Milestone 2

Beginning at the first trophic level, which of the following answer choices shows the correct food chain order? a.) Mushroom, Snake, Frog, Butterfly, Flower b.) Snake, Flower, Frog, Mushroom, Butterfly c.) Butterfly, Frog, Snake, Mushroom, Flower d.) Flower, Butterfly, Frog, Snake, Mushroom

Flower, Butterfly, Frog, Snake, Mushroom

Which of the following is the main goal of restoration ecology? a.) Determine ways to conserve biodiversity b.) Determine ways to address habitat needs of the species with minimal human involvement c.) Determine ways to restore damaged or destroyed ecosystems. d.) Determine ways photosynthesis interacts with parasites

Determine ways to restore damaged or destroyed ecosystems.

Which of the following statements is true about extinctions? a.) Keystone species rarely become extinct. b.) Extinctions happened at a higher rate in the past. c.) Extinctions can be natural or man-made events. d.) The main cause of extinction is pollution.

Extinctions can be natural or man-made events.

Which of the following is a negative impact of deforestation? a.) Deforestation has led to the preservation of animals and plants on a large scale. b.) Deforestation leads to the potential for infectious disease threats. c.) Forest destruction disrupts rainfall patterns for croplands. d.) Forest lands are cleared so they can sustain more life.

Forest destruction disrupts rainfall patterns for croplands.

Which of the following descriptions corresponds with conservation biology? a.) Consideration of both the living and non-living components of an ecosystem b.) Protection and management of natural resources c.) Has the intention of protecting biodiversity d.) Has the intention of repairing damaged or destroyed ecosystems

Has the intention of protecting biodiversity

Which of the following descriptions corresponds with temperate forest biomes? a.) These are where most of the human population lives. b.) These are near the equator and have tall grasses but few trees. c.) These are hot and humid with much rainfall. d.) These are cold grasslands with little precipitation.

These are where most of the human population lives

Which of the following is an emergent property at the community level of organization? a.) The number of females versus males b.) The exact species that exist c.) Climate and weather patterns d.) Interactions between living organisms and the area's abiotic factors

the exact species that exist

As a camper hikes away from the lake, __________. a.) the temperatures grow colder b.) the chances of precipitation increase c.) the probability of rain decreases d.) the temperature is warmer

the probability of rain decreases

Which of the following is an emergent property at the population level of organization? a.) The interactions between ecosystems b.) The geographical distribution of species in relation to each other c.) The number of communities d.) The relative number of different ages of a species

the relative number of different ages of a species

As a traveler moves closer to the equator, __________. a.) the probability of rain decreases b.) the temperatures grow colder c.) the temperature is warmer d.) the chances of precipitation increase

the temperature is warmer

As a person climbs a mountain, ____________. a.) the temperature is warmer b.) the probability of rain decreases c.) the chances of precipitation increase d.) the temperatures grow colder

the temperatures grow colder

Which of the following characteristics is representative of the logistic population growth model? a.) When extended over time, the graph resembles a "J" shape. b.) Change in birth and death rates determine the slope. c.) This model studies population growth without limiting factors. d.) This model considers limiting factors such as rainfall and food.

this model considers limiting factors such as rainfall and food

An invasive species can ___________. a.) threaten or endanger native species b.) boost ecosystem health and productivity c.) have many natural predators, competitors, parasites or diseases d.) increase agriculture health and botanical gardens

threaten or endanger native species

Which of the following is a renewable resource? a.) Minerals b.) Coal c.) Wood d.) Petroleum

wood

Which of the following characteristics is associated with primary succession? a.) A plant species gets established after overgrazing destroys a previous inhabiting plant species. b.) ​A species establishes itself in a previously unpopulated environment . c.) A plant species starts growing after a fire wipes out an existing plant species. d.) A species establishes itself following an environmental disturbance.

​A species establishes itself in a previously unpopulated environment.

Which of the following statements would be an observation of primary succession? a.) "The weeds have taken over my neighbor's pasture ever since that fire came through." b.) "I can't believe how quickly the shrubs regrew after last summer's tornado." c.) "I've noticed several species of lichen growing on rocks exposed by a melting glacier." d.) "Look at the plants that have regrown on this mountain since the volcanic eruption two decades ago."

