Module 16-17 (LaunchPad Questions) sai

Bees can see ultraviolet light, but cannot see the color red. This means that bees cannot see:

Long wavelength

Relative size, interposition, relative motion, and relative height are examples of: perceptual constancy. size constancy. binocular cues. monocular cues.

monocular cues.

Kittens, monkeys, and humans who experience prolonged sensory deprivation early in life all end up with permanent damage to their visual functioning. This finding suggests that: there is a critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development. sensory deprivation in adulthood results in damage to visual functioning. there is no critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development. neural organization is not related to sensory experiences.

there is a critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development.

The difference threshold is the minimum difference that a person can detect between: any two auditory stimuli 25 percent of the time. a dark environment and a light environment 5 percent of the time. two stimuli 50 percent of the time. any two stimuli 100 percent of the time.

two stimuli 50 percent of the time.

_____ is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular sensory stimulus 50 percent of the time.

Absolute threshold

According to the textbook, desirable objects are perceived as closer than neutral objects. In an experiment examining this phenomenon, the perceived distance of the objects is a(n) _____ variable in this study.

Dependent

As she was trying to study, Tanisha asked her roommate to lower the radio. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15, which was just enough for Tanisha to detect. Tanisha's roommate turned the radio back down to 14 after Tanisha asked her to lower it, which satisfied Tanisha. This is probably the result of:

Difference threshold

According to the principle of sensory adaptation, we become less aware of constant exposures to unchanging stimuli. Why, then, do objects not disappear from our sight even if we continue to stare at them? Even if we seem to hold our gaze, our eyes move constantly. Perceptual set prevents our vision from adapting to images. Our visual system does not adapt in the same way as our other senses. Blinking causes the image to constantly refresh, keeping us from adapting to images.

Even if we seem to hold our gaze, our eyes move constantly.

The rules we use for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by: Ewald Hering. Thomas Young. Gestalt psychologists. opponent-process theorists.

Gestalt psychologists.

Mia is attracted to a man she is chatting with in a nightclub. What is probably happening to her eyes?

Her pupils are dilating

James is born with cataracts in both eyes. When he is 6 weeks old, doctors surgically remove the cataracts. What will likely happen to his vision? His vision will be disturbed, and he won't be able to discriminate colors. His vision will be disturbed, and he won't be able to discriminate shapes. His vision will be only slightly affected by the visual deprivation. His vision will be partially affected, especially his ability to distinguish brightness from darkness.

His vision will be only slightly affected by the visual deprivation.

Tomas wakes up early in the morning and his room is fairly dark. He looks over and sees his shirt hanging on a hook. He knows it is his red shirt because he hung it up there before he went to bed, but in the dark he cannot see its color. It looks dark gray to him. Why is that?

In the dim light, the cones in his eyes are ineffectual.

Your room is still fairly dark when you wake up early one morning. You look over at your shirt hanging on a hook. You know it's your red shirt because you hung it up there before you went to bed, but in the dark you can't see its color. It looks dark gray to you. Why is that? Your feature detectors do not function well in darkness. In the dim light, the rods in your eyes are ineffectual. In the dim light, the cones in your eyes are ineffectual. Your pupils do not dilate in the darkness.

In the dim light, the cones in your eyes are ineffectual.

In an experiment described in the textbook, bar patrons preferred the taste of vinegar-laced beer in a glass labeled "MIT brew" to the taste of identical beer served in an unlabeled glass. The type of glass is a(n) _____ variable in this study.

Independent

The Moon illusion refers to one's tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually:

Large when it is near the horizon

_____________ refers to the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. Transduction Perception Sensory adaptation Sensation

Perception

People perceive young infants as bigger and stronger if the infant is introduced with a male rather than a female name. This best illustrates the concept of:

Perceptual sets

___________ is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular sensory stimulus (e.g., light, sound, pressure, and taste) 50 percent of the time. The difference threshold Signal detecting Priming The absolute threshold

The absolute threshold

If people stare at an object, why does it not seem to disappear? They have experienced sensory adaptation. Their eyes are constantly moving. Their nerve cells are constantly firing. They are still moving their bodies when they stare.

Their nerve cells are constantly firing.

_____ occurs when light energy or sound energy is converted into neural impulses.

Transduction

_____________ refers to the conversion of one form of energy into another.

Transduction

The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This BEST illustrates _____ law.

Weber's

A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This best illustrates: a context effect. a sensation. a subliminal effect. a difference threshold.

a context effect.

Tom just learned that his roommate Ahmed's girlfriend no longer wants to see him. Tom knows that Ahmed is studying in the library, so he goes to find him. Although Ahmed looks like he is studying, Tom assumes he looks depressed. This assumption is an example of someone being influenced by: a context effect. sensory adaptation. bottom-up processing. subliminal persuasion.

a context effect.

The opponent-process theory is most useful for explaining the characteristics of: feature detecting. afterimages. blindsight. accommodation.

afterimages.

