Milady Chapter 3 Advanced Esthetics Advanced Histology of the Cell and Skin

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humoral

(L. humor, "a fluid") pertaining to an endocrine secretion

fibrocyte

a cell that is not filly differentiated (it can go forward or backward in life), makes the most abundant protein in the body collagen, and originates from the mesenchymal tissue, also known as a fibroblast.

reticulocyte

a cell that is part of the blood cell line and forms from the acidophilic normoblast; it is 8 um in diameter and contains mitochondria

actin filaments

a protein in a muscle fiver that, together with myosin, is responsible for contraction and relaxation.

proteoglycans

a special class of glycoproteins found in the extracellular substance. They vary in size depending on the glycosaminoglycan chains attached to them

receptor

a special protein on a cell's surface within the cell that binds to specific ligands

G0

a stage of DNA synthesis; the resting cell

hemidesmosome

a structure that binds the basal layer to the basement membrane through different types of proteins

anchoring system

a system that ties the plaque to the cytoplasm through the cytoskeleton; it is located inside the cell behind the plasma membrane

B cell

a type of lymphocyte derived from bone marrow stem cells that matures into an immunologically competent cell (under the influence of bursa of fabricius in chickens, and the bone marrow of nonavian species); following interaction with antigen, it becomes a plasma cell, which synthesizes and secretes antibody molecules involved in humoral immunity. Also call B lymphocyte

T cell

a type of lymphocyte with a vital regulatory role in immune response; so called because they are processed through the thymus, Subsets of T cells may be stimulatory or inhibitory. They communicate with other cells by protein hormones called cytokines.

eosinophil

a while blood cell characterized by the presense of cytoplasmic granules that become stained by an acid (eosin) dye

basophil

a white blood cell characterized by the presence of blue cytoplasmic granules that become stained by a basophilic dye

What are the two families of keratins?

acidic and basic

What is a protein in a muscle fiber that, together with myocin, is responsible for contraction and relaxation?

actin

What is the process that requires expenditure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy to move molecules across a cell membrane?

active transport

What are junctions that provide strong mechanical attachments between adjacent cells?

adherens junctions

What organic acids form the building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

elanunin

an elastin-type fiber found in the dermis believed to be an intermediate form of elastin

oxytalan

an elastin-type fiber found in the dermis that contains only microfibrils and is 10 - 12 nm in diameter

lysozyme

an enzyme capable of dissolving and digesting many types of biochemicals

What is the scientific name for chlorine bleach?

hypochlorous acid

mitochondria

in eukaryotes, subcellular organelles of a protein that conduct cellular respiration and produce most of the ATP in aerobic respiration (oxidative phosphorylation)

membrane

in living organisms, a phospholipid bilayers impregnated with protein and certain other compounds that is differently permeable

germ layer

in the animal embryo, one of three basic layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) from which the various organs and tissues arise in the multicellular animal.

cytoskeleton

in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, an internal framework of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that anchor, organize and moves organelles and other structures

What causes the release of interleukin-1?

injury to the skin

What body system is NOT controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

integumentary system

gap junctions

intercellular channels that allow free passage between the cells of ions and small molecules to pass between cells

What is vimentin?

intermediate filament found in fibroblasts

Where in the body is type V collagen found?

interstitial tissue

Merkel's discs

ivy shaped discs, sometimes called heiderform endings, that are in the epidermal tissue. Each disc includes receptors and consists of a modified epidermal cell, or Merkel cell, and its disc shaped terminal. These discs discriminate touch, shape and texture

adherens junctions

junctions that provide strong mechanical attachments between adjacent cells

What type of cell makes up the majority of the epidermis?

keratinocytes

What does the term "efferent" mean?

leading or conveying away from some organ

What is cholesterol?

lipid component of the stratum corneum

plaques

located in the cell membrane; they are made up of two proteins; desmoplakin and plakoglobin.