"I've noticed several species of lichen growing on rocks exposed by a melting glacier."

Which of the following organisms is a primary consumer? a.) A Masai giraffe b.) An acacia tree c.) An African lion d.) A mound-building termite

A Masai giraffe

On the graph shown here, the carrying capacity for pheasants is less than ___________.The first time the pheasant population reached carrying capacity was in the year __________. a.) 1,600; 1951 b.) 2,000; 1946 c.) 800; 1941 d.) 1,200; 1956

2,000; 1946

On the graph shown here, the carrying capacity for fish is more than ___________.The first time the fish population reached carrying capacity was after __________. a.) 4,000; one month b.) 3,000; four months c.) 2,000; two months d.) 5,000; three months

2,000; two months

On the graph shown here, the carrying capacity for black bears is less than ___________.The first time the black bear population reached carrying capacity was in the year __________. a.) 15; 2000 b.) 5; 1995 c.) 20; 1990 d.) 10; 1985

20; 1990

Which of the following examples relates to non-native species? a.) Oolong beetles bred in the lab cannot reproduce in the wild and have no natural protections against predators or disease. b.) A certain beetle species was released in southern Maine to keep the unwanted loosestrife plant from spreading. c.) The Pacific yew tree that grows along the coast from northern California into Canada has thin, scaly bark that contains a chemical with anti-cancer properties. d.) Birds such as the loa and the kiwi evolved in isolated New Zealand with no natural enemies, so they built nests on the ground and did not fly.

A certain beetle species was released in southern Maine to keep the unwanted loosestrife plant from spreading.

Which of the following activities corresponds to overexploitation? a.) A technology advancement returns unwanted fish to the ocean. b.) New carp are brought in to replace the carp that are harvested from a fish farm. c.) Elk hunting in North America is heavily restricted to protect this species. d.) A fish species is harvested until it becomes extinct.

A fish species is harvested until it becomes extinct.

Which of the following descriptions corresponds with the tundra biome? a.) Most grazing animals live here. b.) A layer of permafrost is here all year. c.) Animals are smaller here and typically nocturnal. d.) There is little to no topsoil and few nutrients here.

A layer of permafrost is here all year

Which of the following organisms is a decomposer? a.) A copperhead snake b.) A phytoplankton c.) A Bengal tiger d.) A shiitake mushroom

A shiitake mushroom

Which of the following organisms is a producer? a.) An earthworm b.) A leopard seal c.) A willow tree d.) A jackrabbit

A willow tree

Beginning at the first trophic level, which of the following answer choices shows the correct food chain order? a.) Algae, Shrimp, Fish, Seal, Bacteria b.) Fish, Seal, Algae, Shrimp, Bacteria c.) Bacteria, Seal, Fish, Shrimp, Algae d.) Shrimp, Fish, Seal, Bacteria, Algae

Algae, Shrimp, Fish, Seal, Bacteria

How is carbon cycled between plants and animals? a.) Plants use oxygen combined with sugar, to create water and carbon in order to grow. b.) An animal eats a plant, then absorbs and exhales the carbon, which is then absorbed by other plants during photosynthesis. c.) Plants release carbon in the form of a gas called carbon dioxide. d.) Dying organisms consume oil and coal.

An animal eats a plant, then absorbs and exhales the carbon, which is then absorbed by other plants during photosynthesis.

Species can be valued for their ecosystem services or intrinsic value. Which of the following statements values species for their intrinsic value? a.) Willow trees should be conserved as they provide shade. b.) Rainforests must be protected because we can make medicines from the plants. c.) An elephant has the right to exist in its natural habitat. d.) Water birds are lovely and are often the subject of beautiful paintings.

An elephant has the right to exist in its natural habitat.

Which of these is a process in the carbon cycle? a.) Microorganisms take carbon from the atmosphere and convert it into usable forms. b.) Animals eat plants and receive carbon as sugars and other compounds. c.) Carbon enters the atmosphere through transpiration of plants. d.) When fossil fuels are burned, they absorb carbon from the atmosphere.

Animals eat plants and receive carbon as sugars and other compounds.

