Midterm review

Drug self-administration studies indicate which of the following?

That people may actually "prefer" the drug experience under some conditions

In a prototypic dose-effect curve, the vertical and horizontal axes refer to what respectively?

effect size, range of drug doses

Before meeting FDA approval, over-the-counter drugs must be recognized as generally safe and what else?

effective

A person who wants to experience the effects of a drug immediately should administer it how?

intravenously

Recent brain imaging research suggests that drug craving is associated with activity in what part of the brain?

limbic system

Harm-reduction policies are beginning to be seen as what kind of approach toward substance abuse?

pragmatic

According to the stages of change model, individuals in which stage often have not acknowledged a problem?

precontemplation

A TV spot emphasizing the need to stop friends from driving drunk would be an example of what kind of prevention?

primary

School alcohol education classes are an example of what kind of prevention?

primary

The "Just Say No" advertising campaign is an example of what kind of prevention?

primary

Aspirin is thought to act by inhibiting the production of what substance?

prostaglandins

How long can alcohol be detected in the system by using a drug test?

up to 1 day

Drugs are most rapidly absorbed when they are taken in what form?

water solution

A drug's dose is calculated according to a person's what?

weight

At what blood alcohol level do all states consider an individual to be legally intoxicated?

0.08

How long does the first step in new drug development—initial synthesis and preclinical trials—typically take?

1-3 years

Based on research of athletes who regularly used anabolic steroids, how many developed symptoms of psychosis?

12%

The first report of solvent abuse occurred in what year?

1951

Research has shown that a temperament-based intervention currently offered in Canada and Australia can prevent onset of alcohol or drug use for as long as how many years?

3

The Drug Abuse Resistance Education program (DARE) is typically aimed at children in what grades?

5th and 6th

Hunt, Barnett, and Branch (1971) showed that what percentage of the individuals treated for alcohol, tobacco, or heroin abuse in abstinence-oriented programs had returned to their primary substance use three months after treatment?

70

How are orally administered drugs affected by the presence of food in the stomach?

Absorption is delayed.

Progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions are key symptoms of what disorder?

Alzheimer's disease

A drug's structural formula is indicated by what category of name?

Chemical

Over-the-counter drugs are regulated by what federal agency?

FDA

Individuals with genetic polymorphism in what receptor tend to be more responsive to naltrexone's effects on alcohol use?

GABA

What dietary supplement has been touted to improve memory and cognitive function?

Gingko biloba

What herbal preparation may be useful in treating Alzheimer's disease but has not been proven to do so?

Ginkgo biloba

How does heroin available on the street today compare with what was available 30 years ago?

It is close to eight times more potent.

How is a drug administered when it is taken sublingually?

It is placed under the tongue.

How was cannabis sativa used in ancient China?

It was brewed as tea.

According to what model does treatment consist of spiritual or legal intervention?

Moral

In what model are individuals seen as personally responsible for problems they incur from their drug and alcohol use?

Moral

Before 1900, you would likely face restrictions on using a drug only if you were a practicing

Muslim

Have researchers discovered that there is a single gene for addiction?

No. Research shows there is no single gene responsible for addiction.

Birth control drugs provide women how much protection from STIs?

None

Progressive deterioration of motor control is a key symptom of what disorder?

Parkinson's disease

According to the Controlled Substances Act, marijuana falls into what category?

Schedule I

How do drugs act on the nervous system?

They affect the deactivation of neurotransmitters.

How did passage of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act affect the marketing of hormones and herbal products?

They could be marketed without regulation as long as they did not claim to treat a specific illness.

People of the Stone Age used opium, hashish, and cocaine for what purpose?

To produce altered states of consciousness

Acetylsalicylic acid is better known as what?

aspirin

A person who is highly tolerant to what substance creates problems for anesthesiologists in surgery?

barbiturates

Archaeological evidence suggests that what substance was used as early as 6400 b.c.?

beer

For every drug that finally gets market approval, how many drugs have been screened?

between 50,000 and 10,000.

What is the primary goal of the sociocultural model of prevention?

changes in social norms regarding drinking

Anabolic steroids can increase a user's risk for heart disease due to its impact on levels of what substance?

cholesterol

From a formal perspective, a person who has successfully completed an alcohol abuse treatment program is advised to stay out of bars to avoid what?

cues

Drinking large quantities of water would alter the results of a drug test by what method?

dilution

Raising the price of alcohol relative to disposable income is an example of a prevention strategy following which prevention model?

distribution of consumption

Heroin and other opiate drugs are thought to be functionally similar to what neurotransmitter?

endorphins

Anabolic steroids are synthetic drugs that resemble what two hormones?

estrogen and progesterone

Drug therapeutic communities are most often run by which of the following?

ex-addicts

The blood-brain barrier serves what type of function?

filter

Enzymes in the in what part of the body are important in the metabolization of drugs?

gastrointestinal tract

Animal drug studies offer value in human applications when the results of the studies are what?

generalizable

Discussions related to drug elimination often refer to what unit of measurement?

half-life

A needle exchange program would be an example of what approach to substance abuse?

harm reduction

In a recent study in Canada, heroin addicts who failed in methadone treatment were successful when prescribed which of the following?

heroin

Recent research on adult neurogenesis has focused on what part of the brain

hippocampus

According to the stress response dampening model, people are more likely to use alcohol to reduce stress when they have what kind of personality?

impulsive

Psychological effects of anabolic steroids include which one of the following?

increased energy levels

How would a chronic user of amphetamines likely ingest their drug of choice?

inject

In what form of treatment is there considerable attention given to the medical aspects of alcohol problems?

inpatient hospital treatment

According to NIDA's principles covering prevention program delivery, such programs are most effective when they are what?

interactive

Halfway houses are an example of what kind of setting?

intermediate

Once orally administered drugs are in the bloodstream, what do they pass through before reaching the brain?

liver

A major thrust of the early Federal Bureau of Narcotics was its attempt to eradicate the use of what substance?

marijuana

In ancient times, various plants were used primarily within religious and what other contexts?

medicinal

Damage to which area of the brain would be most life-threatening due to its role in basic human functions?

medulla oblongata

In the 1800s, a person who was experiencing delirium tremens would likely be treated with which of the following?

morphine

Drug use prevention activities are highly effective as a first defense because they help people avoid the influence of what?

reinforcement

Educational programs used with youthful offenders arrested for the first time for drug possession are an example of what kind of prevention?

secondary

LSD acts as an agonist for which of the following neurotransmitters?

serotonin

In what approach is a person's withdrawal monitored by professional staff in a treatment setting, but no drugs are administered?

social detoxification

Establishing firm taboos on drunkenness is one of the proposals in which model of prevention?

sociocultural

The advertising efforts of the "Just Say No" campaign are examples of which model of prevention?

sociocultural

Degradation of what part of the brain causes Parkinson's disease?

substantia nigra

Substance abuse treatment is basically equivalent to what kind of prevention?

tertiary

If a neurotransmitter is a key, what structure is the lock?

the receptor