Mindtap - Ch5

Primary master ____ Primary slave ____ Secondary master ____ Secondary slave ____

(/dev/hda) (/dev/hdb) (/dev/hdc) (/dev/hdd)

Using which parameter of the fsck command can you check the mounted file systems? -y -a -B -M -k

-M

Which parameter of the quotacheck command checks for locally mounted filesystems that have quota enabled? -g -u -a -c

-a

Which two parameters should you use with fsck to auto repair errors if they are detected? [Choose two.] -a -y -k -b -m

-a -y

Which parameter should you use to list the device size in bytes with the lsblk command? -e -b -a -l

-b

Which parameter of quotacheck command creates the quota files for each filesystem that has quota enabled? -g -k -u -c

-c

Which parameter of the lsblk command will list only the main devices, not the slave devices? -b -m -a -e -d

-d

Which parameter of the quotacheck command checks for the group quota? -g -a -c -u

-g

As with the df command, the du command also accepts the ______ option to make the view more human readable

-h

To view only a summary of the total size of a directory, use the ____ switch to the du command

-s

Which parameter of the quotacheck command creates the quota files for a user quota? -c -u -g -k

-u

To view the current partitions mounted, which command should you use? mount -a mount -d mount -v mount -t

-v Verbose mode is an option available in many computer operating systems and programming languages that provides additional details as to what the computer is doing and what drivers and software it is loading during startup or in programming it would produce detailed output for diagnostic purposes

you can use the find ____________command to search for regular files under the /dev directory to identify whether corruption has taken place.

/dev -type f

The _______ file lists the partitions that will be detected at the boot time. It also defines which filesystem is mounted as the root partition (/). /etc/hosts /etc/fstab /etc/ssh/ssh_config /etc/swap

/etc/fstab

You can use view the ______ file to view the hard drive details. /etc/fstab /proc/mounts /etc/hosts /proc/partitions

/proc/partitions

When using the gdisk command, what is the default GUID used?

8300

blkid

Displays or modifies block id attributes of disks

After a partition on a hard disk is formatted with a filesystem, all partitions on that hard disk drive must use the same filesystem. True or False?

False

fsck

File system consistency check and repair

LVM

Logical Volume Manager

____________are the usable volumes that are created by the LVM from the available storage space within a VG. LVs contain a filesystem and are mounted to a directory in the Linux filesystem hierarchy. In addition, LVs can be resized easily by the LVM to use more or less storage space.

Logical Volumes (LVs)

__________ are unused partitions on hard disks that the LVM can use to store information.

Physical Volumes (PVs)

The LVM consists of several different components. State them.

Physical Volumes (PVs) Volume Groups (VGs) Logical Volumes (LVs)

Major number

Points to the device driver for the device in the linux kernel

partprobe

Request that the operating system re-read the partition table. The operating system kernel reads the partition table and recognizes the table changes.

________ are disk quotas that the user can exceed for a certain period of time with warnings (seven days by default)

Soft limits

GPT

The GUID Partition Table is a standard for the layout of partition tables of a physical computer storage device, such as a hard disk drive or solid-state drive, using universally unique identifiers, which are also known as globally unique identifiers

physical extent (PE) size

The block size used by the LVM when storing data on a volume group.

root filesystem

The filesystem that contains most files that make up the operating system; it should have enough free space to prevent errors and slow performance.

Minor number

The number used by the kernel to identify which specific hardware device, within a given category, to use a driver to communicate with; see also major number.

Block devices

The storage devices that transfer data to and from the system in chunks of many data bits by caching the information in RAM; they are represented by block device files.

Character devices

The storage devices that transfer data to and from the system one data bit at a time; they are represented by character device files.

swapon

To activate a swap space that has been initialized, you can execute:

mkswap

Turns a file system into swap. This is done after creating a new swap partition

How many partitions does GPT allow you to create on a disk?

Unlimited

mkisofs

Used to create an ISO image from one or more files on the file system.

parted command

Used to create and modify MBR and GPT partitions.

lsub command

Used to display USB devices that are attached to the system, such as a USB flash memory drive.

lsblk command

Used to display storage device information including type, size, major number, minor number, and mount point.

fatlabel command

Used to set a description label on a FAT filesystem.

e2label command

Used to set a description label on an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem.

xfs_admin command

Used to view and configure parameters for an XFS filesystem, including the description label.

____________ contain one or more PVs. They represent the pools of hard disk storage space that are available to the LVM for creating logical volumes. Additional PVs can easily be added to a VG after creation.

Volume Groups (VGs)

lost+found directory

a construct used by fsck when there is damage to the filesystem (not to the hardware device, but to the fs). Files that would normally be lost because of directory corruption would be linked in that filesystem's lost+found directory by inode number.