A new housing development was built at the end of a newly constructed highway. Forests with a population of black bears surrounded both sides of the new development. Select the most likely outcome of this habitat fragmentation on the local bear population. a.) Bears may be restricted from food access and breeding opportunities. b.) The bear population may move deeper into the forest. c.) The bears may break into two separate populations. d.) The bears may be captured and relocated to ensure their survival.

Bears may be restricted from food access and breeding opportunities.

Species can be valued for their ecosystem services or intrinsic value. Which of the following statements values species for their intrinsic value? a.) Tropical shrubs and trees that grow on shorelines can protect houses from the destruction of hurricanes. b.) Trees should be protected because chemicals found in certain trees may be able to treat cancer. c.) Planting trees in rows creates a windbreak, which can reduce heating costs for homes in the wintertime. d.) Both flowers and weeds have the right to grow, despite their appearances.

Both flowers and weeds have the right to grow, despite their appearances.

How does carbon move throughout the environment? a.) Plants use oxygen from the atmosphere to produce glucose. b.) All living things are made of hydrogen compounds, which can be recycled. c.) Carbon is captured by plants using photosynthesis, absorbed by animals and released through cellular respiration. d.) All energy comes from the process of fixation, in which plants capture light from the sun.

Carbon is captured by plants using photosynthesis, absorbed by animals and released through cellular respiration.

Species can be valued for their ecosystem services or intrinsic value. Which of the following statements values species for their intrinsic value? a.) An elementary school class takes a field trip to a pond to study its frog population. b.) Paula volunteered to help plant trees in her city to help regulate air quality. c.) Chickens should not have to live their lives trapped in a cage. d.) Alberto uses alpaca wool to knit sweaters because customers demand its quality.

Chickens should not have to live their lives trapped in a cage.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the transfer of energy in an ecosystem? a.) Energy is recycled repeatedly by organisms in an ecosystem. b.) Energy is transferred from producers to consumers in one direction. c.) Compared to large animals, small animals receive less of the available energy. d.) The organisms at the top of the energy pyramid receive more energy than those at the bottom.

Energy is transferred from producers to consumers in one direction.

In an energy pyramid, which way does energy transfer? a.) Energy transfers from bottom to top and increases at each level. b.) Energy transfers from bottom to top and decreases at each level. c.) Energy transfers from top to bottom and increases at each level. d.) Energy transfers from top to bottom and decreases at each level.

Energy transfers from bottom to top and decreases at each level.

Which of the following is an effort to lessen the negative impacts of deforestation? a.) Deregulation of logging practices b.) Establish nature preserves c.) Fewer educational programs d.) Cutting trees

Establish nature preserves

Which of the following environmental events is a result of an invasive species? a.) The health and productivity of an ecosystem are improved. b.) Humans can be exposed to unknown pathogens. c.) Biodiversity increases. d.) Native species thrive or are reinstated.

Humans can be exposed to unknown pathogens.

Which of the following statements relates most strongly to restoration ecology? a.) It focuses on managing, conserving and protecting water, land, plants and animals. b.) it strives to maintain the biological diversity of species, communities and ecosystems. c.) It studies the interactions of multiple species in a given area at a given time. d.) It concentrates on ways to initiate and hasten the recovery of an ecosystem.

It concentrates on ways to initiate and hasten the recovery of an ecosystem.

Which of the following examples corresponds with native species? a.) Chickens were domesticated in Southeast Asia around 5,400 BC; they were first brought to the Americas around 3,300 years ago. b.) Originally from Japan, Kudzu was introduced to the U.S. as a fast-growing vine to curb soil erosion; it has spread across the South and covers about 150,000 acres each year. c.) Many birds in New Zealand evolved to have very small or completely useless wings; they had no need to fly because there were no mammals to prey on them. d.) Asian carp were brought to the U.S. to eat excess algae from ponds but found their way into rivers; the fish eat plankton, the diet of many smaller fish, and can grow to be 100 pounds.

Many birds in New Zealand evolved to have very small or completely useless wings; they had no need to fly because there were no mammals to prey on them.

