Midterm Review Q's
What is a variable?
Anything that can change
_________ conditioning refers to a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus to change an association.
Aversive
__________ conditioning refers to a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus to change an association.
Aversive
___________ modification is the use of operant conditioning to change human behavior by analyzing and adjusting the rewards and punishers in a particular setting.
Behavior
Which of the following are examples of the areas in which psychological animal research has provided benefits to human populations?
Behavioral medicine, Drugs to treat anxiety and severe mental illness, Rehabilitation of neuromuscular disorders, Alleviation of the effects of stress and pain
Which approach to psychology emphasizes the role of physical processes such as brain and nervous system functioning?
Biological
Which part of the neuron contains the nucleus?
Cell body
_____________ sprouting is the process by which axons of healthy neurons adjacent to damaged neurons grow new branches to make up for the damage.
Collateral
What are the three basic types of research used in psychology?
Correlational, Descriptive, Experimental
_____ research serves the purpose of determining the basic dimensions of a phenomenon and defining what it is or how often it occurs, but it cannot provide causal information.
Descriptive
Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?
Encoding
What is a psychological perspective that uses concepts such as adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors?
Evolutionary approach
Which of the following are NOT among the contemporary approaches to psychology?
Exploratory; Physical
Alzheimer disease involves deterioration of which of the following?
Language; Reasoning; Physical functioning; Memory
The consequences of an action influence the frequency with which that action is displayed in the future. What does this describe?
Law of effect
_____ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
Learning
__________ conditioning is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence
Operant
Which of the following are recommended for organizing for memory processes?
Organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize; Experiment with different organizational techniques; Review notes that you are preparing to memorize
_____ refers to the ability of the brain to adapt and repair itself.
Plasticity
What is the function of Broca's area in the brain?
Production of speech
_____ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; _____ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items.
Recall; recognition
Which of the following is the memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage?
Retrieval
_________ attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring other stimuli.
Selective
_________ is the process of receiving stimulus energies from the environment
Sensation
Which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time?
Sensory memory
Which of the following refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior?
Shaping
Which of the following are functions of autobiographical memory?
Sharing personal experience creates social bonds; It provides us with identity; It allows us to learn from our experiences
_____ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.
Short-term
Which psychological perspective examines the ways in which the social and cultural environments influence behavior?
Sociocultural approach
What flow into a neuron and depolarize its membrane when a neuron is activated?
Sodium ions
Which statement about the seven contemporary approaches to psychology is most accurate?
They all provide different lenses for studying human behavior.
T/F? A genotype is a person's genetic material or makeup, whereas a phenotype is the person's observable characteristics.
True
T/F? Psychology has its roots in both philosophy and the natural sciences.
True
_________ is a broad term for any characteristic that can change in some way.
Variable
Critical thinking is a(n) _____ process that involves engaging with ideas and not settling for simple answers.
active
A change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation is called sensory _____.
adaptation
Before it can be conducted, all psychological research is subject to review by _____.
an institutional review board
A special form of episodic memory, is _______ memory, which includes individuals' recollections of their life experiences, which generally include some memory and some myth.
autobiographical
Uncle Charlie loves to tell family stories. His nephews observe that these stories evolve over time, but they enjoy hearing them because Charlie is a great storyteller. This is an example of how _____ memory fosters intimacy and creates social bonds.
autobiographical
Psychologist study _______.
behavior and mental processes
In Pavlov's original experiment, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was the _____.
bell
The nervous system is made up of _____ of communicating cells.
billions
The _______ approach focuses on the mental processes involved in knowing how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.
cognitive
Journalists are often not trained in psychological research; therefore, they frequently have issues presenting material appropriately. One of the better sources for learning about research is _____.
college professionals
The brain is able to juggle multiple tasks simultaneously. That makes it a(n) _____ organ.
complex
A(n) _________ gene will exhibit its trait even in the presence of a recessive gene.
dominant
When _______ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing.
