MIS: Final Exam - Ch 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20
A process-improvement approach (useful for but not limited to software engineering projects) that can assist in assessing the maturity, quality, and development of certain organizational business processes, and suggest steps for their improvement.
Capability maturity model integration (CMMI)
An organization is said to be _____ if its systems operate within required legal constraints, and industry and organizational obligations.
Compliant
The physical components of information technology, which can include the computer itself plus peripherals such as storage devices, input devices like the mouse and keyboard, output devices like monitors and printers, networking equipment, and so on.
Computer Hardware
_____ is the term used to represent the physical components of information technology.
Computer hardware
Systems used to support customer-related sales and marketing activities.
Customer relationship management (CRM)
Sometimes referred to as database software; software for creating, maintaining, and manipulating data.
Database Management System (DBMS)
A form of computing where systems in different locations communicate and collaborate to complete a task.
Distributed Computing
_____ is a form of computing where systems in different locations communicate and collaborate to complete a task.
Distributed computing
A set of standards for exchanging messages containing formatted data between computer applications.
EDI (electronic data interchange)
_____ is a set of standards for exchanging messages containing formatted data between computer applications.
Electronic data interchange
Special-purpose software designed and included inside physical products (often on firmware). _____________ help make devices "smarter," sharing usage information, helping diagnose problems, indicating maintenance schedules, providing alerts, or enabling devices to take orders from other systems.
Embedded Systems
_____ refer(s) to applications that address the needs of multiple, simultaneous users in an organization or work group.
Enterprise Software
A software package that integrates the many functions (accounting, finance, inventory management, human resources, etc.) of a business.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
Applications that address the needs of multiple users throughout an organization or work group.
Enterprise software
A tagging language that can be used to identify data fields made available for use by other applications. Most APIs and Web services send messages where the data exchanged is wrapped in identifying _______ tags.
Extensible markup language (XML)
copying data from multiple, disparately organized data sources, transforming (or cleaning) the data into a common format, and loading it into a combined usable format. ______ is a key step in getting data into a data warehouse or data mart.
Extract, Transform, and Load (ETL)
Most of the time, server hardware resides on server-class software.
False
Programming tool that executes within an application. _____________ are interpreted within their applications, rather than compiled to run directly by a microprocessor.
scripting languages
You will often hear scrum described as having roles, artifacts, and blueprints.
False You will often hear scrum described as having roles, artifacts, and ceremonies.
Feature creep can be defined as:
an expansion of the scope of a project.
Rails, Django, AngularJS, and ASP.NET are examples of ____________.
programming frameworks
While the Health.gov failure was large and public, it was by no means an anomaly. Research firm the Standish Group estimates that in the past ten years, some ____ percent of large federal information technology projects were unsuccessful.
94
Programming hooks, or guidelines, published by firms that tell other programs how to get a service to perform a task such as send or receive data.
APIs
Developing work continually and iteratively, with a goal of more frequent product rollouts and constant improvement across smaller components of the larger project.
Agile Development
Which of the following has become a dominant software development methodology?
Agile development
Software that houses and serves business logic for use (and reuse) by multiple applications.
Application Server
A(n) _____ is software that houses and serves business logic for use by distributed systems.
Application server
Includes desktop applications, enterprise software, utilities, and other programs that perform specific tasks for users and organizations.
Applications
Systems that use data created by other systems to provide reporting and analysis for organizational decision-making.
Business Intelligence (BI) Systems
An acronym standing for completely automated public Turing test to tell computers and humans apart. The Turing test is, rather redundantly, an idea (rather than an official test) that one can create a test to tell computers apart from humans.
CAPTCHAs
An expansion of the scope of a project.
Feature Creep
Software stored on nonvolatile memory chips (as opposed to being stored on devices such as hard drives or removable discs).
Firmware
Which of the following statements is true regarding enterprise systems?
For many firms, installing and deploying enterprise systems have been difficult, with some firms experiencing loss or even bankruptcy from botched efforts.
