Minerals

When dietary levels decline, the stored iron can be released and used by the body. Absorption is dependent on several factors including:

(1) the type of iron (2) the body's specific need for iron (3) an individual's diet.

While foods supply many minerals, the body's ability to absorb them is dependent on many factors. one of them is ___

Bioavailability

Phosphorus deficiency is __ and its high in ___

Rare; Bioavaialibility

Bioavailability is the degree which a nutrient is ____ and ___ for use by the body

absorbed and available

Deficiency symptoms include of zinc include:

acne-like rash, diarrhea, hair loss, and a reduced sense of taste (hypogeusia) and smell (hyposmia). In children and adolescents, impaired sexual development, delayed growth, and learning disabilities occur.

What is magnesium (Mg)?

located throughout the body, though greater than 60% is found in bone. Magnesium is also a key component in the production of ATP, DNA, and RNA. It is also necessary for hundreds of enzymatic reactions.

What is the recommended daily intake of potassium and how much do Americans consume?

the majority of the population consume 2000-3000 mg daily, while current recommendations are 3500 mg daily.

Excess amount of fluoride can cause mottling which is the ... Mottling occurs during tooth development and, for this reason, children are encouraged not to swallow toothpaste.

the presence of white or yellow spots on the teeth.

What are trace minerals (Microminerals)?

(found only 40 years ago) Trace minerals are needed in miniscule amounts to protect against deficiencies and disease. Iron and iodide are two of the most recognized trace minerals, but zinc, selenium, copper, fluoride, chromium, manganese, and molybdenum also belong to this group of minerals.

What are ways bioavailability can be affected?

1) Mineral source 2) Fiber-mineral interaction 3) mineral-mineral interaction 4) Vitamin-mineral interacton

What are the major minerals?

1) Sodium (NaCl) 2) Potassium (K) 3) Chloride (Cl) 4) Calcium (Ca) 5) phosphorus (P) 6) Magnesium (Mg)

What are the trace minerals?

1) iron 2) zinc 3) iodide 4) selenium 5) copper 6) manganese 7) fluoride 8) chromium

Minerals can be found in plant and animal foods and are divided into two groups :

1) major minerals 2) trace minerals

Major minerals are required in amounts greater than ___ milligrams daily in our diet

100

Trace minerals are required in amounts less than __ milligrams daily

100

What is the recommended daily intake of phosphorus?

1000 mgs (average person consumes 1000-1600 mgs)

What is the recommended daily consumption of Calcium?

1000mg to 1200mg If an individual is not able to meet their needs through the diet, supplements can be used. Taking 500 mg of calcium carbonate or calcium citrate twice a day will help to supplement your intake.

Where is copper absorbed and found?

Absormed: in the stomach and small intestines Found in liver

As the iron stores are diminished, the capability for manufacturing red blood cells declines, and an iron deficiency known as ___ develops.

Anemia

what are 3 hormones responsible for controlling blood calcium levels?

Calcitriol, PTH, and calcitonin

What is chloride (Cl) ?

Chloride is important for extracellular fluid control, immune function, and as a component of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

What are the currently guidelines for sodium daily limit? how much do most americans consume daily?

Current guidelines recommend limiting sodium intake to 2300 mg (1 teaspoon) daily. The 2010 Dietary Guidelines have suggested restricting it further to 1500 mg. Most Americans consume 2300-4700 mg of sodium daily.

Following the _____diet is a method that naturally decreases sodium consumption and lowers high blood pressure. This diet includes a high consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products.

DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension)

___ can also have a negative effect on iron absorption. ___ ____ intake or ___ (a disorder characterized by the persistent eating of non-nutritional substances such as dirt, hair, paint, ice, etc.) both adversely affects absorption. ____ supplements can also interfere with iron absorption and should be taken between meals to counter this interaction.

Diet; High fiber; Pica; Zinc

Through a blood draw a physician can also determine the percentage of red blood cells in the blood, which is referred to as the _____

Hematocrit

Hemeiron vs nonheme iron

Heme iron is found in animal flesh (muscle cells) in the form of hemoglobin or myoglobin and is easily absorbed. Nonheme iron is defined as elemental iron that can be added to grain products and is found in vegetables, milk, eggs, and other plant products. and is not easily absorbed by body.

____is a genetic condition that leads to increased iron absorption.

Hemochromatosis

iron is part of the ___ in red blood cells. One of the major functions of red blood cells is to transport oxygen from the ____ to the ___while also transporting ___ ____from the cells to the lungs. When dietary intake of iron falls, the body converts the stored __ for use.