elaboration
According to the concept of levels of processing, the process of _____ involves three levels.
encoding
The ________ system is a set of glands that regulates the activities of certain organs through the release of hormones.
endocrine
Critical thinking is the practice of evaluating _________.
evidence
Brain grafts have greater potential success when the brain tissue used is from the _____ stage.
fetal
Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on _____.
forgetting
Afferent neurons convey information _____.
from the senses to the brain
Positron-emission tomography (PET scan) uses ________ levels to identify levels of activity throughout the brain.
glucose
The medulla _____.
governs breathing and heart rate
The _______ approach to psychology emphasizes a person's positive qualities, the capability for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny.
humanistic
When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Don vividly remembers the theory today. This is an example of the effect of _____.
imagery
Researchers must submit their research proposal to an _____ review board that evaluates the ethical nature of research conducted at their college or university.
institutional
What setting would researchers choose if they needed to remove the complex factors of the real world to conduct their research?
laboratory
A behaviorist might study _______.
learning through environmental determinants
A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is _____ memory.
long-term
An experiment involves _____ one variable and observing the effect on another variable.
manipulating
Dr. Quincy loves to have students in her Abnormal Psychology class work with case studies and reflect upon diagnostic questions, instead of reading and studying material. This is because Dr. Quincy is familiar with the research on memory and understands that _____.
memory of material is better when we think deeply and connect new information we already have
Dr. Wu asks students to look at real-world problems related to political science, instead of reading and studying textbooks and not cards with definition. This is because Dr. Wu is familiar with the research on memory and understands that __________.
memory we can connect to knowledge we already have is recalled better.
In comparison to neurotransmitters, hormones typically take _____ to act.
more time
The complex interaction of neurons working together to integrate and organize incoming and outgoing information is referred to as a neural _______.
network
The cells in the nervous system that handle information processing are called ________.
neurons
Encoding failure occurs when the information was _____.
never entered into long-term memory
A Skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study _____.
operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals
Before using memory processes, you must first ____________ the information you are about to study.
organize
The four lobes of the brain are the _____, _____, _____, and _____.
parietal; temporal; frontal; occipital
In terms of the effects of serial position, the ________ effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning.
primacy
The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is _____ memory.
prospective
The technique that Freud developed is called ____________.
psychoanalysis
Every time the family dog sits on command, she receives a treat. The treat would be considered _____.
reinforcement
Memory is defined as the _____.
retention of information or experience over time
Psychology is the _________ study of all human behaviors.
scientific
The five steps of the _______ method are reflected differently in three types of research commonly used in psychology.
scientific
The five steps of the ________ method are reflected differently in three types of research commonly used in psychology.
scientific
Bette is able to focus on one voice in a crowded restaurant, demonstrating _____.
selective attention
Correlational research involves gathering data on _____.
sets of variables
The absolute threshold is defined by psychologists as the _____.
smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected
When you become alarmed, your _____ nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response, but when your body calms down, your _____ nervous system has been activated.
sympathetic; parasympathetic
The experience of one sense inducing an automatic experience in another sense (e.g., sight and hearing) is called _____.
synaesthesia
A(n) ___ is the tiny gap between the axon terminal and the next neuron.
synapse
In psychological research, the population is _____.
the group about which the researcher would like to draw conclusions
Overall, psychology may concern itself with the nervous system, emotion and motivation, and mind and body. However, it is essentially all about _____.
the individual
Many psychologists believe that because psychologists are human, they cannot be _____, even if they try.
value-free
In a complex behavior, such as escaping from a burning building, how many brain systems are typically involved?
virtually all
The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are _____ systems in memory.
3
_____ neurons receive information from sensory organs.
Afferent; Sensory
The theorist _______ _______ developed the theory of observational learning
Albert Bandura
__________ disease is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical functioning.
Alzheimer's
Each parent contributes _____ chromosome(s) to each pair of chromosomes.
1
