MKTG Exam 2

Features actually used to differentiate among choices are called _____ attributes.

determinant

Culture is best described as a society's _____.

personality

The plain and simple fact is that Ralph has body odor. Worse than that, Ralph does not seem to care. Ralph's clothes are in shambles, and his personal hygiene could certainly be improved. For most people, Ralph would be in which of the following groups?

avoidance groups

A group composed of people that the consumer actually knows is called a _____.

membership reference group

A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a _____.

myth

The first stage in the consumer decision-making process is _____.

problem recognition

_____ refers to the set of individuals and organizations that create and market cultural products.

Cultural Production System (CPS)

If a consumer's ideal state is very near or identical to his/her actual state, which of the following best describes the type of problem recognition the consumer would most likely have?

No problem recognition

Buying decisions that are made with little or no conscious effort are called _____.

habitual

The balance theory perspective involves relations among three elements (a triad). Which of the following is one of the elements of the triad?

A person and his/her perceptions

A company wants to persuade a customer to buy its products. If the consumer has a high degree of involvement with products that are sold by the company, what route to persuasion will the company most likely take?

Central Route

All of the following are important components of social class EXCEPT for _____. A) Gender B) Income C) Educational Attainment D) Occupational Prestige

Gender

Casinos make their interiors very plush and expensive looking, knowing that gamblers who would be reluctant to make a $10 bet in average surroundings would gladly make $100 wagers in luxurious surroundings. Which of the following best explains gamblers' behavior?

Mental accounting emphasizes the extraneous characteristics of the choice environment even if the results are not rational.

A coupon-dispensing machine in a grocery aisle and an employee handing out free samples of a new product are both examples of _____.

POP Stimuli

The psychological dimension of time or how it is experienced is an important factor in what mathematical study?

Queuing Theory

_____ argues(s) that each of us has several "selves" that relate to groups.

Social Identity Theory

Which of the following best describes intelligent agents?

Sophisticated software programs that use collaborative filtering technologies to learn from past user behavior to recommend new purchases

Although teenagers do not have the income of older consumers, they are still an attractive market based on income. Why?

Teenagers don't have the income of adults, but it's almost all discretionary, meaning that they can spend it as they see fit.

The Berry and Dale advertising agency has proposed a new campaign for Bayer aspirin to overcome the public's tendency to "tune out" Bayer commercials. The proposed technique involves creating ten different 15-second spots that all demonstrate reasons for using Bayer aspirin. Which theory of message communication is the agency trying to use for in its proposal for Bayer aspirin?

The Two-Factor Theory

Which theory of attitudes states that people are motivated to take action to resolve inconsistencies between attitudes and behaviors?

Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

Anna is a millionaire, but she is constantly stressed and unhappy despite her wealth. Anna is experiencing _____.

affluenza

_____ is the conscious designing of retail space and its various dimensions to evoke certain effects in buyers.

atmospherics

An _____ is a lasting, general evaluation of people, objects, advertisements, or issues.

attitude

Others who are present in a consumer's physical and social environment when purchases are made are called _____.

co-consumers

According the Principle of Least Interest, the person who is least _____ has the power in the relationship

committed to staying in the relationship

Researchers agree that there are various levels of commitment to an attitude. The lowest form of involvement is _____.

compliance

Which of the following is considered a post-purchase process?

consumer satisfaction

It is quite common for mainstream culture to modify symbols identified with "cutting edge" subcultures and present these to a larger audience. Such cultural products undergo a process of _____, by which their original meanings are transformed by outsiders.

cooptation

1. A mental or problem-solving shortcut to make a decision is called a _____.

heuristic

_____ describes the capacity to alter the actions of others.

social power

Within groups, informal rules of behavior are called _____.

norms

Wynona was impulsive. Her friends accused her of being calculating, but she thought of herself as simply an analytical thinker. She wanted what she wanted, and tomorrow could take care of itself. Researchers would classify her as being a hedonic variety-seeker. Which of the time metaphors would best capture Wynona's perspective of time?

time is a feast

Allison Chewie felt she was always pressed for time; she was feeling _____.

time poverty

Which attitude function is associated with a focus on particular identities and lifestyles (i.e., "What sort of man reads Playboy?")?

value-expressive

Sophie tells Nick about a great new restaurant. Sophie is practicing _____.

word-of-mouth communication

The functional theory of attitudes was initially developed to explain how _____.

attitudes facilitate social behaviors

The average American's standard of living continues to improve. These income shifts are linked to two key factors: _____ and _____.

A shift in women's roles and an increase in educational attainment.

Source _____ refers to the perceived social value of a message source.

attractiveness

Which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated functions of myths in a culture? A) Cosmological B) Sociological C) Psychological D) Anthropological

Anthropological

A politician attempts to gain support for her campaign for mayor by releasing a poll showing that almost 70 percent of the city's voters support her position on property taxes. What basic psychological principle is the politician using to persuade voters that she should be the next mayor?

