sakoku

edict of 1635; Japanese desire for seclusion; by shogun; closed country policy

Indian Civil Service

elite ruling body for India

Kyoto

emperor capital in Kansai region

Meiji Restoration

ends tokugawa shogunate, restored emperor to true power; overthrow of the Tokugawa bakufu in Japan in 1868

Robert Clive

established British empire in India Reoccupied Calcutta w Battle of Plassey

Confucianism

family provides model for political order

English East India Company

founded in 1600 came to India, traded at fringes of empire treaties signed Mughal Empire far more powerful than EEI co traded for cotton (finished products)

samurai

men or sincerity or shishi who rallied agains Shogun in name of emperor, went on assassination campaigns

Tokugawa Shogunate

military leaders in Japan, had the real power

princely states

monarchy under a local/regional ruler overseen by governor-general/viceroy through his political department

Mughal Empire

genealogy turkish/Monghul from central Asia 1526-1707 Peak of Mughal Empire size = 1707 "Period of the great Mughals" Muslim

rectification of names

moral responsibility of each person your name and behavior must align moral principle - how things ought to be

sepoys

indian soldiers hired and trained by EEI Co officials

railroads

laid between 1853-1920s 40,000 miles of track by 1946 unified internal markets - cheaper prices/greater availability of goods move soldiers and food

Saigo Takamori

last true samurai that led satsuma rebellion

shinto

name of religion - form of worship, sun goddess Amaterasu - early japanese rulers claimed they came from this goddess

Shanghai

northern port at Yangzi River, much of tea and silk produced here

Satsuma and Choshu

samurai against Shogun

Dowager Empress Cixi

set china on course of self strengthening; hated foreigners, especially missionaries; imprisoned the emperor and rule in his place;

extraterritoriality

the state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations; british subjects would be tried in british courts

Sino-Japanese War

was a sign self-strengthening failed 1894-95 defeat of Qing (Japan defeats China)

Bengal

where muslim governors broke away from Mogul

opium

addiction, necessity; British East India Company was making profits by exchanging opium for tea in China; banned by qing in 1830

Taiping Rebellion

after 1st opium war led to china's defeat limited china's sovereignty started in same area as first opium war indirect European influence challenged confucianism directed at Qing Dynasty (hong)

Great Rebellion (Indian Mutiny)

aka The Sepoy Rebellion rebellion as mutiny of sepoys

commodore Matthew Perry

arrived in Japan 1853, demanded Japan open their ports,

reciprocity

giving back, relations reciprocal parents have obligation to children ruler owes protection to ppl, ppl owe obedience to ruler (2nd confucianism principle)

Lord Cornwallis

governor-general 1785-1793 Set up Indian Civil Service 48 regulations called the Cornwallis Code permanently settled bengal

Hong Kong

important port city in opium war; ceded to britsish in 1841

daimyo

in feudal Japan one of the great lords who were vassals of the shogun

zaibatsu

industrial combines BIG that bought up former state run conglomerates; ex. Mitsubishi

xenophobia

intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries.

Nagasaki

port city, only dutch allowed in

Canton (Guangzhou)

port city, very important for trade tea, opium, silk

satsuma rebellion

rally of samurai let by saigo takamori aka last true samurai

Boxer Rebellion

secret society (martial arts) anti-foreigner and anti-dynasty

indemnity

security or protection against a loss or other financial burden HUGE payment dynasty humiliated

Iwakura Mission

the people in charge traveled the world to check out how other countries did things, 1871

Marathas

this state was a hindu state Revolt of hindu marathas - created independent kingdom by mid-18th century

filiality

those who are subordinate (women/children) should show respect and obedience to superior in family (elder) (1st important confucianism principle)

Russo-Japanese War

tied to end of sino-japanese war; 1904/05; Japanese armies drove the Russians from their railway zones in Manchuria and seized Mukden in March 1905;

tea

biggest export before opium. Legal, continual fighting

Imperial Rescript on Education

compulsory education

Rammohan Roy

"Father of Modern India" Religious figure Leaned towards christianity

cotton

1600s focus on cotton textiles as English east India company expands trade in India

Battle of Plassey

1757 Marked the beginning of British rule in India March on British Calcutta for treaty violations

Hong Xiuquan

1814-1864 20K followers Challenged authority of Qing anti-Manchu 2nd Son of God

Lord Macaulay

1839-1841 Macaulay Minute on Education Made higher education English dicated no sanskrit/arabic because of so-called lesser educational value

self-strengthening

1860s focus on domestic reform, build modern military borrow tech and gov't; Western firearms, machines, scientific knowledge; creation of wealth in order to strengthen the country; enriching the country through the drug industry

Fukuzawa Yukichi

1875 proposed that the West was "civilized and enlightened"; China, Japan, and countries like Turkey were half civilized

Meiji Constitution

1889 didn't come from the people; granted extensive powers to the emperor; a gift from the emperor to his subjects; constitutional monarchy in which the emperor was an active ruler

Qianlong Emperor

4th in Qing Dynasty 1735-1796 OG emperor of the Qing a lot of growth happened under him

Seven Years War

N American, Europe, India battle grounds 1756-1763 French/British British East India Co and French East India Co

Arya Smaj

North Indian Religious Reform Association 1875 Bombay, 1877 Punjab Founded by Dayananda S Militant

alternate attendance system

Tokugawa Shogunate policy that required daimyo (or provincial lords) to divide their time between the capital of their own domain and the shogun's capital city of Edo

Punjab

a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of South Asia, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northern India

brahmans

a member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood

triple intervention

1895 ended sino-jap war, france/britain/russia concerned with Japan's power and forced them to give up Laotung

Second Opium War

Arrow War started bc british wanted more ports mad bc canton had not been opened Chinese insulted British by masking their ship as a British one

Examination System

Based on confucian ideology; Aristocracy-by-examination. To recruit men on the basis of ability, knowledge and virtue

opium

Bengal land revenues were used to fund opium trade British East India company had monopoly over opium cultivation in Bengal trade from 1772-1856

Manchus

Conquered China in 1644 and last til 1912 Those which Hong declared war on through Taiping Rebellion Manchus were Qing They were foreign themselves

Bombay

Established as a port 1668 Now Mumbai

Sonno Joi

Expel the barbarians; "Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians" Sought to overthrow Tokugawa Bakufu; led by shishi

Lord Dalhousie

Governor-General 1848 War of expansion agains the sikhs (last independent indian kingdom) goal to expand British land and land revenues overseer of British railway system, India mail system and telegraphic lines

Hundred Days of Reform (1898)

Mainly educational reform universities modeled on Euro/US universities taught full range of disciplines; Guangzhou (leader at the time)

Calcutta

Now Bengal

Edo

Shogun capital in Kanto region

Treaty of Nanking

Signed August 1842 opened 5 ports where British could live year-round (and largely govern themselves) "unequal treaty"

Pitt's India Act

Split British East India Co. so that it would not undermine government Separation of commercial and political Court of directors = commercial affairs Board of Control = political affairs

Amaterasu

Sun goddess - worshipped in Shinto religion

mandate of heaven

The Chinese philosophical concept of the circumstances under which a ruler is allowed to rule If ruler rules as he should, heavens support/they claim that their right to rule comes from above