Module 1

What is the value of E(X + 1) for the scores 1, 0, 1, 4

10

What is the value of S(X - 2 )2 for the scores 2, 3, 5?

10

What is the value of EX + 1 for the scores 1, 6, 3

11

What is the value of EX + 1 for the scores 1, 6, 3?

11

What is the value of E(X + 1) for the scores 2, 4, 7?

16

In a correlational study, a. 2 variables are measured and 2 groups are compared b. 2 variables are measured and 2 groups are compared c. 1 variable is measured and there is only 2 group of participants d. 1 variable is measured and 2 groups are compared

2 VARIABLES ARE MEASURED AND THERE IS ONLY 1 GROUP OF PARTICIPANTS

In an experimental study, a. 2 variables are measured and there is only 1 group of participants b. 1 variable is measured and 2 groups are compared c. 2 variables and 2 groups are compared d.1 variable is measured and there is only 1 group of participants

2 variables and 2 groups are compared? not: 2 variables are measured and there is only 1 group of participants

What is the value of S(X - 2) for the scores 2, 3, 5?

4

A doctor is measuring children's heights to the nearest 1/2 inch and obtains scores such as 40.0, 40.5, 41.0, and so on. What are the real limits for a score of X = 42? a. 41-43 b. 41.5-42.5 c. 41.25-42.25 d. 41.25-42.75

41.75 - 42.25

What is the value of EX + 1 for the scores 1, 0, 2, 4?

8

What is the first step to be performed when computing S(X + 2)2? a. sum of the (x+2) values b. square each value c. add 2 points to each score d. sum of the squared values

ADD 2 POINTS TO EACH SCORE

Which of the following is done last in the order of operations? a. squaring b. multiplication c. addition d. summation

ADDITION

What kind of variable requires the use of real limits? a. continuous b. independent c. dependent d. discrete

CONTINUOUS

What kind of variable requires the use of real limits? a. independent b. dependent c. continuous d. discrete

CONTINUOUS

Organizing a set of scores in a table is an example of using _______. a. descriptive statistics b. parameters c. statistics d. inferential statistics

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

What additional information is obtained by measuring two individuals on an ordinal scale compared to a nominal scale? a. whether the measurements are the same or different b. direction of the difference c. the size of the difference d. none of the other options are correct

DIRECTION OF THE DIFFERENCE

If it is impossible to divide the existing categories of a variable, then it is an example of a _____ variable. a. discrete b. independent c. dependent d. continuous

DISCRETE

Statistical techniques are classified into two major categories: descriptive and inferential. Describe the general purpose of each category.

Descriptive statistics "are statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data" (pg 6). Descriptive take the raw scores of the data and place them in a way that is more manageable, such as a graph or table. Averages also make the scores more manageable. Inferential statistics "consist of techniques that allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations from which they are selected" (pg 6). Samples are selected from a population because a population is going to be too big to measure everyone. From the sample we can learn and draw conclusions about the population.

You are instructed to subtract 4 points from each score and find the sum of the resulting values. How would this set of instructions be expressed in summation notation? a. E(X-4) b. EX-4 c. 4-EX d. E(4-X)

E(X-4)

You are instructed to subtract 4 points from each score, square the resulting value, and find the sum of the squared numbers. How would this set of instructions be expressed in summation notation? a. (EX-4) b. E(X-4)^2 c. EX-4^2 d. EX^2-4

E(X-4)^2

You are instructed to subtract 4 points from each score, square the resulting value, and find the sum of the squared numbers. How would this set of instructions be expressed in summation notation? a. E(X-4)^2 b. EX-4^2 c. (EX-4)^2 d. EX^2-4

E(X-4)^2

A discrete variable must be measured on a nominal or an ordinal scale. true or false

FALSE

A recent report concluded that children with siblings have better social skills than children who grow up as an only child. This is an example of an experimental study. true or false

FALSE

A recent study found a correlation between gum disease and heart disease. This result indicates that gum disease causes people to develop heart disease. true or false

FALSE

For the following scores, E(X - 1) = 10. Scores: 1, 3, 7 true or false

FALSE

For the following scores, SX2 = (SX)2. Scores: 1, 1, 1, 1 true or false

FALSE

For the following scores, SX2 = 49. Scores: 1, 4, 2, 0 true or false

FALSE

The final step in computing S(X + 1)2 is to square the sum of the (X + 1) values. true or false