Virtual File System / pseudo filesystems

a special filesystem that is used by the linux kernel for operating system use only; /sys, /dev, /run. and /proc are examples of virtual filesystems

What does the command dumpe2fs -h do? a. backs up an ext2 filesystem b. displays the number of used and available inodes for an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem c. dumps an ext2 filesystem d. nothing; it is not a valid command

b

You want to see the filesystems that are in use on the system. What command could you use? (Choose all that apply.) a. cat /etc/fstab b. df -T c. cat /etc/mtab d. ls /sys/block

b c

Some areas of the hard disk platter might become unusable if they cannot hold a magnetic charge; these areas are known as _______

bad blocks

Which command should you use to find the UID of a filesystem? umount ll mount blkid

blkid

Given the following output from /etc/fstab, which filesystems will be automatically checked on boot by the fsck command?/dev/sda1 / ext4 defaults 1 1none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 1 0none /proc proc defaults 0 1none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 1 0/dev/sdc2 swap swap defaults 0 1/dev/dvd /media/dvd iso9660 noauto,ro 0 0 a. none, as fsck must be run manually for each filesystem b. /, /dev/pts, and /dev/shm c. /, /proc, and swap d. all of them, as fsck is run automatically at boot for all filesystems

c

What must you do to successfully run the fsck command on a filesystem? a. Run the fsck command with the -u option to automatically unmount the filesystem first. b. Choose yes when warned that running fsck on a mounted filesystem can cause damage. c. Unmount the filesystem. d. Ensure that the filesystem is mounted.

c

You want to see the filesystems that are in use on the system. What command could you use? (Choose all that apply.) cat /etc/fstab df -T cat /etc/mtab ls /sys/block

cat /etc/mtab

mkfs (make filesystem)

command is used to format a disk device with a filesystem.

lvextend

command is used to increase the size of an LV, e.g. to use space extended onto an existing VG

A series consisting of the same concentric track on all of the metal platters inside a hard disk drive is known as a _____

cylinder

What does the du -s /var command do? a. shows the users connected to the /var directory b. shows the size of all directories within the /var directory c. dumps the /var directory d. displays the total size of the /var directory

d

Which command is used to display the amount of free space that exists on a filesystem? a. fsck b. quota c. du d. df

d

The _______ command displays the information about the mounted filesystems. df blkid ln umount

df

After issuing the fsck -M /dev/sda1 command, which command should generate the output as 0 or 1?

echo $?

/etc/fstab (filesystem table)

file is used to mount devices at boot time and it is also consulted when users do not specify enough arguments with the mount command

Creating a filesystem on a device is commonly referred to as

formatting

To check a filesystem for errors, you can use the __________, which can check filesystems of many different types.

fsck (filesystem check) command

_______ are rigid quotas that the user cannot exceed.

hard limits

The dump# is used by the dump command when backing up filesystems; a 1 ______________, whereas a 0 indicates _________________.

indicates that the filesystem should be backed up ; that no backup is necessary

The________ utility is meant to list the SCSI devices on a system

lsscsi

the ___________ can be used to re-create the device file if you know the type and major and minor numbers.

mknod command

The /etc/fstab file has a dual purpose; it is used to ____________ and is consulted when a__________________ on the command line when using the mount command.

mount devices at boot time ; user does not specify enough arguments

df command

report file system disk space usage, only views mounted filesystems

The _______ utility is meant to print the drive information

smartctl

To easily associate filesystem UUIDs and labels with their device files, the udev daemon creates _________for each UUID and label under the /dev/disk subdirectory that point to the correct device file

symbolic links

mount point

the directory in a file structure to which something is mounted

Data is read off hard disks in concentric circles called ________ each divided into __________ of information, and are combined into more usable __________ of data.

tracks ; sectors; blocks

sudo parted /dev/sda u s p

u - An abbreviation for Unit command. s - Refers to the unit Sector, this can be interchanged with the following: B, KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB, kB, MB, GB, TB, %, cyl, chs, compact. p - An abbreviation for Print command.

/sys/block directory

view the block devices on the system

gdisk

A Linux partition management utility for partitions in the Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) Partition Table (GPT) format.

du (directory usage) command

A command that displays directory usage.

df (disk free space) command

A command that displays disk free space by filesystem.

vgextend command

A command used to add additional physical volumes to an LVM volume group.

pvcreate command

A command used to create LVM physical volumes.

vgcreate command

A command used to create LVM volume groups.

fdisk command

A command used to create, delete, and manipulate partitions on hard disks.

fuser command

A command used to identify any users or processes using a particular file or directory.

tune2fs command

A command used to modify ext2 and ext3 filesystem parameters.

cfdisk command

A command used to partition hard disks; it displays a graphical interface in which the user can select partitioning options.

lvscan command

A command used to view LVM logical volumes.

pvdisplay command

A command used to view LVM physical volumes.

pvscan command

A command used to view LVM physical volumes.

vgscan command

A command used to view LVM volume groups.

/proc/devices file

A file that contains currently used device information.

/etc/mtab (mount table)

A file that stores a list of currently mounted filesystems.

device file

A file used by Linux commands that represents a specific device on the system; these files do not have a data section and use major and minor numbers to reference the proper driver and specific device on the system, respectively.

disk quota

A limit on the amount of disk space that an individual or group may use.

btrfs

A newer "copy on write" type of file system

mounting

A process used to associate a device with a directory in the logical directory tree such that users can store data on that device.

udev daemon

A system process used to manage device files for block and character devices. Responsible for automatically creating device files as necessary.

Universally Unique Identifier (UUID)

A unique identifier given to a filesystem or GPT partition when it is created; it can be used to identify that filesystem or GPT partition afterwards.