Consensus

James Otis wants to be "just like Mike" (basketball star Michael Jordan) and has for many years. James has purchased Jordan-gear, follows Jordan's career, and he has often though about how to give back to his community the way MJ has. Which of the following reference group terms would apply to James Otis and his relationship with Michael Jordan?

aspirational group

Julie Morgan loves to go into Springer's Old Country Gifts. It always smells like a field of spring flowers. The lighting gives all the products a warm glow, and the mood music is just perfect for casual browsing. After her visit to the store, Julie is always in a better mood. Springer's Old Country Gifts has attracted Julie with its _____.

atmospherics

_____ includes a buyer, a seller, and a product or service and other factors

consumption situation

The Macah, a Native American tribe from the Northwest, built functional seagoing canoes that are considered works of art by modern shipbuilders. By definition, these boats would be considered _____.

craft products

Money available to a household over and above what is required to have a comfortable standard of living is called _____.

discretionary income

Fred has been a farmer all his life. He inherited the family farm when he was 35, but that was twenty years ago. Due to the economy, Fred has lost the farm and has taken a manual labor job in the city to support his family. What form of mobility best describes Fred's position?

downward mobility

Gen enjoys owning a micro-refrigerator, which is small enough to fit almost anywhere. Gen believes that the efficient use of space is one of the characteristics that any good product should have. With respect to the functional areas of a cultural system, Gen is focusing on _____ as a variable in selecting products.

ecology

The Japanese greatly value products that make efficient use of space because of the cramped conditions in urban areas in Japan. This is an example of _____ in Japan's cultural system.

ecology

When Sally sees an ad in a newspaper about a particular product, goes to the store, reviews the actual product offer in the store, rejects the product, and tells the salesperson why she did not buy the product, she is providing _____ in the communications model established by the store.

feedback

Angela belongs to a film club that selects and views classic movies once a month. Angela won't watch scary movies on her own, but agrees to watch the classic vampire film with the club because almost all of the other club members voted to see it. This example demonstrates which factor of conformity?

group unanimity

Vance comes from the lower-upper class as does Jeff. They are both madly in love with Julia, who is beautiful enough to do part-time modeling. According to the principle of _____, Julia could be attracted to both men.

homogamy

Sandra decides to become a nurse after several years as an elementary teacher. She still wanted to help people, but in a different manner. Sandra's case is an example of which of the following?

horizontal mobility

The aspect of a cultural system which describes the mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social groups is known as _____.

ideology

All multiattribute models specify the importance of attributes, beliefs, and _____.

importance weights

Anna Jeter has a sudden urge she couldn't resist to buy a new purse; she was engaging in _____.

impulse buying

Latrell finds that every time he goes to select athletic shoes, he always buys the same brand. In fact, he doesn't even remember trying on any of the other competitive brands even though some of these brands have attractive styles and prices. Latrell's purchase decision process has become one of less and less effort. Latrell's decision process is an example of _____.

inertia

Consumers who always are on the lookout for novel products or services and who are first to try something new are _____.

innovators

Roger was really angry when Coca-Cola attempted to switch from its older formula to New Coke. He wrote letters to Coca-Cola, talked to friends, called the local bottler, attempted to hoard "Old Coke," and complained to the local grocery store manager. In this example, which degree of commitment would be most closely associated with Roger and his attitudes?

internalization

Kraft has repackaged its salad dressings as "anything" dressings to encourage people to shift their _____ and consider the dressings as a complement to more than just salads.

knowledge structures

Stephanie loves flea markets and garage sales. She spends most of her Saturday mornings going from one to another. About once a month, she holds her own garage sale just to get rid of someone of the items she purchases during the month. Stephanie is actively engaged in _____.

lateral cycling

Tanya type scans the newspaper ads every day for new information about current fashion styles and trends, even though she isn't thinking about buying clothes anytime soon. Tanya is engaging in an _____ search.

ongoing

_____ are frequently able to influence others' attitudes on behavior.

opinion leaders

A _____ is an economy that is driven by a fairly small group of rich people.

plutonomy

1. The story goes that a young George Washington cut down his father's cherry tree with a hatchet. Young Washington was then asked who might have committed this act. Even though the boy feared punishment, George replied, "I cannot tell a lie; I cut down the cherry tree." This story has taken on mythical proportions in the U.S. Which of the follow functions does the myth best match?

psychological

A hot and thirsty customer buys a cool drink and finds it very satisfying. He then buys another drink even though he had not initially planned on buying two and even though he is no longer thirsty. This is an example of _____.

purchase momentum

A _____ is an actual or imaginary individual or group conceived of having significant relevance upon an individual's evaluations, aspirations, or behavior.

reference group

If a consumer admires the qualities of another person and copies his/her behaviors, the person that is copied has _____.

referent power

Pavel is an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under the bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a _____.

ritual

Thomas and his family recently toured the Gettysburg Battlefield on their vacation. The area was rich in history. While walking, Thomas remembered all the accounts of the battle that he had read in school. He finally understood why this place had such a special meaning in American history and to Americans in general. Gettysburg Battlefield is best classified as _____.

sacred

The best predictor of major expenditures that do not have status or symbolic value _____.

social class and income

_____ refers to the passage of individuals from one social class to another.

social mobility

Amos always felt that it was unfair that society created artificial divisions that discouraged him from having friends from different social structures. Which of the following terms describes the process that Amos is having difficulty with?

social stratification

Several research methods are used to study reference groups and opinion leadership. _____ methods trace communication patterns among members of a group. These techniques allow researchers to systematically map out the interactions that take place among group members.

sociometric

The personality of a retail store is also called the _____.

store image

Les just bought a megaphone of root beer. As he drinks from the giant cup, he eventually becomes full. One of his friend's comments, "If you don't stop drinking that stuff, you will get sick." Les replies, "Hey, I bought it, and I am not going to waste one drop of it." Les's behavior best illustrates the _____.

sunk-cost fallacy