Hemoglobin; Lungs to the cells; Carbon Dioxide from the cells; Iron

What is fiber-mineral interactions and why can bioavaiblility be affected by it?

High-fiber diets can lower the absorption of iron, zinc, and other minerals. Phytic acid (phytate) in grain fiber binds to minerals and interferes with absorption.

What happens to those with hemochromatosis and what are some treatments?

Iron will build up to dangerous amounts in the heart, muscles, and pancreas leading to organ damage. Hemochromatosis is considered fairly rare, but a simple blood test done in your 20s can determine your risk Treatment includes frequent blood donation to thin the red blood cells and avoidance of iron rich foods.

Where can iron be stored?

It can be stored as part of the hemoglobin molecular of red blood cells, bone marrow, and other cell.

What is iron?

It is extremely important mineral, but it continues to be deficient in individuals around the world. Absorption of this mineral is necessary in preventing deficiencies as well as toxicity.

Where can phosphorus be found?

Meat, cheese, milk, and grains provide most of phosphorus in the diet. In addition, phosphorus is used as a food additive in many baked goods, processed foods, fast foods, and soft drinks.

What is mineral source and why can bioavaiablity be affected by it

Minerals from animal products are better absorbed than from plants. Oxalic acid is found in dark green leafy vegetables and can decrease the absorption of certain minerals. Plant sources, such as grains, may also lose minerals during the refining process.

what is mineral-mineral interaction and why can bioavaiability be affected by it?

Minerals such as magnesium, iron, copper, and calcium are similar in size and have the same charge. As such, an excess in one mineral will result in decreased absorption of another mineral as they compete for absorption. For example, a calcium supplement and iron supplement should never be taken together.

where is magnesium found?

Plant products are rich sources of magnesium. Animal products like milk and meat also provide some magnesium

In a _____ _____ lack of iodide early in the pregnancy can have negative consequences for the developing fetus. Stunted growth and poor mental development are often the outcomes, a condition known as _____.

Pregnant Woman; cretinism.

what is vitamin-mineral interaction and how can bioavailability by affected by it?

Unlike the above interactions, the vitamin-mineral interaction is necessary for nutrient absorption and metabolism. For example, iron absorption increases when consumed with a good source of vitamin C. Calcium absorption is dependent on the availability of active vitamin D. However, mineral supplements should be used with caution. Intakes greater than 100% of the Daily Value should only be taken under a physician's supervision as they could become toxic.

What are good sources of potassium?

Unprocessed foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products

what are some sources of calcium?

While dairy products are most often thought of as the primary sources of calcium, dark green leafy vegetables, tofu, bones from salmon and sardines, and fortified foods are also good sources.

During the___ ____ _, it was noted that certain regions of the country had an increased incidence of goiter. Soil samples indicated only low amounts of iodide were present in the soil of these areas. The result was a mandatory fortification program in which iodide was added to salt. Because of this, a deficiency in North America is rare.

World War I

While a zinc deficiency is rare in North America in healthy individuals, these individuals may be at risk:

alcoholics, vegans, poor children, and the elderly may be at risk. A simple blood test can measure one's zinc levels, and supplementation will correct the deficiency.

where can Zinc resources be found?

animal sources, such as beef, milk, and poultry. Whole grains, peanuts, legumes, and fortified breakfast cereals are also good sources.

In addition to the life stages, there may be other causes of an iron deficiency:

bleeding ulcers, colon cancer, or hemorrhoids can also cause a loss of blood and depleted iron stores.

what are some other functions of calcium?

calcium also plays a role in muscle contractions. Tetany occurs when calcium levels fall too low—the muscles cannot relax after contracting and involuntary twitching occurs.

where can chloride be found?

can be found in some fruits and vegetables, while the largest source is table salt (NaCl). Like sodium, it contributes to an increased blood pressure and is over consumed in a typical diet.

