Module 1 Psychology Summary Test

Three different strategies for note taking were studied: note-taking plus review, which means writing down almost everything the instructor says; note- taking plus questions which means asking and answering questions about the lecture material; and note- taking plus summary, which means writing a summary of the lecture in your own words. The note- taking strategy that resulted in the highest exam grades involved (a), and note- taking strategy that resulted in the lowest exam grades involved (b).

Answering Questions, Reviewing Notes

The approach that studies how organisms learn new behaviors or change or modify existing ones in response to influences from the environment is called the (a) approach. There are two versions of this approach. One that primarily studies observable behaviors and excludes mental events is called (b) and is best expressed by the ideas of B.F. Skinner; the other, which includes observable behaviors plus cognitive processes, is called the (c) approach and it is expressed by the ideas of Albert Bandura and his colleagues.

Behavioral, Strict Behaviorism, Social Cognitive

Another psychologist who disagreed with Wundt's approach was John B. Watson. He stated that psychology should use scientific principles to study only observable behaviors and not mental events, an approach called (a). Watson's approach gave rise to the modern behavioral approach.

Behaviorism

The broad definition of psychology is the systematic, scientific study of (a) and (b). The term in (a) refers to observable responses of animals and humans, and the term in (b) refers to processes that are not directly observable, such as thoughts, ideas, dreams.

Behaviors, Mental processes

Because behavior is often so complex, psychologist study it using eight different approaches. The approach that focuses on how a person's genetic make up, hormones, and nervous system interact with the environment to influence a wide range of behaviors is called the (a) approach.

Biological

The approach that studies how biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors influence human development is called the (a) approach.

Biopsychosocial

There are eight common subareas in which psychologists specialize. Psychologist interested in the assessment and treatment of people with psychological problems, such as anxiety or stress, specialize in (a) psychology. Those who are interested in prejudice, attitudes, and group behaviors specialize in (b) psychology. Those interested in social, emotional, and cognitive changes across the life span specialize in (c) psychology. Those interested in studying sensation, perceptions, and learning, often under laboratory conditions, specialize in (d) psychology. Those interested in the interaction among genes, the nervous system, and the environment choose (e) psychology. Those interested in the measurement and testing of skills, abilities, personality, and mental problems specialize in (g), and those interested in the relationships of people and their work specialize in (h) psychology.

Clinical and Counseling, Social, Developmental, Experimental, Biological or psychobiology, Cognitive, Industrial/ Organizational

The approach that investigates how people attend to, store, and process information and how this information affects learning, remembering, and believing is called the (a) approach.

Cognitive

All psychologists agree that the first three goals of psychology are to (a) what organisms do, to (b) how organisms behave as they do, and to (c) how they will respond in the future and in different situations. Some psychologists add a fourth goal, which is to (d) behavior and thus curb or eliminate psychological and social problems.

Describe, Explain, Predict, Control

The approach that studies how evolutionary ideas, such as adaptation and natural selection, explain human behaviors and mental processes is called the (a) approach.

Evolutionary

Disagreeing with Wundt's approach, William James said that is was important to study functions rather than elements of the mind. Accordingly, James studied the functions of consciousness as well as how mental processes continuously flow and adapt to input from the environment. This approach is called (a). James's ideas contributed to the modern area of psychology and influenced educational psychology.

Functionalism

Also disagreeing with Wundt's approach was a group of psychologists, led by Wertheimer, Köhler, and Koffka, who stated that perceptions cannot be explained by breaking them down into individual elements or sensations.Instead, they believed that perceptions armor that the sum of individual sensations, and idea called the (a) approach.

Gestalt

The approach that emphasizes people's capacity for personal growth, freedom in choosing their future, and potential for self- fulfillment is called the (a) approach.

Humanistic

An approach that examines how our unconscious fears, desires, and motivations influence behaviors, thoughts, and personality and cause psychological problems is called the (a) approach. Sigmund Freud developed this approach, as well as the technique of dream interpretation, to bring unconscious ideas to the surface.

Psychoanalytic

Another common mistake that students make is that they think they know the material after reading the text and reviewing their notes. A better way to judge how you prepared you are for an exam is to ask yourself specific (a) rather that to trust your judgement about what you think you know. A good way to make your study time more efficient is to set specific (b) and keep track of your progress . Immediately after you reach a specific performance goal, give yourself a (c) which will both maintain and improve your motivation. To improve your lecture notes, try to associate new lecture material with what you already know, and use your notes to ask and answer (d) in your own words. One of the most effective ways to overcome a strong tendency to delay starting a task, known as (e), is to stop thinking about the final goal. Instead, break down a large assignment into a series of smaller goals and work on each goal separately. Finally, it's best to set a realistic (f) in order to accomplish each of the smaller goals.

Questions, Performance goals, Reward, Questions, Procrastination, Schedule

The approach that studies the influence of social and cultural factors on psychological and behavioral functioning is called the (a) approach.

Sociocultural

Consider the father of psychology, Wilhelm Wundt developed an approach called (a). This approach studied the elements of the conscious mind by using a self-report technique called (b). Wundt's approach was the beginning of today's cognitive approach.

Structuralism, Introspection

There are five major settings in which psychologist work and establish careers. The largest percentage of psychologist work in private practices or (a) settings, where they diagnose and help clients with psychological problems. The second largest group work in (b) settings, doing a combination of teaching and research. The third largest group work in a (c) of settings, where they are involved in selecting personnel, increasing job satisfaction, and improving worker- management relations. The smallest group work in other settings, such as (e), where they do academic testing and counseling.

Therapy or clinical, Academic, Industrial, Schools

During the first 75 years of its more that 100 years of existence, the field of psychology discriminated against (a) and (b), as indicated by the very limited number of these individuals who were granted PhDs or offered positions in major universities. During the past 40 or so years, the American Psychological Association, minority organizations, and most universities and colleges have been actively recruiting minorities and helping them enter the field of psychology.

Woman, Minorities