FALSE

Using the average score to describe a sample is an example of inferential statistics. true or false

FALSE

After measuring two individuals, a researcher can say that Tom's score is 4 points higher than Bill's. The measurements must come from a(n) _______ scale. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval or ratio

INTERVAL OR RATIO

Students in an introductory art class are classified as art majors and non-art majors. What scale of measurement is being used to classify the students? a. ordinal b. interval c. ratio d. nominal

NOMINAL

The participants in a research study are classified as high, medium, or low in self-esteem. What measurement scale is being used to classify self-esteem? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

ORDINAL

Using letter grades (A, B, C, D, and E) to classify student performance on an exam is an example of measurement on a(n) _______ scale of measurement. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

ORDINAL

A researcher uses an anonymous survey to investigate the television-viewing habits of American adolescents. The goal of the research is to determine the average number of hours each day that American adolescents spend watching television. The researcher is trying to determine a number that is an example of a _____. a. parameter b. statistic c. population d. sample

PARAMETER

What scale of measurement is being used when a teacher measures the number of correct answers on a quiz for each student? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

RATIO

A researcher uses an anonymous survey to investigate the television-viewing habits of American adolescents. Based on the set of 356 surveys that were completed and returned, the researcher finds that these students spend an average of 3.1 hours each day watching television. For this study, the set of 356 students who returned surveys is an example of a _______. a. sample b. parameter c. statistic d. population

SAMPLE

Although a research study is typically conducted with a relatively small group of participants known as a _________, most researchers hope to generalize their results to a much larger group known as a _________. a. population, sample b. sample, population c. statistic, sample d. parameter, population

SAMPLE, POPULATION

The average verbal SAT score for the entire class of entering freshmen is 530. However, if you select a sample of 20 freshmen and compute their average verbal SAT score you probably will not get exactly 530. What statistical concept is used to explain the natural difference that exists between a sample mean and the corresponding population mean? a. statistical error b. inferential error c. sampling error d. parametric error

SAMPLING ERROR

What is the first step to be performed in the following mathematical expression, EX2? a. square each score b. add the scores c. add the squared scores d. square the sum of the scores

SQUARE EACH SCORE

What is the first step to be performed in the following mathematical expression, EX2? a. square each score b. add the squared scores c. add the scores d. square the sum of the scores

SQUARE EACH SCORE

What is the final step to be performed in the mathematical expression, (EX)^2? a. add the squared scores b. square each score c. add the scores d. square the sum of the scores

SQUARE THE SUM OF THE SCORES

A researcher records the change in weight (gain or lost) during the first semester of college for each individual in a group of 25 freshmen and calculates the average change in weight. The average is an example of a _______. a. statistics b. parameter c. variable d. constant

STATISTICS

What is the final step to be performed when computing S(X - 2)^2? a. square each value b. subtract 2 points from each score c. subtract 2 squared from each x squared value d. sum the squared values

SUM THE SQUARED VALUES

For an experiment comparing two methods of teaching social skills training to autistic children, the independent variable is _______ and the dependent variable is _______. a. teaching method, social skill that are learned b. teaching method, autistic children c. autistic children, social skills that are learned d. social skills that are learned, autistic children

TEACHING METHOD, SOCIAL SKILLS THAT ARE LEARNED

A researcher conducts an experiment to determine whether moderate doses of St. Johns Wort have any effect of memory for college students. For this study, what is the independent variable? a. the amount of st johns wort given to each participant b. the memory score of each participant c. the group of college students d. cannot answer without more information

THE AMOUNT OF ST JOHNS WORT GIVEN TO EACH PARTICIPANT

Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable? a. the amount of time to solve a problem b. the gender of each student in a psychology class c. the number of males in each class offered by the college d. the number of children in a family

THE AMOUNT OF TIME TO SOLVE A PROBLEM

Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable? a. the gender of each student in a psychology class b. the number of males in a class offered by the college c. the number of children in a family d. the amount of time to solve a problem

THE AMOUNT OF TIME TO SOLVE A PROBLEM

Which of the following is an example of a discrete variable? a. the age of each student in a psychology class b. the gender of each student in a psychology class c. the amount of time to solve a problem d. the amount of weight gained for each freshman at a local college

