Modern Architecture and Urbanism Final Study Guide

application of mass-production to large-scale housing, white cubic houses, flat roofs, bold colors, reinforced concrete construction,

Housing Estate at Pessac

whole design by Mies when he became the dean, earliest commissions from university patronage, planned the entire new campus, epitome was Crown Hall

Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) Campus

prairie conveys the connotation of simple and away from industrialization, evoking the mythic role of the land, romantic nostalgias

"A Home in a Prairie Town"

unified aesthetic for AEG company, industrial "erecting shed" wrapped in stylized classicism with concrete accents that dignifies and expresses industrial processes

AEG Turbine Factory

relied on heavy industry, tight-knit city more like a traditional urban environment, heart of city in the center, regimented landscape, industry separated farther from city center and homes, rejected the idea of private property, ZONING, used reinforced concrete as a unifying architectural language

An Industrial City

institutional axis and residential axis intersecting, image of modernity intended to spur Brazil's actual industrial modernization, bird-like layout based on CIAM principles, monumental axis, functional zoning, residential superblocks and civic core, suberblocks- similar to Corbusier's high rise blocks, buildings from very planned open spaces, shift of traditional cities, prioritizes the car and freeway

Brasilia

the disappearing city, according to great mid-western grid in effort to reconcile "ideal state" and individual freedom in a mechanized society, emphasis on single-family homes, cars, abolition of rent, "usonian city," random towers to break homogeneity of landscape

Broadacre City

pioneering examples of advocacy in planning, buffer between highway and existing rowhouses, created opportunity for information, families were invited to make critiques, bright colored balconies for human touch and variety, a form of gentle modernism that gets rid of popular stereotypes like white walls and flat forms, rooted in picturesque garden city ideas, focused on visual kinetic experience

Byker Wall Housing

hierarchical arrangement of institutions, buildings set in the landscape as "temples," sculptural handling of form, use of exposed concrete, sun breakers, abstraction of indigenous elements and symbols, symbolism of the "open hand" monument

Capital Complex in Chandigarh

Catalan Modernismo, an attempt to revive the culture and language of the region, undilating stone facade with wrought iron balconies, natural biomorphic shapes, structural rationalist, the parabola of interior arches, importance of patronage

Casa Mila

gigantic reference to the crown of thorns from the passion of christ, uplifting the masses, German avant-garde, use of platonic forms, inverted parabolic frame

Cathedral of our Lady Fatima

German national monument commemorating the centennial of german victory over Napoleon, monument for mass politics and public celebration, reminder of the increase of popular life, interwar period, extremely legible, reminiscent of the pantheon in rome with reinforced ribs with an inverted eye (central opening) which is an inversion of the pantheon, expressive and sculptural form (reinforced concrete)

Centennial Hall

metabolism, contemporary art museum and library, intended as popular institution exhibition center, turning Paris into a cultural capital, metastructure steel tube frame, notion of celebrating infrastructure of the building and turning them into structural elements, open plan, moveable partitions

Centre George Pompidou

modern nationhood under Nehru, creation of a regional capital for the state of East Punjab post-independence India, informed by CIAM principles of functional zoning, separation of traffic (like radiant city)

Chandigarh

4 zones: housing, work, leisure, transportation, truly metropolitan based on high rises, overarching organizing principles are a grid design, grid/straight road as a speed efficient access to and throughout the city, rational modernism, celebrated the machine, pedestrian raised above the streets, segregation of circulation

Contemporary City for Three Million

head of the campus, building as a universal box, single open volume divided by partitions, rectangular steel-framed buildings raised on a podium, structural legibility with differentiation between steel frame and intermediate mullions, flat roof and single column, suspended from four immense structures

Crown Hall

functionalist planning, crafts as foundation of artistic creation, separation of wings, never being alone, volume over mass, glass curtain-walls, geometric regularity in the facade, pinwheel plan