Beginning at the first trophic level, which of the following answer choices shows the correct food chain order? a.) Cricket, Lizard, Fox, Fungi, Maple Leaf b.) Fox, Cricket, Maple leaf, Lizard, Fungi c.) Maple leaf, Cricket, Lizard, Fox, Fungi d.) Fungi, Fox, Lizard, Cricket, Maple Leaf

Maple leaf, Cricket, Lizard, Fox, Fungi

Which of the following characteristics is associated with secondary succession? a.) New saplings of lodgepole pine begin to grow on land scarred by a recent fire. b.) Algae and fungus start to grow on bare rock. c.) Foliage begins to grow on new land created by cooled lava. d.) Moss quickly establishes itself on land recently exposed by glacial retreat.

New saplings of lodgepole pine begin to grow on land scarred by a recent fire.

__________, which is an essential biological compound found in DNA and amino acids that make up proteins, occurs in the atmosphere in an unusable form. This element must undergo the process of __________, which is facilitated by bacteria in the roots of plants. a.) Hydrogen; transpiration b.) Hydrogen; photosynthesis c.) Nitrogen; fixation d.) Nitrogen; transpiration

Nitrogen; fixation

__________ is an atmospheric gas that is an important biological compound, but it must be fixed to be usable by life forms. Microorganisms that can do this are housed in the __________ of certain plants, such as clover and peanuts. a.) Carbon dioxide; leaves b.) Nitrogen; stems c.) Carbon dioxide; seeds d.) Nitrogen; roots

Nitrogen; roots

Which of the following sentences does NOT describe overexploitation? a.) Some types of turtles are collected and sold as pets faster than they are able to reproduce. b.) The sustainable annual limit for tuna is 7,500 tons; the fishing industry harvests 60,000 tons. c.) If current logging rates continue, all of the world's rainforests will be gone in 100 years. d.) Rosemary is harvested by the ton in Morocco; once cut, rosemary grows back twice as lush.

Rosemary is harvested by the ton in Morocco; once cut, rosemary grows back twice as lush.

Which of the following statements is considered a challenge to protecting endangered species? a.) Scientist focus on one species and not the entire ecosystem. b.) The animal's habitat may be unknown. c.) Legislation does not exist in the United States to protect species identified as endangered. d.) Overemphasis on endangered ecosystems.

Scientist focus on one species and not the entire ecosystem.

Which of the following is an example of symbiosis? a.) In a forest, taller trees get more sunlight; shorter trees get less sunlight because the taller ones block the sun's rays. b.) A gecko walks straight up a wall because its bulbous toes are covered with hundreds of microscopic hairs that create a physical bond with the surface. c.) With its exceptional eyesight, an osprey can see a fish moving in a shallow lake and easily pluck it from the water with its sharp talons. d.) Sea anemones attach themselves to the shells of hermit crabs and drive off octopuses with their barbed tentacles in exchange for a free ride.

Sea anemones attach themselves to the shells of hermit crabs and drive off octopuses with their barbed tentacles in exchange for a free ride.

The construction of a dam has severed the upstream portion of a river from the downstream portion. Choose the most likely outcome of this habitat fragmentation. a.) New fish species may repopulate both sides of the river. b.) Some fish species may become extinct. c.) Species that live along the river banks may relocate. d.) Fish may find a way to cross from one habitat to another.

Some fish species may become extinct.

A large section of tropical rainforest is cleared to build roads for mining. Select the least likely outcome of this habitat fragmentation from the options below. a.) Species that require open grazing areas may not survive. b.) Subpopulations of species may emerge. c.) The environment on the habitat edges will support different plants and animals. d.) Species will quickly adapt and re-populate the area.

Species will quickly adapt and re-populate the area.

Which of the following statements is true about endangered species policy in the United States? a.) The Endangered Species Act places restrictions on activities that may threaten a listed species' habitat. b.) Restrictions on human activities are only enforced by local governments. c.) The private sector is exempt from observing federal regulations regarding threatened or endangered species. d.) Endangered species are defined as plant and animal species that have been removed from their habitat.

The Endangered Species Act places restrictions on activities that may threaten a listed species' habitat.