THE GENDER OF EACH STUDENT IN A PSYCHOLOGY CLASS

A recent study reports that students who just finished playing a prosocial video game were more likely to help others than students who had played a neutral or antisocial game. For this study, what is the independent variable? a. the students who were given the prosocial game b. the kind of game given to the student c. the helping behavior of the students d. the students who were given the neutral or antisocial game

THE KIND OF GAME GIVEN TO THE STUDENT

What additional information is obtained by measuring two individuals on an interval scale compared to a ordinal scale? a. the size of the difference b. whether the measurements are the same or different c. the direction of the differences d. none of the other options are correct

THE SIZE OF THE DIFFERENCE

A correlational study is used to examine the relationship between two variables but cannot determine whether it is a cause-and-effect relationship. true or false

TRUE

A correlational study typically uses only one group of participants but measures two different variables (two scores) for each individual. true or false

TRUE

A data set is described as consisting of n = 15 scores. Based on the notation being used, the data set is a sample. true or false

TRUE

A high school gym teacher records how much time each student requires to complete a one-mile run. This is an example of measuring a continuous variable. true or false

TRUE

A recent report concluded that college graduates have higher life-satisfaction scores than individuals who do not receive college degrees. For this study, graduating versus not graduating is an example of a quasi-independent variable. true or false

TRUE

A researcher is interested in the average income for registered voters in the United States. The entire group of registered voters is an example of a population. true or false

TRUE

For statistical purposes, there usually is not much reason to differentiate between interval and ratio scales. true or false

TRUE

If a researcher measures two individuals on a nominal scale, it is impossible to determine which individual has the larger score. true or false

TRUE

If a researcher measures two individuals on an ordinal scale, it is impossible to determine how much difference exists between the two people. true or false

TRUE

Recording the number of text messages you receive each day would be an example of measuring a discrete variable. true or false

TRUE

The first step in computing S(X + 1) is to add 1 point to each score. true or false

TRUE

To determine how much difference there is between two individuals, you must use either an interval or a ratio scale of measurement. true or false

TRUE

Calculate each value requested for the following set of scores. Scores: 3, 4, 2, 6 a. SX - 2 b. S(X - 2) c. S(X - 2)2

a) 3+4+2+6=15. 15-2= 13 b) 3-2=1, 4-2=2, 2-2=0, and 6-2=4. 1+2+0+4= 7 c) (3-2)2 = 12 = 1, (4-2)2 = 22 = 4, (2-2)2 = 02 = 0, (6-2)2 = 42 = 16. 1+4+0+16 = 21

Describe the sequence of mathematical operations that would be used to evaluate each of the following expressions: a. EX2 b. (EX)2 c. EX - 2 d. E(X - 2) e. S(X - 2)2

a. we take the scores and square individually and then add the total. example score: 1, 2. 1x1=1, 2x2=4. 1+4=5. Answer is 5. b. parenthesizes first. Place the score in the parenthesize and square total at end. example scores: 3, 5. 3+5=8. 8x8=64. Answer is 64. c. take the scores subtract 2, then add together. example scores 7, 10. 7-2=5. 10-2=8. 5+8=13. Answer is 13. d. parenthesizes first. place score in parenthesizes and add 1. then add all together. example scores: 2, 3, 5. 2+1=3. 3+1=4. 5+1=6. 3+4+6=13. Answer is 13. e. parenthesizes first. place score in parenthesizes, subtract 2. take that answer and square. example scores: 2,3. 2-2=0. 0x0=0. 3-2=1. 1x1=1. Answer is 1.

For a research study comparing attitude scores for males and females, participant gender is an example of what kind of variable? a. a dependent variable b. independent variable c. quasi independent variable d. quasi dependent variable

b? independent variable? not: a. dependent variable not: d. quasi dependent varable

A researcher is curious about the average monthly cell phone bill for high school students in the state of Florida. If this average could be obtained, it would be an example of a ______. a. population b. sample c. statistic d. parameter

parameter?

A researcher uses an anonymous survey to investigate the television-viewing habits of American adolescents. Based on the set of 356 surveys that were completed and returned, the researcher finds that these students spend an average of 3.1 hours each day watching television. For this study, the set of 356 students who returned surveys is an example of a _______. a. parameter b. statistics c. population d. sample

sample? not: parameter

A researcher interested in vocabulary development obtains a sample of 3-year-old children to participate in a research study. The average score for the group of children is an example of a parameter. true or false

true?