Midterm (Human Structure & movement)

Examples of 2nd Law of Motion

-If you use the same force to push a truck and push a car, the car will have more acceleration than the truck, because the car has less mass.

1st Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)

-Objects at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by a force or object, and an object moving at a constant speed will continue to move at that speed unless acted upon by a force or object.

Types of Diathrodial Joints

-Plane (gliding) -hinge -pivot -condyloid -saddle -ball & socket

Example of 1st Law of Motion

-Your textbook will stay in the same spot on a table until you pick it up and move it

linear motion

Movement in a straight line.

Roles of Muscles

Prime mover, Synergist, Antagonist, Stabilizer, Neutralizer

base of 5th metatarsal

enlarged & prominent to serve as insertion for peroneus brevis & tertius

curvilinear motion

motion along a curved line

Purpose of the muscular system

movement

fiber arrangements

parallel and oblique

mastoid process

round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

external rotation

turning a joint outward away from the median line

Where is the center of gravity?

Standing - upper sacrum Sitting - buttocks, thighs, and feet (It is located in the mid-line slightly anterior; second sacral vertebrae of an adult)

Resultant force

The overall force on a point or object

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

lateral epicondyle of the elbow

Your forearm muscles extend your wrist and fingers. Your forearm tendons — often called extensors — attach the muscles to bone. They attach on the lateral epicondyle. The tendon usually involved in tennis elbow is called the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB).

subtalar joint

a joint in the ankle found between the talus and calcaneus

talocrural joint

a joint in the ankle found between the tibia, fibula, and talus

lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

parallel fibers

axons parallel to one another and perpendicular to the planes of the Purkinje cells

flexion and extension

bending and extension of a limb

triaxial joint

bones are free to move in three directions around three axes(multiple directions), ex: Plane - bones may glide on or rotate with one another on any plane, Ball and socket - flexion/extension, adduction/abduction & rotation

epiphysis of long bone

ends of the bone, composed mostly of spongy bone enclosed by thin layer of compact bone

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

What does the sartorius do?

flexes leg at knee, flexes thigh at hip (longest muscle in the body)

3rd law of motion (action/reaction)

forces act in pairs. For every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction. Action/Reaction forces are equal and opposite, but DO NOT cancel out because they act on different objects. They are NOT balanced!

Oblique fibers

from the root above the apical fibers obliquely toward the occlusal to resist vertical and unexpected strong forces

What do the hamstrings do?

hip extension, knee flexion

Line of Gravity (LOG)

imaginary vertical line passing through the COG toward the center of the earth

What does the subtalar joint do?

inversion and eversion

3 arches of the foot

medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, transverse

sustentaculum tali

medial projection on the superior surface that supports the talus

open chain exercise

motions in which the distal segment (hand or foot) is free to move in space, without necessarily causing simultaneous motions at adjacent joints; limb movement only occurs distal to the moving joint and muscle activation occurs in the muscles that cross the moving joints

eccentric contraction

muscle lengthens as it maintains tension

concentric contraction

muscle shortens as it maintains tension

isotonic contraction

muscle shortens because muscle tension exceeds load

parallel force

occur in the same plane and in the same or opposite direction

isokinetic contraction

occurs when tension developed by muscle is maximal over full range of motion while shortening or lengthening at a constant speed.

ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine)

origin of sartorius

linear force

results when two or more forces are acting along the same line

Base of Support (BOS)

the area on which an object rests and that provides support for the object

Center of Gravity (COG)

the point at which the mass of a body or object is centered

pronation/supination

turning the hand to a palm down or palm up position

concurrent forces

two or more forces must act on a common point but must pull or push in different directions

biaxial joint

type of diarthrosis; a joint that allows for movements within two planes (two axes)

uniaxial joint

type of diarthrosis; joint that allows for motion within only one plane (one axis)

active insufficiency

when a 2 joint muscle contracts (shortens) across both joints simultaneously

passive insufficiency

when a 2 joint muscle is lengthened over both joints simultaneously

Types of joints and examples of each

-Fibrous (sutures, syndesmosis/ligamentous, gomphosis) (None to slight movement) Ex. Sutures between the skull -Cartilaginous Ex. Synchondroses-the articulation of the costal cartilage of the first rib with sternum and symphyses-intervetrebral joints and pubis symphysis of the pelvis are symphyses) -Synovial Ex. ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint), hinge joint (knee), pivot joint (atlantoaxial joint, between C1 and C2 vertebrae of the neck), condyloid joint(radiocarpal joint of the wrist), saddle joint (first carpometacarpal joint

Ways in which muscles are named

-Size -Direction of fibers -Location -Number of divisions -Origin and insertion -Shape -Action

2nd Law of Motion (Law of Acceleration)

-The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

Purposes of skeletal system

-provide shape and support -enable movement -protect organs -stores materials -makes blood cells

spinous process

-sharp, slender projection -ex. spinous process of vertebra

Planes and axes of movement

..., to describe joint movements, reference is made to rotation about one or more of three axes to movement in one of three cardinal planes. Planes are perpendicular to each other.

cranial nerves

12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain

spinal nerves

31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord

foreman magnum

A passage in the skull bone through which the spinal cord enters the spinal column.

Example of 3rd law: Action/ Reaction

A person pushes off the ground to jump high.

screw home mechanism

A phenomenon that increases knee joint stability by locking the femur on the tibia (or vice-versa) when the knee is fully extended.

closed chain exercise

Can be performed with manual or mechanical resistance, using the patient's body weight, and in a dynamic and static fashion; Involve concentric, eccentric and isometric contractions; Provide load for muscles, joints, bones and noncontractile tissues; Stimulate mechanoreceptors within joints-->co-contraction-->increased stability; Improve muscle power/strength/endurance, stability, balance, and coordination; Can't be performed if NWB; Goor for improving stability in shoulder and hip girdles

Diaphysis (long bone)

Center portion of the thick compact bone (the shaft of the long bone)

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Degrees of motion

Degrees of Motion (Goniometry) Quantifiable clinical measurement of joint motion Degrees of ROM

external auditory meatus

Ear canal (part of the temporal bone) (allows sound to travel in)

center of gravity for humans

In the anatomical position, the COG lies approximately anterior to the second sacral vertebra.

Types of bones

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid(round)

isometric contraction

Muscle contracts but there is no movement, muscle stays the same length