What is an enzyme capable of dissolving and digesting many types of biochemicals?

lysozyme

What is a protein that initiates part of the cellular division known as mitosis?

maturation promoting factor

What type of tissue transports signals to other organs?

nerve

free nerve terminals

nerve ending in the skin without myelin sheaths

corpuscles of ruffini

nerve endings in the subcutaneous tissue of the human finger that detect stretching of connective tissue and send slow continuous signals when stimulated. There are also heat detectors and are also known as organs of Ruffini

What do melanocytes originate?

neural crest

What part of a cell is responsible for creating ribosome components?

nucleolus

plasma membrane

see cellular membrane

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

ribosomes

small dense organelles that assemble proteins in cells

What are you MOST likely to find Meissner's corpsucles?

soles of the feet

What term refers to a cell capable of multiple divisions?

stem cell

What cells are also known as "mother cells"?

stem cells

keratinocytoblasts

stem cells that do not have a high rate of mitosis but do produce a transient amplifying cell

antigen

(1) a modified type of serum globulin synthesized by lymphoid tissue in response to antigenic stimulus; (2) any material that elicits an immune response

phagocyte

(G. phagein, "to eat," + kytos, "hollow vessel") any cell that engulfs and devours microorganisms or other particles (a process known as phagocytosis)

embryo

(Gr. "full of bursting") the first stage of human life; it starts with fertilization of a woman's egg (ovum) by a male's sperm

endoderm

(Gr. "inner") the deep primary germ layer of the embryo; it gives rise to the linings of the pharnyx, respiratory tree, digestive tract, urinary bladder and urethra

apoptosis

(Gr. apo, "away from," + ptosis, "a falling") genetically determined cell death; "programmed" cell death.

blastula

(Gr. blastos, "germ," + L. ula, "dim") an early stage in the development of an embryo; it consists of a sphere of cells enclosing a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel).

ectoderm

(Gr. ektos, "outside," + derma, "skin") the outer layer of cells of an early embryo (gastrula stage); one of the germ layers, also sometimes used to include tissues derived from the ectoderm

epithelium

(Gr. epi, "on, upon," +thele, "nipple") a cellular tissue covering a free surface (internal and external) or lining a tube or cavity; it consists of cells joined by small amoints of cementing substances. Epithelial tissue is classified into types based on how many layers deep it is and the shape of the superficial cells.

erythrocyte

(Gr. erythros, "red," + kytos, "hollow vessel") A red blood cell that has hemoglobin to carry oxygen from lungs (or gills) to tissues; during their formation in mammals, erythrocytes lose their nuclei, but erythocytes of other vertebrates retain their nuclei.

cytotoxic (killer) T cell

(Gr. kytos, "hollow vessel") a special type of T cell activated during cell-mediated immune responses that recognizes and destroys virus-infected cells

cytokine

(Gr. kytos, "hollow vessel," + kinein, "to move") a molecule secreted by an activated or stimulated cell (e.g. macrophages) that causes chemical immune responses in certain other cells

lipase

(Gr. lipos, "fat") an enzyme that accelerates the hydrolysis, or synthesis of fats

macrophage

(Gr. makros, "long, large," + phago, "to eat") a phagoocytic cell type in vertebrates that performs crucial functions in the immune system response and inflammation, such as presenting antigens to T cells and producting several cytokines.

mesoderm

(Gr. mesos, "middle," + derma, "skin") the third germ layer, formed in the gastrula between the ectoderm; it gives rise to connective tissues, muscle, urogenital and vascular systems, and the peritoneum. This tissue from the mesoderm is called mesenchymal tissue.

myelin

(Gr. myelos, "marrow") fatty material forming the medullary sheath of nerve fibers

myosin

(Gr. mys, "muscle," + in, "belonging to") a large protein of contractile tissue that forms the thick myofilaments of striated muscle. During contraction, it combines with actin to form actomyosin.

afferent

(L. ad, "to lead," + ferre, "to bear") leading or bearing toward some organ, such as nerves conducting impulses toward the brain or blood vessels carrying blood toward and organ. Contrast with efferent.

corium

(L. corium, "leather") the deep layer of the skin; dermis

efferent

(L. ex, "out," + ferre, "to bear") leading or conveying away from some organ, such as nerve impluses conducted away from the brain, or blood conveyed away from an organ. Contrast with afferent

fibril

(L. fibra, "thread") strang of protoplasm produced by a cell and lying within the cell

granulocytes

(L. granules, "small grain." + Gr. kytos, "hollow vessel") white blood cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) bearing granules (vacuoles) in their cytoplasm that stain deeply.