Dessau Bauhaus

fascinated by steamships and everything related to technology, "the house as a machine for living in," simple system of slender reinforced concrete frames supported by reinforced concrete slabs, universal solution to standardization and mass-production

Dom-ino System

mass produced force and moved to site, several innovative and energy efficient features, call for continual experimentalism and inventiveness to prevent modernism from bureaucratic rigidity

Dymaxion House

proposed a machine aesthetic or industrial aesthetic, template for what was to come, elements like clean geometric lines and flat walls- expressions of New Functionalism or new objectivity

Fagus Factory

uninterrupted glass and steel box, reinterpreted the primitive hut in terms of modern materials, asymmetrical layout, undivided interior, lifted on I-beam, celebration of technology as opposed to domesticity

Farnsworth House

efficiency in construction and interior planning, minimalist with lab style, ultimate rationalized functional design, built elsewhere and brought to the housing unit, meant to reduce women's place in domesticity but backfired as it further celebrated women's role in the home

Frankfurt Kitchen

intentionally ugly and ordinary, added subtle plays on historical cliches (three partide elements of elevation), symmetrically set the building backwards in stages, palace cliches, gold antenna (implied decoration) imitation of abstract structure and symbol for the elderly,

Guild House

Unity of art, nature, and symbolism

House for an Art Lover

principles of international style from MOMA - 1. architecture as volume (space), 2. regularity defined by structure, 3. absence of "applied decoration," technology as an aesthetic stance, visual essence of machine production, universal gridded space, precision, podium gives dignity and sense of lightness and weightlessness, partitions slightly detached from columns

German Exhibition Pavilion

Abstract and simplified vernacular forms combined in novel ways to express a new national style, integration of architecture and crafts, Scottish baronial forms, Celtic symbolism, uniting architecture and local symbolism

Glasgow School of Art

industrial materials to celebrate the potential of industrial society, (celebrating glass), attempt to create a mystic environment, push back against oppression by bringing transparency and self-awareness, glass and steel ushered in a new age of social harmony, sensuously organized space from birth to earth symbolizing a new era made possible through modern industrial production

Glass Pavilion

context of post-war rebuilding, provided a provocative manifesto, streets and housing blocks look like organisms would multiply to form a network overlaid on the existing city, elevated and ground pedestrian walkways, captures ordinary and spectacular, critique of Le Corbusier,

Golden Lane Housing

"form follows function," three essential functions being three separate sections of the building, lower for retail/public space and bigger, middle for offices and repetitive, upper for machinery and anything else, decoration is integral, total works of art in the lobbies

Guaranty Building

expansion of the heroic high tech directions, industrial city sea port that had to reinvent, tourist place, bringing architecture in as a monumental landmark to change urban economies, shimmering pile of eccentrically shaped forms, titanium sheets, digital development, irregular shapes, sculptural qualities

Guggenheim Museum

new interest for high technology, reproduced aspects of Bauhaus curriculum, functional and constructional rationality, TAC was Gropius' new architecture business, minimalist design language, flat roofs, horizontal windows, smooth surfaces, asymmetrical facades

Harvard University Graduate Center

low-cost home solution for affordable housing, secluded and private, used a grid, plywood panels with pre-finished outer sides, elemental shelter rooted in nature like prairie homes, L-shaped design, elimination of unnecessary elements

Herbert Jacobs House Usonian House

scifi, cartoons, montage, visionary project of the Archigram group, city as a dynamic system of relationships

Instant City

metastructures, metabolists group, towns and bridges where you put living and working spaces, saw architecture and urbanism as a system with many components interacting like an organism, mix physics, biology, and buddhism to define a contemporary japanese architecture

Joint Core System

adaptation of the International Style, interlocking spaces, mechanistic imagery, attention to regional characteristics, structural rhythm, of the steel frame very visible, raised on pilotis, used industrial fixtures, rejects international style

Lovell Health House

headquarters for workers socialist party, functionally innovative as an institution representing a labor movement, brick and stone are clearly differentiated and exposed, an organic unity where decoration and structure work tightly together, had light and air as central themes

