MKT201-CHAP15

49) Which of the following best describes a norm? A) A norm is what is considered normal within a group. They are so taken for granted that most people don't know what their norms are until they see one violated. B) Norms are the laws of a culture. They are behaviors that are so important that they are written into law. C) Norms are so "normal" to a group that even small children can describe them in detail to outsiders. D) Norms are the universal behaviors that set us apart as humans irrespective of the culture in which a person happens to live. Norms allows people to understand at least parts of other cultures.

A

6) Cultures differ in terms of how influence is distributed and how people react to others who have more or less influence. This dimension of culture is called ________. A) power distance B) uncertainty avoidance C) masculinity/femininity D) individualism

A

12) Visitors to the Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008 were surprised to find that many Chinese spit in public, especially on sidewalks. Before the Olympic Games, this practice was a ________ in China. A) taboo B) convention C) more D) ritual

B

24) Carl Thorne has just passed the final test to become a member of a college fraternity. This rite of passage has moved Carl from being an individual to being a member of a bonded group. When Carl receives his fraternity pin in a final ceremony and joins his new brothers, he will have passed through the final stage of a rite of passage. According to the text, what is this final stage called? A) separation B) aggregation C) liminality D) finality

B

34) In a(n) ________ culture, a person might feel shame instead of honor if she were separated from her work group and given special recognition for a job well done. A) conventional B) collectivist C) ecological D) ideological

B

41) Ralf and his brother had a business in a Midwest college town taking SUVs and modifying them into tailgating machines. These "awesome party wagons" were equipped with the owner's desired team logo on the front, side, and back; gas grills; and large beverage coolers. Their business boomed, especially when the university had a winning season. Ralf and his brother were creating and selling what could be best described as ________. A) myth carriers B) ritual artifacts C) symbolic exchange objects D) attitudinal reciprocity products

B

46) Endless copies have been made of the Mona Lisa. The famous painting was once portrayed on the cover of MAD magazine. The Mona Lisa has been ________. A) sacralized B) desacralized C) defamed D) contaminated

B

48) Which of the following best supports the argument that tourism can be seen as a sacred experience? A) Tourism often involves the binary opposition of work and leisure. B) Tourism involves setting events, places, and time aside from everyday, mundane activities. C) Tourism involves the four most important dimensions of culture. D) Tourism provides opportunities for individuals to better understand their culture's crescive norms through interaction with other cultures.

B

1) Culture is best described as society's ________. A) attitude B) consciousness C) personality D) feelings

C

13) Interest in the occult is most likely to increase in a society when ________. A) economic conditions begin to improve B) there has been a major triumph, such as winning a war C) members of a society feel overwhelmed or powerless D) people become less religious

C

14) A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a ________. A) legend B) ritual C) myth D) folklore tale

C

17) A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________. A) myth B) more C) ritual D) convention

C

44) Thomas and his family recently toured the Gettysburg battlefield on their vacation. The area was rich in history. While walking, Thomas remembered all the accounts of the battle that he had read in school. He finally understood why this place had such a special meaning in American history and to Americans in general. Thomas's tour is best classified as an example of ________ consumption. A) profane B) objectified C) sacred D) crescive

C

5) Although every culture is different, several dimensions appear to account for much of the variability among different cultures. Which of the following is NOT among those dimensions? A) power distance B) uncertainty avoidance C) general psychology D) masculinity/femininity

C

50) Which of the following statements best describes a myth? A) A myth is a fiction that large numbers of people in a culture believe to be true. B) A myth is a story that people enjoy because it separates those in the know from those who are not culturally aware. C) A myth is a story containing shared cultural symbolic meaning. The story may literally be true or false, but it conveys some cultural truth. D) A myth is an old story that has existed for so long that everyone in a culture can relate to it through shared memories.

C

15) Myths serve four interrelated functions in a culture. All of the following are among those functions EXCEPT the ________ function. A) cosmological B) sociological C) psychological D) anthropological

D

30) Professor Kerton found a small shop near campus that sells a wide variety of breads, sandwiches, and coffees. It has become almost a second office for him. He has a booth in the back that is "his," and students have learned where to find him. The professor loves this shop because it attracts other people like himself who share the same norms and rituals. The shop has ________ meaning to Professor Kerton. A) power B) life-cycle C) compensatory D) cultural

D

35) J. P. Stevens always looks perfect in his business suit. The colors are always right for the season and prevailing style. His tie has the proper knot, he does not wear a tie-tac, his handkerchief is the proper "two-fingers" above the pocket, and his socks and shoes do not distract from his overall look. Which of the following does J. P. seem to be adhering to with his "correctness"? A) enacted behavior B) customs C) mores D) conventions

D

39) Emily was instructed in her writing class to create a script for a stage play that would have the same myth as the movie "Gone with the Wind." What would be the best main theme for Emily's script? A) A messianic figure would visit and through miracles show people how to become saved from the modern world. B) A group of people would find a paradise through their own goodness and hard work. C) An unlikely hero would appear and save a large number of people, and then disappear back into obscurity. D) People once lived in a state of harmony with each other and with nature, but because of their weaknesses they lost this paradise.