lymphokine

(L. lympha, "water, goddess of water," + Gr. kinein, "to move") a molecule secreted by an activated or stimulated lymphocyte that causes physiological changes in certain other cells.

lymphocyte

(L. lympha, "water, goddess of water," + Gr. kytos, "hollow vessel") a type of white blood cell; a component of the immune system produced by stem cells in the bone marrow. It is important to the immune system for its ability to digest foreign invaders

nucleolus

(diminutive of L. nucleus, "kernel") a deeply staining body within the nucleus of a cell that contains RNA; nucleoli are specialized portions of certain chromosomes that carry multiple copies of the information to synthesize ribosomal RNA

How many types of collagen are there?

11

What is the normal turnover time for the stratum corneum?

28 to 30 days

What pH is required to maintain micrococci?

5.0

What type of cell forms the basis of the humoral immune system?

B Cell

What is a complex process that reproduces the critical information in each cell for proper functioning and reproduction?

DNA Synthesis

What is the FINAL stage of the cell cycle?

M for mitosis

What are circular or ovoid structures with a distinct connective tissue capsule that can transmit touch, pressure and cold?

Meissner's corpuscles

What statement about cells is correct?

The process of cellular differentiation occurs shortly after conception

What type of collagen is found in the skin, bone, and tendon?

Type |

epidermolysis bullosa

a blistering congenital disease caused by defects in keratins 5 and 14 in the basal layer

white blood cell (leukocyte)

a blood cell responsible for the body's defense mechanisms. White blood cells act by destroying disease-causing germs. Also called white corpuscles

basophilic normoblast

a blue-colored cell formed from the division of the pronormoblast; this cell (6- 18 um in diameter) produces polychromatic normoblasts

immune system

a bodily system made up of lymph, lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen, and lymph vessels; it protects the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease-causing microorganisms as well as draining the tissues of excess interstitial fluids to the blood. This system carries waste and impurities away from the cells.

senescent cell

a cell arrested in G1 that cannot advance or go backward and in some cases is destroyed; a major cause of aging

pluripotential stem cell

a cell at the start of the blood cell line that is programmed to form all other cells in the bloodstream

stem cell

a cell capable of multiple divisions also known as the mother cell

mother cell

a cell capable of multiple divisions, as known as a stem cell

Langerhans Cells

a cell that fixes and processes cutaneous antigens; it contains large granules called Birbeck granules. Also known as dendritic cells.

polychromatic normoblast

a cell that is part of the blood cell line and forms from the basophilic normoblast; it is 9-12 um in diameter. It starts to make hemoglobin, but can no longer divide

pronormoblast

a cell that is part of the blood cell line and forms from the division of the hemocytoblast; it is 20 um in diameter. It continues to divide and forms the basophilic normoblasts

B Lymphocyte

a cell that manufactures antibodies involved in immunity

melanocyte

a cell that produces pigment granules/melanin in the basal layer of the epidermis

daughter cell

a cell that results after the division of a stem cell. The original cell is called the mother cell

cluster of differentiation (CD)

a cluster of cells in which all cells are coated with antigenic substances, each of the more than 160 clusters has a different chemical molecule that coats the surface. Every T and B cell has bout 10 molecules on its surface.

DNA Synthesis

a complex process that reproduces the critical information in each cell for proper function

complement system

a complex series of enzymes in the blood that coats microbes with special molecules, making them more susceptible to phagocytosis

extracellular matrix (ECM)

a composite material having both solid and liquid protein structures that serve as support materials and monitoring systems in the skin

interleukin-1 (IL-1)

a ctyokine produced by macrophages that stimulates T helper lymphocytes

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

a cytoplasmic organelle composed of a system of interconnected membranous tubules and vesicles; rough ER has ribosomes attached to the side of the membrane facing the cytoplasm and smooth ER does not. Rough ER functions in protein synthesis; smooth ER functions in lipid synthesis

lysosome

a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that contains digestive and hydrolytic enzymes, which are typically most active at the acid pH found in the lumen lysosomes. It digests foreign matter considered potentially threatening to the body