Maison du Peuple

repetitive floor plans, coherent facade treatment, varied sizes of arches, new commercial architecture credited as one of the first to propose a generally american style, robust rusticated appearance meant to convey function, introduced a new scale

Marshall Field Wholesale Store

anti-historicist, inspired by Viollet-le-Duc, used modern materials in the most appropriate and structurally truthful way, follow organic plant-like motifs, modulary created and mass produced from walls, deliberate contrast with overwhelming limestone classical facades of paris, (like railway stations) they were intended to ease or prepare people for passage into the underground

Metro Station Entrances

following socialist revolution Lenin implemented a massive program of social reconstruction and a volition of private property, glass and steel tower project supporting the idea of rebuilding bottom up, suspended glass chambers housing a different function, kinetic form, constructivist architecture (a dominant trend with the russian avant-garde), communist imagery

Monument to the Third International

fixed core and replaceable elements idea, based on the idea of regeneration, mixed physics, biology, and buddhism

Nagakin Capsule Tower

dominated housing design, communal areas and residential, goal was to replace egocentric world of capitalism and notion of nuclear family with a collective experience that supported new forms of socialism, minimalist aesthetic, horizontal bands of windows, flat roofs, raised on slender columns (piloti)

Narkomfin Apartment Building

grandier and monumentality through prominent sighting and government as the most fundamental type of social order, essence of community, circle as the coherent social grouping, placed national assembly right at the focal point, byway of office blocks and internal corridors linked, mosque is off access to point to the Mecca, used mosque to bring the directionality of Islam to bear on the government's orders, integrating nationality

National Assembly Building

reinterprets Sullivan's 3 functional zones as 3 separate volumes, a modernist solution for the highrise building, asymmetrical creating dynamic composition of volume, rounded corner in response to curve and dynamism of street, vertical unity from top to bottom, large aluminum windows, stainless-steel exterior

PSFS Building

niemeyer was a disciple of Corbusier, complex represents executive judiciary and legislative branches, geometric and pure abstract forms set against the natural backdrop, used the symbolism of an elevated glass box

Plaza of the Three Powers

megastructures as enormous frameworks, hardware and software, individual residential and commercial plug-in modules, dynamic relationships, integration of cranes as part of the structure to facilitate removal and insertion of units, consumerism through architecture, planned obsolescence

Plug-in-City

decorated shed, exaggerated proportions, recall Le Doux, explicit references to giant face alluding past of North Western Indians, sparked intense public debate,

Portland Public Service Building

an attempt at affordable housing, it was a high rise, working for slum clearance and urban renewal, appropriation of the modernism's forms in the realm of public housing, failure to solve social problems (racial issues), became like a prison, based on unite d'habitation

Pruitt-Igoe

self-supporting steel-frame, fire-proofing with hollow terracotta, elevator with safety breaks, grappled with the question of building beautiful high-rises and answered by expressing lightness and delicate proportions of the steel frame, Chicago window, first building of its size and importance to be entirely covered in exposed terracotta

Reliance Building

translated the prairie house into the urban city, adjusted design to constraints of long and narrow lot, brick work is produced to give the sense of horizontal, it is unclear how you get in (for privacy) and set back from the street with a hidden entrance, carefully controlled relationship between inside and outside, open plan on main floor, total aesthetic of control of the interior

Robbie House

golden lane housing implemented, saw welfare state as problematic institution, consolidated into two free standing slabs, charged spaces (artificial hills) to facilitate human interactions, modulated with concrete fins for legibility, based on behavior of people, failed

Robin Hood Gardens

progressive affordable public housing program, modernist garden city, relation to street and landscape, emphasis on hygiene, provision of daylight and fresh air, reduction of cost through standardizes modules and constructional elements

