Midterm

the Basics of Cellular Reproduction

- multicellular organisms begin life as a single cell

As a result of glycolysis, there is a net gain of ________ ATP.

2

The number of ATP produced during aerobic cellular respiration from one glucose molecule is usually __________.

36-38

Considering the ATP cycle, which of the following would have the most potential energy to perform work for cell activities?

ATP

What molecule most directly provides the energy you need for your muscles to contract?

ATP

In the energy payoff phase of glycolysis, both ATP and NADH are formed. What purpose do each of these molecules serve in the cell

ATP acts as a power source for performing cellular work, while NADH serves as an electron carrier to allow for greater ATP production.

The light reactions produce ________, which are used in the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle releases ________, which return to the light reactions.

ATP and NADPH; ADP and NADP

During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose is ultimately converted to __________.

ATP and heat

Which of the following statements about ATP is inaccurate?

ATP is comprised of a sugar, base, and two phosphate groups.

Your friend has been on a diet and loses 15 pounds of fat. After studying cellular respiration, you explain to her that the fat was converted to __________.

ATP, carbon dioxide, and water

Which of the following events takes place in the Calvin cycle?

CO2 is converted into G3P

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

Intestinal cells absorb glucose via active transport. What would happen if all the mitochondria within these intestinal cells were destroyed?

Glucose absorption would decrease.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

Glycolysis → preparatory reaction → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

The light reactions of photosynthesis are said to be similar to a battery because they form a current. In which direction do the electrons of this circuit flow?

H2O → PSII → electron transport chain → PSI → electron transport chain → NADPH

What organelle is used during the process of cellular respiration?

Mitochondria

Where do the electrons come from that are used in the electron transport chain?

NADH and FADH2

Which of the following is necessary for the complete breakdown of glucose?

Oxygen

M (mitotic) phase

Period of active cell division; includes mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division).

Which of the following is the opposite of cellular respiration?

Photosynthesis

Mitosis differs in plants and animals

Plant and animal cells both undergo mitotic cell divisions. Their main difference is how they form the daughter cells during cytokinesis. During that stage, animal cells form furrow or cleavage that gives way to formation of daughter cells. Due to the existence of the rigid cell wall, plant cells don't...

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

overview of mitosis

Step 1: Parent cell with nucleus (Interphase: G1, S (DNA synthesis where the DNA doubles from 46 to 92 chromosomes) Step 2: Nucleus divides (Mitosis) Step 3: Cytoplasm divides (Mitosis) Step 4: 2 Daughter cells are formed where they are each given 46 chromosomes. (Cytokinesis)

Susan suffered from a heart attack. When the doctors tested her heart muscle, they found that she had an increased ratio of lactic acid to pyruvate in her heart. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the skewed ratio?

The heart cells had not received enough oxygen

The cell cycle

The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo

What is oxidation?

The removal of electrons and H+ ions to form new molecules

phases of Mitosis in Animal Cells

These phases are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis is the final physical cell division that follows telophase, and is therefore sometimes considered a sixth phase of mitosis.

mitosis Is a Continual Process

Traditionally divided into four phases: •Prophase—chromosomes are visible under microscope in condensed pairs •Metaphase—chromosomes line up along equatorial plate (middle) •Anaphase—chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of cell (apart) •Telophase and Cytokinesis—two distinct cells are visible under the microscopes

Energy is released from ATP when __________.

a phosphate group is removed from ATP yielding ADP + P + energy

ATP releases energy when

a phosphate is removed.

Energy of activation

is the energy required for molecules to react with each other.

The part of the enzyme into which the substrate fits is called the

active site.

Which of the following organisms can perform photosynthesis?

algae

Which of the following is an example of potential energy rather than kinetic energy?

an apple made up of energy-rich macromolecules

Which of the areas shown in the figure below indicates the presence of an enzyme?

c

In photosynthesis, the light reactions ________ while the Calvin cycle ________.

capture solar energy; converts the captured energy to chemical potential energy

When glucose is broken down to CO2 and H2O, ________ energy is released and converted into ________.

chemical; ATP

As climate change leads to drier and drier summers in the southeastern United States, more and more homeowners find that they have crabgrass growing in their yards. The reason for this is that

crabgrass is a type of C4 plant that does well in dry climates.

Which form of passive transport allows small noncharged molecules, such as oxygen, to cross the cell membrane?

diffusion

Which of the following terms best describes entropy?

disorder

If the concentration of the solute is the same in the cell as it is in the surrounding solution, the cell is in a(n) _________________environment.

isotonic.

When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is released in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this process in relation to the first law of thermodynamics?

energy can be changed from one form to another

What function do the carrier proteins embedded in the cell membrane serve?

facilitated diffusion

In a redox reaction, reduction means ________, and oxidation means ________.

gain of electrons; loss of electrons

During an osmosis experiment in class, you look at some cells under the microscope. You notice the cells look shriveled. What type of solution were the cells immersed in?

hypertonic

Simple diffusion of molecules occurs

in nonliving systems as well as living systems.

chromosome compaction

occurs in early prophase producing the characteristic mitotic chromosome

The final acceptor for electrons in aerobic cellular respiration is __________.

oxygen

Which of the following is a byproduct of photosynthesis that is used during cellular respiration?

oxygen

Fermentation occurs if __________.

oxygen is not present

Which of the types of cellular activities listed below can proceed without ATP energy?

passive transport

Interphase

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

A product of glycolysis is __________.

pyruvate

Which of the following correctly lists the order in which energy flows through an ecosystem?

solar energy - chloroplast - mitochondria

The fluid-filled area within the chloroplast is called the

stroma.

The energy source that drives the production of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation is the __________.

the diffusion of hydrogen protons down their electrochemical gradient

daughter nuclei

the new nuclei produced when unstable nuclei undergo radioactive decay

What prevents a plant cell from bursting in a hypotonic solution?

the presence of a cell wall

Inside the chloroplasts, chlorophyll is found in the

thylakoid membrane.

The innermost compartment of a chloroplast formed by the interconnected thylakoids is the

thylakoid space.

During photosynthesis, ________ is oxidized, while ________ is reduced.

water; carbon dioxide