zygote

a diploid cell produced by the fusion of an egg and sperm; a fertilized egg cell

blastocoel

a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity surrounded by a blastoderm

dermatan sulfate

a glycosaminoglycan; a complex carbohydrate in the dermis

platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

a growth-regulating cytokine thought to be responsible for initiating proliferation of fibroblasts and other connective-tissue cellls

insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)

a growth-regulating cytokine thought to be responsible for initiating proliferation of fibroblasts and other connective-tissue cells

cornified envelope

a highly cross-linked layer of proteins found in the stratum corneum

melanocyte stimulation hormone (MSH)

a hormone that stimulates melanocytes to make melanin

monocyte

a large white blood cell, or leukocyte, that travels the bloodstream neutralizing pathogens; it becomes a phagocytic cell (macrophage) after moving into tissues

external ectoderm

a layer of the ectoderm germ layer that supplies the skin

neural tube

a layer of the ectoderm germ layer; it provides most of the central nervous system

free fatty acid

a lipid component of the stratum corneum

desmogleins

a member of the desmosome family; it projects cadherin proteins, is calcium binding, and extends from the plaques that interlock with identical proteins from the adjacent cell

desmocollins

a member of the desmosome family; it projects proteins, is calcium dependent, and extends from the plaques that interlock with identical proteins from the adjacent cell

lipid bilayer

a molecular structure composed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

a multifunctional nucleotide that transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism and converts oxygen to carbon dioxide

sensory (afferent) neuron

a nerve that carries impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations to touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain and pressure are experienced

Akt

a pathway used as an intermediate signal as part of the DNA signaling cascade

JNK

a pathway used as an intermediate signal as part of the DNA signaling cascade

MAPK

a pathway used as an intermediate signal as part of the DNA signaling cascade

fibroblast growth factor (FGF)

a peptide that stimulates fibroblasts to grow fibrocytes

gastrulation

a process during which the cells migrate to the interior of the blastula and from three germ layers

active transport

a process that requires expenditure of ATP energy to move molecules across a cell membrane, also called facilitated transport

respiratory burst

a process that uses oxygen in the kill action of neutrophils

catenin

a protein important in stabilizing cell adherence to avoid abnormal spread of cells

cyclin

a protein important in the control of the cell division cycle and mitosis

receptor site

a protein on the cell membrane, within the cytoplasm, or on the cell nucleus that binds to a specific molecule (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance and initiates the cellular response

p27 protein

a protein that binds to cyclin and CdK, blocking entry into thee S phase

tubulin

a protein that forms parts of the microtubules

integrin

a protein that holds the plaque to the basal lamina

maturation promoting factor (MPF)

a protein that initiates part of the cellular division known as mitosis. Specifically, it initiates the prophase of mitosis and also functions in the process of mitosis by activating other proteins through the mechanism of phosphorylation; that is, it adds phosphorous to the protein, thereby making it an active protein

chondroitin sulfate

a proteoglycan found in the dermis

keratin sulfate

a proteoglycan found in the dermis

versican sulfate

a proteoglycan found in the dermis; it provides turgor and tautness to the skin by interacting with elastin and hyaluronic acid

tight juntion

a region of actual fusion of cell membranes between two adjacent cells

cycle

a repeating unit that makes up the pattern of biological rhythms

pacinian corpuscles

a sensory receptor in skin, muscles, body joints, body organs and tendons that involved with the vibratory sense and firm pressure on the skin; also called lamellated corpuscles

reflex arc

a structure that is critical to the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It has two parts; the sensory (afferent) arm and the motor (efferent or effector) arm

fourth germ layer

a the component of the ectoderm known as the neural crest

p53 protein

a tumor-suppressor protein with critical functions in normal cells. A mutation in the gene that encodes it, p53, can result in loss of control over cell division and, thus cancer

mast cell

a type of cell in various tissues that releases pharmacologically active substances with a role in inflammation

cyclin-dependent kinase (CdK)

an enzyme that adds phosphate to a protein along with cyclins and is a major control switch for the cell cycle

myeloperoxidase

an enzyme used in the killing action of neutrophils

pro-enzyme

an inactive form of chymotropic enzyme found in the lamellar bodies of the stratum granulosum

vimentin

an intermediate filament found in fibroblasts

neurofilament

an intermediate filament found in nerve cells

golgi apparatus

an organelle of membranous, hollow sacs arranged in a stack; it functions in modification store, and packaging of secretion materials. It may be called a dictyosome in plants. Also known as the Golgi complex

superoxide

an unstable, reactive single oxygen atom

What term refers to the system that controls involuntary functions of the circulatory, respiratory, endocrine and digestive systems?