Romerstadt

for ASNOVA, an expressive aesthetic based on formal and scientific laws of math progression for the new socialist state, bold cantilever seating, reinforced concrete, movable partitions, dynamic expression of individual volumes and spaces,

Rusakov Workers' Club

the first to make the expansion into 3D, as a part of De Stigl a diverse group of artists with broadly shared admiration for Piet Mondrian, use of primary colors and elementary forms, universal grid, dynamic and asymmetrical balance, interpenetration of volumes,

Schematic Drawing / Model House Project

one of the most celebrated houses of the movement, Schroeder had radical views, lots of straight lines with a dynamic arrangement of parts that avoids symmetry but provides a balance, primary colors, flexible space, explicitly factored in the 4th dimension, philosophy of the right angle (windows can only open at a right angle), built in furniture and industrial materials, modern consciousness, modern social norms, minimalism, liberating people from social norms

Schroeder House

soaring tower (unprecedented), amber colored windows set in bronze colored frames looked opaque but golden crystal prism at night, steel and glass tower as expressions of progressive values and symbol of American corporate identity during the Cold War

Seagram Building

paradigm example, communities designed for pedestrian and car transit, overall shaped by public space and community, celebrates history and local practices, encouraging walking and engagement, pre-industrial cities where residents walked, created codes based on distinct typologies

Seaside

artistic dissident group formed by Klimt advocating for a more experimental attitude to art, gallery space for anti-academic, anti-historicist artists, Ver Sacrum (Sacred Spring), floral motifs, symbolism of "spring" as life/creativity/youth

Secession Building

Total Works of Art, traditional townhouse, innovatively used exposed iron as decoration in elite homes, an ode to Ruskin's interest in natural forms

Tassel House

one of the pressing needs was to replace the housing stock that had been destroyed during the war and update housing situations, a belief in scientific and industrial processes, produced numerous schemes especially for working class, mostly row houses, housing footprint is incredibly small, large lot for kitchen gardens, used standardized serial construction, units had concrete walls, beams, and slats, assembly line logic

Toerten Housing

Futurist City or the New City, a series of drawings that were contemporaneous with the Vechbund exhibit, look like massive engineering works, the potential of modern technology, industrial aesthetic, speed, power plants, elaborate service and circulation networks

Una Citta Nuova

self-contained housing block, "tower in the park" in exposed concrete, raised on pilotis, interior street, double height units, rooftop services, meant to solve housing problems

Unite d'Habitation

CIAM IX on Habitat, analyzed the city in terms of social practices and interactions, part of a much larger alternative proposal of urbanity presented as trying to replace their 4 categories of a functional city, tried to include group identities,

Urban Re-Identification Grid

vernacular and popular, playful reference to the traditional american house, window patterns, shifts in scale, chimney and subversion of familiar domestic imagery, defies expectation of viewers

Vanna Venturi House

Le Corbusier's five points (pilotis, free facade, free plan, strip windows, and roof garden), progression (marche) through space via ramps, the dom-ino house, access to light and fresh air (heavy thing in the 1900s), new aesthetic solution to industrialism which was powerful and persuasive modernist style

Villa Savoye

visionary project by Archigram, conceived as survival technological that is stalking over a ruined world, idea of a mobile urban section, inspired by space age, megastructures as enormous frameworks, dynamic system of relationships

Walking City

prairie house, symbolically it promoted a distinctive american identity and expressed tradition cultural values and preserved the memory of the national experience, pragmatically it was a shelter, interpreted a range of sources and materials and was inspired by Japanese spaces, geometric panels, free plans concept of arts and crafts, axial organization with interlocking volumes

Ward Willits House

first done to reject bourgeois necessity, model housing estate, exhibition turned housing, every floor is a different dwelling, standardized partition, industrialized process with repetitive parts can still create individual variety in the finished product, minimalist aesthetic, solving housing problem

Weissenhofsiedlung

from modernist circle metabolism, circular cores, floors are suspended from cores, left empty brackets for future filling, planned to be a metastructure across the whole city

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