Zinc deficiency was first diagnosed in Middle Eastern countries that rely on ___ ____and ___ as their primary source of calories. In the early 1970s, a deficiency was found in hospitalized patients who were being fed only intravenously.

cereal grains and plants

Consumption of excess Zinc will interfere with...

copper absorption leading to a deficiency.

deficiency of chromium may lead to ...

elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

What is chromium (Cr)

enhances the transport of glucose across cells by aiding insulin function. it may also be involved in cholesterol synthesis

What are some factors that can enhance or inhibit calcium absorption?

enhances: Blood levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), the presence of glucose and lactose in the diet, infancy, and pregnancy Inhibits: Large amounts of phytic acid in grains, excess amounts of phosphorus in the diet, vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, and old age

What is a goiter?

enlargement of the thyroid gland As the thyroid swells over time, it can exert pressure on the trachea making it difficult to breath. Although iodide can prevent goiter formation, it has no effect on the goiter once it is formed. Surgery may be necessary to remove it.

In addition to being a component of red blood cells, iron is also important as a component of ____ related to both ___and ____health.

enzymes; immune and bone

What is selenium (Se)?

important as an antioxidant and contributes to thyroid hormone metabolism.Research on its effects to protect against cancer is ongoing.

What is copper (Cu)?

important in the metabolism of iron, as a cofactor for antioxidants, connective tissue proteins, blood clotting, and immune functions.

In addition to salt, iodide is found in:

in saltwater fish, seafood, dairy, and grain products.

what are sources of chromium?

include egg yolks, nuts, organ, and other meats. Plant sources of chromium are again dependent upon the soil content Supplements are not advised as toxic levels can lead to liver damage and lung cancer.

who are at risk for Copper deficiency?

infants who are on milk-based diet rather than formula, premature infants, and someone who has had intestinal surgery

certain populations are at a higher risk of developing iron deficiency anemia:

infants,preschoolers, and the teenagers as the deficiency is related to periods of rapid growth. Pregnancy also causes an increased demand for iron, and there is a loss of iron in menstruation Vegetarians also may require a supplement due to the lack of heme iron in their diet.

Minerals are ____ elements involved in ___ ____ and ____

inorganic Body structure and regulation

The __ __ of an individual is the second major factor that influences absorption. A person who is iron deficient will have ____ absorption compared to an individual that has adequate iron stores. In times of growth and pregnancy the body also naturally absorbs more iron.

iron status; increased

What occurs in Magnesium deficiency?

irregular heartbeats, weakness, muscle pain, and seizures.

What is flouride?

it inhibits bacterial activity in the mouth and prevents tooth decay. It also strengthens the structure of bone and teeth and is important in the synthesis of tooth enamel

what are symptom's of copper deficiency?

low white cell count, poor growth, bone loss, and anemia.

What is sodium (NaCl)?

most commonly known as table salt, is important for fluid balance and nerve impulse transmission. The human body absorbs almost all the sodium ingested.

what happens with potassium deficiency?

muscle cramps, confusion, and cardiac arrhythmias.

Although deficiency of selenium is rare, symptoms include: Choosing a wide variety of foods prevents a deficiency from occurring.

muscle pain, muscle wasting, and a specific form of heart disease.

What is calcium (Ca)?

necessary for teeth and bone structure, blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission, and muscle contraction.. Most of calcium in the body is in the bones and teeth. Calcium is absorbed in the upper small intestine and is dependent on the acidic environment in the GI tract and vitamin D for absorption.

what is phosphorus (P)?

ocated primarily in the bone (85% of the body's phosphorus) and is found in numerous food sources. Like calcium, phosphorus is important for bone structure and is also a component of ATP, DNA, RNA, and phospholipids

toxicity of magnesium can be found in individuals who ..

overuse antacids, supplements, and laxatives.

Clinical symptoms of anemia include: When anemia is suspected, physicians can draw blood and measure the amount of ____

pale skin, poor temperature regulation, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Hemoglobin

What is Zinc (Zn)?

primarily (> 90%) found in the muscle and bones. Zinc is important to many body functions: DNA synthesis, as a cofactor for enzymes, wound healing, bone and sexual organ maturation, prevention of cell oxidation, and growth. Like iron, the source of zinc can influence the absorption

What is iodide (I)?

required to promote growth and development, to regulate metabolism, and for thyroid hormone synthesis.

What is potassium (K)?

responsible for fluid control operating inside the cells, nerve impulse transmission, and muscle contractions.

What foods is copper found?

seafood, legumes, nuts, dried fruits, cocoa, and whole grains

Where can selenium be found?

soil, meats, milk, eggs, brazil nuts

Studies suggest low chromium intake may lead to the development of ..

type 2 diabetes.

How can nonheme irone absorption be enhanced?

when combined with a source of heme iron. Absorption of nonheme iron can also be improved when combined with a good source of vitamin C.