Which of the following Earth systems includes photosynthesis? a.) The energy production and cycle b.) The movement of energy through ecosystems c.) The geologic cycle d.) The atmospheric system

The energy production and cycle

Choose a likely result of an invasive species being introduced into an area. a.) The invasive species may encounter predators, competition or disease. b.) The health and productivity of the ecosystem may be reduced. c.) Reproduction rates for native species may increase. d.) The balance of a particular ecosystem may be altered in a positive way.

The health and productivity of the ecosystem may be reduced.

Which of the following is an emergent property at the ecosystem level of organization? a.) The differences between organisms within a species b.) The types of ecosystems c.) The interactions between communities d.) The relative abundance of species

The interactions between communities

Which of the following activities would be an example of overexploitation? a.) A forest's best trees are left standing until younger, healthy trees begin to grow beneath them. b.) The only parrot native to the eastern U.S. was hunted to extinction for its feathers. c.) A group of hunters kill several deer in a forest with an abundant deer population. d.) A hundred acres of corn is fully harvested.

The only parrot native to the eastern U.S. was hunted to extinction for its feathers.

Which of the following characteristics is representative of the exponential population growth model? a.) This growth model may not always be realistic. b.) This growth model produces an S-shaped line. c.) This growth model takes into account limited resources. d.) This growth model notes the population size that an ecosystem can sustainably support.

This growth model may not always be realistic.

Which of the following descriptions corresponds with the taiga biome? a.) This is an area with the lowest temperatures of all the biomes. b.) This is an area that receives the most precipitation. c.) This is an area with tall grasses, but few trees. d.) This is an area where many animals hibernate.

This is an area where many animals hibernate.

When does a non-native species become invasive? a.) When they occupy specific habitats in their original environment and have natural predators b.) When they are outside of their original environment and adversely affect habitats c.) When they have mutually beneficial interactions with other species d.) When they have been introduced deliberately or accidentally into a new environment

When they are outside of their original environment and adversely affect habitats

Which of the following is an example of competition? a.) A red fox and a bull snake both try to eat a mouse. b.) A red-bill oxpecker eats flies off the back of a zebra. c.) A Siberian tiger hunts for salmon in the river. d.) A tapeworm lives in the human digestive tract.

a red fox and a bull snake both try to eat a mouse

One example of an earth system is the __________, which includes climate and weather. a.) energy production and cycle b.) atmospheric system c.) movement of energy through ecosystems d.) geologic cycle

atmospheric system

One example is the geologic system, which includes __________. a.) photosynthesis b.) food chains and food webs c.) climate and water systems d.) carbon, water and nitrogen cycles

carbon, water, and nitrogen cycles

Animals get nitrogen from eating plants and use it to build DNA, proteins and muscle. Animals pass nitrogen on through __________. When an animal dies, bacteria break down the nitrogen into a form that __________ can consume. a.) urination; plants b.) defecation; fungi c.) urination; protozoans d.) defecation; insects

defecation; fungi

Which of the following characteristics is representative of the exponential population growth model? a.) Limited by carrying capacity b.) Reflects realistic limits c.) Demonstrates growth potential d.) Restricted by number of resources

demonstrates growth potential

Which of the following is a nonrenewable resource? a.) Wood b.) Water c.) Fossil fuels d.) Animals

fossil fuels

Which of the following is an example of predation? a.) Two species of barnacles vie for living space on a rocky shore. b.) The bat-eared fox develops extra teeth and oversized ears. c.) Hyenas chase and kill a small gazelle. d.) Algae lives on a crab's back and its color camouflages the crab.

hyenas chase and kill a small gazelle

A negative impact of deforestation includes __________. a.) increased atmospheric CO2 levels b.) greater biodiversity c.) additional precipitation d.) heightened ultraviolet radiation

increased atmospheric CO2 levels

Each trophic level captures only about 10% of the level that precedes it, while the rest is __________. a.) more efficient to consume organisms at higher trophic levels b.) lost as metabolic heat due to inefficiencies of energy c.) biologically unusable energy (sugars) that is not passed on d.) gained as metabolic heat due to efficiencies of energy

lost as metabolic heat due to inefficiencies of energy

Which of the following is a nonrenewable resource? a.) Natural gas b.) Wind c.) Sunlight d.) Ethanol

natural gas