Mod 7 ; immunity, infection and inflamation

Which method of confirmation would the nurse explain to a client is used to provide a positive diagnosis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection?

o Positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot tests · Positive ELISA and Western blot tests confirm the presence of HIV antibodies that occur in response to the presence of the HIV. Performance of high-risk sexual behaviors places someone at risk but would not constitute a positive diagnosis. Evidence of extreme weight loss and high fever do not confirm the presence of HIV; these adaptations are related to many disorders, not just HIV infection. The diagnosis of just an opportunistic infection is not sufficient to confirm the diagnosis of HIV. An opportunistic infection (included in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]) in the presence of HIV antibodies indicates that the individual has AIDS.

For which illness would the nurse would assess the client with an infection caused by group A ß-hemolytic streptococci?

b. rheumatic fever Antibodies produced against group A beta-hemolytic streptococci sometimes interact with antigens in the heart's valves, causing damage and symptoms of rheumatic heart disease; early recognition and treatment of streptococcal infections have limited the occurrence of rheumatic heart disease. Hepatitis A, an inflammation of the liver, is caused by the hepatitis A virus, not by bacteria

Which finding is expected by the nurse reviewing blood screening tests of the immune system of a client with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

A decrease in CD4 T cells -The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects helper T-cell lymphocytes. The presence of 300 or fewer CD4 T cells per cubic millimeter of blood or CD4 cells accounting for less than 20% of lymphocytes is suggestive of AIDS. The thymic hormones necessary for T-cell growth are decreased. An increase in immunoglobulin E is associated with allergies and parasitic infections. A decrease in the serum level of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is associated with drug-induced hemolytic anemia and hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Which cells release lymphokines?

T cells