A set of mostly open source tools to manage massive amounts of unstructured data for storage, extraction, and computation.
Hadoop
An application that includes an editor (a sort of programmer's word processor), debugger, and compiler, among other tools.
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
A(n) _____ is an application for programmers, which includes a text editor, a debugger for sleuthing out errors, and other useful programming tools. From Section: Section 14.5 Writing Software
Integrated development environment
Languages where each line of written code is converted (by a software program, called an "_________") for execution at run-time. Most scripting languages are ________ languages. Many programmers also write Java applications to be _________ by the Java Virtual Machine.
Interpreted
→ purpose was to provide true platform independence... (providing a software that could be written once and run anywhere for developers) Can run on any computer that has installed a ______ Virtual Machine (JVM)
Java
a software that translates Java code to be understood by the computer OS and processor
Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
a popular data interchange format, ________ is a technology standard often used to format data when being sent or received via APIs.
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)
Systems that provide rewards and usage incentives, typically in exchange for a method that provides a more detailed tracking and recording of customer activity. In addition to enhancing data collection, ______ cards can represent a significant switching cost.
Loyalty program
Providing customers with a unified experience across customer channels, which may include online, mobile, catalog, phone, and retail.
Omnichannel
A(n) _____ is software that controls computer hardware and establishes standards for developing and executing applications.
Operating system
The software that controls the computer hardware and establishes standards for developing and executing applications.
Operating system
Software that can scan images and identify text within them.
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
Firms that invite other organizations to integrate with their systems via web services and APIs are often thought of as turning their products into ____________.
Platforms
Products and services that allow for the development and integration of software products and other complementary goods are known as _____.
Platforms
Rails, Django, AngularJS, and ASP.NET are examples of ____________.
Programming Frameworks
Provides the standards, syntax, statements, and instructions for writing computer software.
Programming language
A tool to interrogate a data source or multiple sources and return a subset of data, possibly summarized, based on a set of criteria.
Query tools
Programs written using _____ can be interpreted within their applications, rather than compiled to run directly by a microprocessor.
Scripting languages
A program that fulfills the requests of a client.
Server
A robust set of Web services built around an organization's processes and procedures.
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
A computer program or a collection of programs. It is a precise set of instructions that tells hardware what to do.
Software
Sometimes also referred to as the SDLC or software development life cycle — methods to divide tasks related to software creation and deployment up into tasks targeted at building better products with stronger product management guidelines and techniques.
Software Development Methodologies
_______________ are methods to divide tasks related to software creation and deployment up into tasks targeted at building better products.
Software development methodologies
A software product offered commercially by a third party.
Software packages
_____ systems help a firm manage aspects of its value chain, from the flow of raw materials into the firm through delivery of finished products, and services at the point-of-consumption.
Supply Chain Management
Systems that can help a firm manage aspects of its value chain, from the flow of raw materials into the firm, through delivery of finished products and services at the point-of-consumption.
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
What are the potential benefits to firms that create platforms?
They have the potential to make their products and services more useful, widen their reach, create switching costs, and enhance network effects.
An economic measure of the full cost of owning a product (typically computing hardware and/or software). ________ includes direct costs such as purchase price, plus indirect costs such as training, support, and maintenance.
Total cost of ownership
The costs associated with the design, development, testing, implementation, documentation, training and maintenance of a software system are collectively referred to as:
Total cost of ownership
EDI is a very old standard. The two main technologies replacing EDI are extensible markup language (XML), and JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)
True
Embedded systems are special purpose software designed and included inside physical products.
True
Even specialty devices like video game consoles, television set-top boxes, Kindles and smart appliances run some form of OS.
True
Java code that runs through the JVM interpreter is slower than the code compiled for the native operating system and processor that make up a platform.
True
Many firms with similar procedures for accounting, finance, and human resource functions might buy a software package rather than develop their own code. This is usually considered fine since these functions are often not strategic. True or false?