automatic nervous system

What type of granulocytes are LEAST common?

basophils

What is an embryo called after 100 cells have been produced following conception?

blastula

keratinohyaline granules

both horny and hyaline, a distinguishing feature of the cells in the granular layer

What is NOT one of the four basic tissues of the body?

cardiac

What is a protein important in stabilizing cell adherence to avoid abnormal spread of cells?

catenin

memory T cells

cells that are programmed to recognize and respond to a pathogen once it has been invaded and repelled

dendritic cell

cells that fix and process cutaneous antigens; they contain large granules called Birbeck granules. Also known as Langerhans cells.

suppressor T cells

cells that inhibit the production of cytotoxic cells once they are no longer needed so they do not cause more damage than necessary

islet of Langerhans cells in the pancreas

cells that make insulin and are responsible for diabetes when they fail to function

neuroglia

cells that provide support and nutrition to the tissues

helper T cells

cells that serve as managers and direct the immune response, they also secrete lymphokines

What statement about charged compounds is correct?

charged compounds tend to interact with proteins in the skin

hypochlorous acid

chlorine bleach, HOCI

Meissner's corpuscles

circular or ovoid structures with a distinct connective tissue capsule that transmit touch, pressure and cold

What is the MOST abundant protein in the body?

collagen

intermediate filaments

complex fibers that help maintain cell shape, but also add strength to cells and hold them together

antibodies

components of the immune system that neutralize antigens

Where are organelles found?

cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

What happens to a cell during apoptosis?

death of the cell

What is a zygote?

diploid cell produced by the fusion of an egg and sperm

neural crest

early nerve tissue in the embyro; the site of origin for melanocytes and a layer of the ectoderm germ layer

mesenchymal tissue

embryonic connective tissue

What cranial nerve is the maxillary nerve a branch of?

fifth

How long should the stratum corneum be allowed to recover between chemical peels?

four weeks

thymidine dinucleotide fragments

fragments produced by damaged DNA, triggering the release of MSH, which can then bind to melanocytes to produce melanin

What are nerve endings in the skin without myelin sheaths?

free nerve terminals

What type cellular bond forms intercellular channels that allow free passage between the cells of ions and small molecules?

gap junctions

What is apoptosis?

genetically determined cell death

polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)

granulocytes

What are the two major types of white cells?

granulocytes and lymphocytes

What to the corpsucles of Ruffini detect?

heat

What are cells that serve as managers and direct the immune response?

helper T cells

What structures bind the basal layer to the basement membrane through different types of proteins?

hemidesmosomes

What is the study of tiny structures found in living tissues?

histology

What two glycosaminoglycans account for most of the proteoglycans?

hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate

What characteristics BEST describe the lipid tail of a phospholipid?

hydrophobic and nonpolar

What is a phospholipid bilayer in living organisms that is impregnated with protein and certain other compounds and that is differentially permeable?

membrane

vacuoles

membrane-bound compartments within some eukaryotic cells that can serve a variety of secretory, excretory and storage function

What are cells that are programmed to recognize and respond to a pathogen once it has invaded and been repelled?

memory T cells

What is the fatty material forming the medullary sheath of nerve fibers?

myelin

What is a layer of the ectoderm germ layer that provides most of the central nervous system?

neural tube

What part of the ectoderm germ layer provides cells to most of the central nervous system?

neural tube

What is the basic unit of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body, a nucleus, dendrites and an axon?

neuron

What type of cells kill infected cells with oxygen in a process called respiratory burst?

neutrophils

heparan sulfate

one of seven glycosaminoglycans that make up the proteoglycans found in the skin

heparin

one of seven glycosaminoglycans that make up the proteoglycans in the skin

desmoplakin

one of the two proteins that make up the plaques in the cell membrane

plakoglobin

one of the two proteins that make up the plaques in the cell membrane

amino acids

organic acids that form the building blocks of proteins. Twenty amino acids are used within the human body; nine of these are essential amino acids and muse be supplied by the diet.

