Modern Rome and Monuments Final

October 29, 1922

March on Rome; Benito Mussolini made Prime Minister

Palazzo per esposizioni I

Mario Chiattone, 1914

SMIR (Sviluppo marittimo e industriale di Roma)

The institute of Maritime and Industrial Development of Rome, charged with planning new river ports and thereby increasing economic development along the Tiber. Its role was short lived (dismantled in 1923) and its goals were never completely realized.

Vernacular

A category of architecture based on local needs, construction materials and reflecting local traditions. It tends to evolve over time to reflect the environmental, cultural, technological, economic, and historical context in which it exists. While often difficult to reconcile with regulatory and popular demands of the five factors mentioned, this kind of architecture still plays a role in architecture and design, especially in local branches.

De Stijl (The Netherlands)

Also known as neoplasticism, was a Dutch artistic movement founded in 1917 in Amsterdam. The De Stijl consisted of artists and architects. In a narrower sense, the term De Stijl is used to refer to a body of work from 1917 to 1931 founded in the Netherlands. De Stijl is also the name of a journal that was published by the Dutch painter, designer, writer, and critic Theo van Doesburg (1883-1931) that served to propagate the group's theories. Proponents of De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and colour; they simplified visual compositions to the vertical and horizontal directions, and used only primary colors along with black and white.

May 1914

Antonio Sant'Elia exhibits his project La Citta Nuova with the group known as Nuove tendenze (New Trends)

La Citta Nuova

Antonio Sant'Elia, 1914

Bauhaus (Germany)

An art school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design that it publicized and taught. It operated from 1919 to 1933. At that time the German term About this sound Bauhaus—literally "house of construction"—was understood as meaning "School of Building". The Bauhaus was first founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. In spite of its name, and the fact that its founder was an architect, the Bauhaus during the first years of its existence did not have an architecture department. Nonetheless, it was founded with the idea of creating a "total" work of art in which all arts, including architecture, would eventually be brought together. The Bauhaus style later became one of the most influential currents in modern design, Modernist architecture and art, design and architectural education. The Bauhaus had a profound influence upon subsequent developments in art, architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design, and typography.

June 28, 1914

Assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand, resulting in WWI

June 10, 1924

Assassination of parliamentary representative and opposition leader Giacomo Matteotti in Rome

1919

Benito Mussolini founds the Fasci italiani di combattimento (Italian Combat Fasces) political party

Futurism

Early-20th century form of architecture born in Italy, characterized by strong chromaticism, long dynamic lines, suggesting speed, motion, urgency and lyricism: it was a part of Futurism, an artistic movement founded by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who produced its first manifesto, the Manifesto of Futurism in 1909. The movement attracted not only poets, musicians, and artists (such as Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla, Fortunato Depero, and Enrico Prampolini) but also a number of architects. A cult of the machine age and even a glorification of war and violence were among the themes of the Futurists (several prominent futurists were killed after volunteering to fight in World War I). The latter group included the architect Antonio Sant'Elia, who, though building little, translated the futurist vision into an urban form.

November 11, 1918

End of WWI; Marinetti founds the Partito Politico Futurista) Futurist political party

February 5, 1909

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti publishes the first manifesto of Futurism

Schroder House

Gerrit Rietveld, 1923-24

FIAT Lingotto Factory

Giacomo Matte-Trucco, 1915-22

Plan for Quartiere Garbatella

Gustavo Giovannoni and Massimo Piacentini, 1920

Lotto 5

Innocenzo Sabbatini, 1920-22 palazzine and villini at Piazza Benedetto Brin

Lotto 13 (Bath Complex)

Innocenzo Sabbatini, 1926-29 Piazza Romano

Lotto 12 (Palladium)

Innocenzo Sabbatini, 1927-29 Piazza Romano

Albergo Rosso

Innocenzo Sabbatini, 1927-29 Temporary housing complex at Piazza Carbonara and Piazza Biffi

MIAR (Movimento Italiano di Architettura Razionale) Italian Movement for Rational Architecture

Italian Rationalism was promoted at an exhibition in Rome (1928) organized by Libera and Gruppo 7. A new movement, MAR (Movimento Architettura Razionale) was then formed (1930) to bring all Italy's Rationalist architects together and to promote another exhibition, this time in 1931, where the event was celebrated by the publication of Manifesto per l'Architettura Razionale supported energetically by the Fascist leader, Benito Mussolini (1883-1945).

May 23, 1915

Italy enters WWI

July 1914

Manifesto of Futurist Architecture is published in journal Lacerba

Arch of Victory

Marcello Piacentini, 1926

House at via delle Sette Chiese 93

Mario de Renzi, 1929 Winner of competition for model houses

Case Modello

Model houses in area between via delle Sette Chiese, via Borri, and Via De Jacobis, competition in 1928

January 3, 1925

Mussolini assumes responsibility for the assassination of Matteotti, while simultaneously declaring Fascism the only party to be identified with the Italian state. Democratic elections suspended indefinitely; Mussolini becomes Dictator.

December 31, 1925

Mussolini's speech on plans for Rome

Lotto 8

Plinio Marconi, 1923-26 Palazzine at Piazza Romano

Loggia

Room, hall, gallery, or porch open to the air on one or more sides; it evolved in the Mediterranean region, where an open sitting room with protection from the sun was desirable. Ancient Egyptian houses often had a loggia on their roofs or an interior loggia facing upon a court. In medieval and Renaissance Italy the loggia was often used in conjunction with a public square

Corbel Table Frieze

Structural piece of stone, wood or metal jutting from a wall to carry a superincumbent weight, a type of bracket. A corbel is a solid piece of material in the wall. The technique of corbelling, where rows of corbels deeply keyed inside a wall support a projecting wall or parapet, has been used since Neolithic, or New Stone Age, times. It is common in Medieval architecture and in the Scottish baronial style as well as in the Classical architectural vocabulary, such as the modillions of a Corinthian cornice

November 10, 1921

The Italian Combat Fasces becomes the Partito Nazionale Fascista (PNF) or National Fascist Party

Spolia

The re-use of earlier building material or decorative sculpture on new monuments. The practice was common in late antiquity.

Bauhaus

Walter Gropius, 1926

Albergo

a hotel, also used to describe temporary housing

Lotto

a lot of land, subdivision

Barocchetto

an architectural style inspired by the Baroque but fundamentally a form of eclecticism rooted in the local Roman building tradition. It looked nostalgically to the vernacular architecture of Rome's historic center, sampling architectural features of buildings from the 15th to the 18th centuries.

String Course

in architecture, decorative horizontal band on the exterior wall of a building. Such a band, either plain or molded, is usually formed of brick or stone. The stringcourse occurs in virtually every style of Western architecture, from Classical Roman through Anglo-Saxon and Renaissance to modern. Often the stringcourse is used as a line of demarcation between the stories of a multistoried building. It is also used, especially in classical and neoclassical works, as an extension of the upper or lower horizontal line of a bank of windows.

Dom-ino

le Corbusier, 1914-15

Villa Savoye

le Corbusier, 1928-31

Sventramenti

literally "disembowment" used to describe the vast demolition of buildings (and in some cases entire neighborhoods) in Rome

Gli sfrattati

term used to describe people evicted from homes that were slated for demolition