D

43) An American company did a large share of its business with a firm from Japan. The president of the company wanted to give a gift to the Japanese firm as a symbol of appreciation for the successful year they had enjoyed. He wasn't sure what to give, so he brought in a Japanese consultant. According to the discussion in the text about giving gifts in Japan, what advice is the consultant most likely to give? A) Don't give the gift at all; it will only be confusing to the company's Japanese colleagues. B) The gift should be very expensive or the Japanese colleagues will be insulted. C) The gift should be given casually so as to not create any expectations. D) The economic value of the gift is not as important as the symbolic meaning. Answer

D

9) Crescive norms are ________. A) strict "must do" rules of behavior in a society B) followed only by the females of a culture C) associated with monetary rewards and punishments D) discovered as we interact with others

D

11) A(n) ________ is a custom with a strong moral overtone. A) more B) union C) convention D) cultural dimension

A

16) ________ postulated that myths involve binary opposition, in which two opposing ends of some dimension are represented (such as good versus evil). A) Levi-Strauss B) Freud C) Hofstede D) Bettelheim

A

19) Grooming rituals express two kinds of binary opposition: private/public and ________. A) work/leisure B) self/others C) pride/modesty D) innocence/experience

A

2) The accumulation of shared meanings, rituals, norms, and traditions among the members of an organization or society is a definition of ________. A) culture B) social class C) the family life cycle D) a reference group

A

21) Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct stages of gift-giving rituals? A) reciprocation B) gestation C) presentation D) reformulation

A

25) ________ consumption occurs with objects and events that are considered to be ordinary and everyday. A) Profane B) Sacred C) Objectified D) Desacralized

A

33) In Japan there is often a strict adherence to vertical relationships (especially in organizations). The hierarchy is respected, and very little informality between members at different levels of the hierarchy is tolerated. Which of the following dimensions of culture accounts for this behavior? A) power distance B) uncertainty avoidance C) general psychology D) masculinity/femininity

A

40) Pavel was an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under a bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a ________. A) ritual B) symbolic exchange C) convention D) rite of passage

A

45) Ryan is a big football fan. He prepares for the Super Bowl every year by buying lots of snacks and beverages. He makes sure he is wearing the colors of his favorite team. For Ryan, the Super Bowl has become a(n) ________ event. A) sacred B) desacralized C) objectified D) profane

A

10) We explicitly decide on ________ norms, such as the rule that a green traffic light means "go" and a red one means "stop." A) crescive B) enacted C) reciprocal D) disciplinary

B

18) Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them. A) fighter B) fortress C) transcultural D) sacralized

B

29) When a sacred item or symbol is removed from its special place or is duplicated in mass quantities, then it becomes profane as a result of ________. A) sacralization B) desacralization C) defamation D) objectification

B

31) Gen Akoi greatly values his micro-refrigerator. The refrigerator is so small it will fit almost anywhere. Gen believes that the efficient use of space is one of the characteristics any good product should have. With respect to the functional areas of a cultural system, Gen is focusing on ________ as a variable in selecting his products. A) ideology B) ecology C) social structure D) socio-psychology

B

37) Aliya wrote popular stories. Some of her stories sold much better than others. When she visited her writing professor from college, her professor told her that she had a gift for bringing cultural myths into her stories. If true, which of the following best expresses how Aliya's stories relate to myths? A) Aliya's stories contained complex conflicts and were always fiction. B) Aliya's stories contained symbolic elements that represented the shared emotions and ideals of her culture. C) Aliya's stories always clearly adhered to the norms of her culture. D) Aliya's stories created reciprocity norms, which bound her readers to the ideas and symbols that she was trying to project.

B

7) In a(n) ________ culture, people subordinate their personal goals to those of a stable in-group. A) individualist B) collectivist C) reciprocity D) dual

B

22) As a relationship grows and progresses, gift giving tends to become more ________. A) exchange oriented B) reciprocal C) altruistic D) reformulated

C

28) The systematic acquisition of a particular object or set of objects is called ________. A) prioritizing B) objectifying C) collecting D) ritualizing

C

32) Reed Lewis comes from a coal-mining region in West Virginia. Because of his background, Reed views management (especially those of coal companies) with suspicion. Which of the following functional areas of culture is most likely the primary reason for Reed's feelings? A) ecology B) socio-psychology C) ideology D) religion

C

38) The story goes that George Washington (as a small child) cut down his father's cherry tree with a hatchet. When asked who might have committed this act (even though young Washington was afraid of punishment for the act), George replied, "I cannot tell a lie; I cut down the cherry tree." This story has taken on mythical proportions in the United States. Which of the following functions does this myth best match? A) metaphysical B) cosmological C) psychological D) anthropological

C

4) Which functional area of culture is most closely related to the idea of a common worldview? A) ecology B) social structure C) ideology D) socio-psychology

C

42) Sharon is upset with her secretary. Though everyone in the office agreed not to give Christmas presents this year, Sharon's secretary gave her an expensive bottle of perfume. Which of the following best identifies the source of Sharon's feelings? A) objectification B) self-serving guilt C) the reciprocity norm D) role transference

C

47) A phaser from the original Star Trek show, Archie Bunker's chair from All in the Family, and one of John Lennon's guitars are all examples of common objects that took on sacred meaning through a process known as ________. A) collection B) prioritization C) objectification D) adaptation

C

8) ________ usually dictate what is right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable. A) Concepts B) Theories C) Norms D) Strategies

C

20) Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as one of ________ exchange. A) symbolic B) stylistic C) psychological D) economic

D

23) A special ritual marking a person's change in social status is called a ________. A) convention B) sacralization C) cycle D) rite of passage

D

26) Through the process of ________, objects associated with sacred events or people become sacred in their own right. A) congregation B) reciprocity C) desacralization D) contamination

D

27) Which of the following is the best example of an American sacred place? A) a Hard Rock Café B) a cliff from which one can often see a beautiful sunset C) the forest on a spring day D) ground Zero in Manhattan

D

3) All of the following are listed by the text as functional areas of a cultural system EXCEPT for ________. A) ecology B) social structure C) ideology D) socio-psychology

D

36) The division of labor in a household is an example of a ________, while a person's reluctance to marry a cousin is a ________. A) convention; custom B) custom; convention C) convention; more D) custom; more

D