What type of dermal fibers contain ONLY microfibrils?

oxytalan fibers

What type of infections do eosinophils target in the body?

parasitic

acidophilic normoblasts

part of the blood cell line and formed from the polychromatic normoblast, this cell (8 - 20 um in diameter) loses its nucleus at this stage

hemocytoblast

part of the blood cell line, this multipotential cell can form white blood cells, red blood cells, and any other cells in the blood

cutaneous

pertaining to the skin

What do MOST of the clones produced through clonal selection become?

plasma cells

microfilaments

protein strands made of actin, they are responsible for cell movement and cell shape

keratin proteins

proteins that are made in the skin and hair that resist water and frictions

What is the process that uses oxygen in the killing action of neutrophils?

respiratory burst

Which organelle is the protein construction department of the cell?

ribosome

What layer of the epidermis contains the MOST Langerhans cells?

stratum spinosum

lymphotoxins

substances that, when released by cytotoxic or killer T cells, cause cell lysis

glial cells

supportive cells closely associated with neurons

selective permeability

the ability of the plasma membrane to let some substances in and keep others out; permeable to small molecules, usually H2O, O2, and CO2, but not permeable to larger molecules or ions

proteolysis

the act of breaking the desmosomal bounds of connecting proteins

protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity

the action of a complex enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues. There are 91 identified PTK enzymes, which are involved in cellular signaling pathways and regulate key cell functions such as proliferation, differentiation, anti-apoptotic signaling, and neurite outgrowth. Unregulated activation of these enzymes, through mechanisms such as point mutations or overexpression, can lead to various forms of cancer as well as benign proliferative conditions. The imporatance of PTKs in health and disease is further underscored by the existence of aberrations in PTK signaling occurring in inflammatory diseases and diabetes. In short, this is a very important enzyme that activates other enzymes.

cleavage

the early mitotic and cytoplasmic divisions of an embryo

trigeminal nerve

the main sensory nerve of the face; it has three major brances

nuclear membrane

the membrane surrounding the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

neutrophils

the most abundant polymorphonuclear leukocytes; phagocytic white blood cells

gastrula

the name for an embryo during the gastrulation process

G2

the part of interphase after the synthesis of DNA and before the start of nuclear division; also known as Gap 2

G1

the part of interphase that is the time of active metabolism in the cell cycle; also known as Gap 1

cell-mediated immunity

the part of the immune system that destroys viruses using T cells instead of antibodies

blastoderm

the primary epithelium formed in early embryonic development of many arthropods when the nuclei migrate to the periphery and undergo superficial cleavage; usually encloses the central yolk mass

homeostasis

the process of feedback and regulation that keeps the body in a state of equilibrium within its environment.

melanogenesis

the process of making the pigment melanin inside the melanocyte

cell cycle

the regular sequence of events in the life of a cell, during which the cell grows, prepares for division, duplicates its contents, and divides to form two daughter cells

cell wall

the rigid outermost layer of the cells found in plants, some protists (a type of single-cell organism), and most bacteria. Found in plants composed principally of cellulose. Not found in animal cells.

transit time

the time it takes for cells to move through the epidermal stages of growth

end-bulbs Krause

thermoreceptors that detect cold; they are found in the skin; the conjuctiva of the eye, the mucous membranes of the lips and tongue, the penis and clitoris, and the fingertips.

What is a region of actual fusion of cell membranes between two adjacent cells?

tight junction

microtubules

tiny, cylindrical tubes composed of a protein called tubulin; its major function is to separate chromosomes during cellular division

cadherins

transmembrane protein that go from cell to cell and bind to each other

connexins

transmembrane proteins that permit the flow of ions that cause contraction of the heart muscle and strong contraction of the uterus during labor

What is a superoxide?

unstable, reactive single oxygen atom

What are membrane-bound compartments within some eukaryotic cells that can serve a variety of secretory, excretory and storage functions?

vacuoles

What causes tissue to release epidermal growth factor (EGF)?

wound


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