True
The terms web services and APIs are often used interchangeably, and refer to code and request/response standards used by this code so that other programs can call these services to perform a task. True or false?
True
the mechanism through which users interact with a computing device.
User Interface
the mechanism and elements through which users interact w/ a computing device → Ex: scroll bars, buttons, menus, touch screens, motion sensing controls, etc.
User Interface (UI)
A relatively linear sequential approach to software development (and other projects). Benefits include surfacing requirements up front and creating a blueprint to follow throughout a project. Often criticized for being too rigid, slow, and demanding project forethought that's tough to completely identify early on.
Waterfall method
Small pieces of code that are accessed via the application server, and permit interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network.
Web Services
Firmware is used to refer to:
a device's control programs stored on nonvolatile memory chips.
A term describing the extensive use of data, statistical and quantitative analysis, explanatory and predictive models, and fact-based management to drive decisions and actions
analytics
A task board is an example of a(n) ________, while a daily scrum is an example of a(n) _________.
artifact; ceremony
A process-improvement approach that can assist in assessing the maturity, quality, and development of certain organizational business processes, and suggest steps for their improvement is known as:
capability maturity model integration (CMMI).
Refers to techniques to facilitate organization change, including preparing individuals for change and offering training and support during and after implementation. ______________ is especially important in IS use, as many information systems implementations involve radical change to the way a firm conducts business or the way individuals and teams operate within the organization.
change management
A software program that makes requests of a server program.
client
The step in which program code is written in a language that humans can more easily understand, and then converted into a form (expressed in patterns of ones and zeros) that can be understood and executed by a microprocessor. Programmers using conventional programming languages must ________ their software before making it available for execution.
compile
Ensuring that an organization's systems operate within required legal constraints, and industry and organizational obligations.
compliance
raw facts and figures
data
A special database used to store data in OLAP reporting.
data cube
A subset of a data warehouse that's focused on addressing the concerns of a specific problem or business unit (e.g., marketing, engineering).
data mart
The process of using computers to identify hidden patterns in, and to build models from, large datasets.
data mining
Most enterprise software works in conjunction with a _______________, which stores and retrieves the data that an application creates and uses.
database management system
Sometimes referred to as database software; software for creating, maintaining, and manipulating data.
database management system (DBMS)
Applications installed on a personal computer, typically supporting tasks performed by a single user.
desktop software
Data presented in a context so that it can answer a question or support decision-making.
information
Operating systems are designed to give programmers a common set of commands to consistently interact with the hardware. These commands make a programmer's job easier by:
making it faster to write software while minimizing the possibility of errors in code.
a series of algorithms that tries to recognize patterns in data through a process that mimics the way the human brain operates
neural networks
A method of querying and reporting that takes data from standard relational databases, calculates and summarizes the data, and then stores the data in a special database called a data cube.
online analytical processing (OLAP)
Products and services that allow for the development and integration of software products and other complementary goods. Ex: Windows, the iPhone, the Wii, and the standards that allow users to create Facebook apps are all platforms.
platforms
An approach to organizing and managing agile projects that breaks deliverables into "sprints" delivered in one- to six-week increments by teams of fewer than ten. _______ defines functions (roles) for management and development, meetings (ceremonies), and how the process is documented and tracked (artifacts).
scrum
Sometimes called unsupervised learning, where systems build pattern-recognizing algorithms using data that has not been pre-classified.
self-supervised learning
Organizations that have created a robust set of Web services around their processes and procedures are said to have a(n) _____.
service-oriented architecture
Packaged enterprise systems can:
streamline processes, make data more usable, and ease the linking of systems with software across the firm and with key business partners.
The Nest thermostat or app-controlled lighting and door locks are part of a category of products known as _______________.
the Internet of Things
True platform independence can be defined as:
the ability for developers to write code that can be run everywhere.
some kind of business exchange
transaction