Amber is participating in a local psychology experiment in which the research assistant asks Amber to hold two pencils in front of her and touch the tips together. She then asks Amber to do this with one eye closed. Amber finds this terribly difficult, which demonstrates the importance of _____ cues to depth perception.

binocular

The area at which the optic nerve leaves the eye has no receptor cells. This area is called the:

blind spot

Relative luminance most clearly contributes to: brightness constancy. shape constancy. size constancy. color constancy.

brightness constancy.

At his visit to the optometrist, Lance had failed to distinguish painted numbers within the designs shown to him. Lance most likely has: color-deficient vision. faulty form perception. blindsight. an inability to parallel process.

color-deficient vision.

A building contractor is surveying the progress on a home that is being built. From one angle, it appears that the home is completely framed. However, when the contractor moves to the right he sees the gaps. This illustrates the Gestalt principle of _____.

closure

Sensory adaptation helps people:

concentrate on more important things

As one watches a dog play in the park, light reflected from the dog's fur first passes through three structures of one's eye. In what order does the light pass through these structures?

cornea, pupils, lens

Researchers used goggles to restrict the vision of a number of infant kittens for several months. Once the goggles were removed after infancy, the animals: could distinguish only color and brightness. had damage to their retinas. could detect the colors and shapes of circles and squares. could distinguish only between circles and squares.

could distinguish only color and brightness.

Kittens, monkeys, and humans who experience sensory deprivation early in life end up with permanent damage to their visual functioning. This finding suggests that there is a _____ for normal sensory and perceptual development.

critical period

Sensory adaptation can be defined as: the unconscious activation of associations that are linked with memories. diminished sensitivity as a result of unchanging stimulation. the perception of stimuli below conscious awareness. the relationship between the intensity of a physical stimulus, such as noise, and the psychological effect of the stimulus.

diminished sensitivity as a result of unchanging stimulation.

When an extremely tired person is walking toward her parked car after a long day at work, she is more likely to perceive it as being _____ due to motivation effects. closer farther away parked in a different spot parked illegally

farther away

Pat turns to look directly at a brightly colored bird her friend has spotted in the garden. Pat is ensuring that the bird's image falls directly on her:

fovea

Denise wears an extremely bright safety yellow sweatshirt when she cycles to the gym after dark. The sweatshirt's brightness reflects the _____ of the light it reflects.

high amplitude

In terms of our sensory experience of light, wavelength is to ______________ as wave intensity is to brightness. ultraviolet rays frequency hue amplitude

hue

According to your text, transduction involves three processes. Which of the following is NOT one of these processes? delivering interpreting receiving transforming

interpreting

As one walks into a brightly lit room, the black structure in the center of one's eye seems to shrink to a tiny black dot. This response is caused by the action of the eye structure called the:

iris

The FBI is considering a new identification method. Instead of using old-fashioned fingerprints, they have decided to scan which part of the eye to confirm people's identity?

iris

The ring of muscle tissue that controls the pupil's size is called the: lens. iris. fovea. cornea.

iris.

In terms of vision, _____________ is the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field. sensory deprivation perceptual adaptation accommodation perceptual constancy

perceptual adaptation

Stan has volunteered to participate in an experiment studying vision in which he will wear a pair of glasses that invert his vision. Because of _____________, after about a week, he is even able to perform his usual activities like riding a bike or reading a book. continuity perceptual constancy perceptual adaptation the linear perspective

perceptual adaptation

Kittens, monkeys, and humans who temporarily experience sensory deprivation after the critical period of development all suffer no permanent effects to their visual functioning as a result of the deprivation experience. This is because of: perceptual adaptation. retinal disparity. perceptual constancy. brightness constancy.

perceptual adaptation.

Phyllis is doing a handstand in her yoga class. When she looks at the clock she can still tell that the time is 10 o'clock. This is thanks to:

perceptual constancy

Even though it is completely dark outside, you still perceive your car as fire-engine red, rather than the actual color of burgundy, due to lighting. This is an example of: the linear perspective. binocular cues. perceptual constancy. accommodation.

perceptual constancy.

After hearing that Bruce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his genuinely friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of: the just noticeable difference. subliminal sensation. subliminal persuasion. perceptual set.

perceptual set.

Karen decided she wanted her 6-year-old son Donnie to drink diet soda instead of regular soda that contained sugar. She filled the soda bottle that normally contained soda with sugar with diet soda. Donnie never noticed the difference. His perception was influenced by: sensory adaptation. perceptual set. subliminal persuasion. Weber's law.

perceptual set.

Professor Brandt shows his study participants a picture of an adult-child pair. He tells half of the participants that they are looking at a parent and her child. He tells the other half that they are looking at a day-care worker and a child in the day-care center. The group that thinks the pair are related rates them as looking more alike than the group that thinks they are not related. Professor Brandt is MOST likely conducting a study on:

perceptual sets

When people look at a photograph of an adult-child pair and are told that the two individuals are parent and child, they tend to say the pair looks more alike than people who are told the pair is unrelated. This is most likely due to: sensory adaptation. subliminal sensation. perceptual sets. emotion adaptation.

perceptual sets.

The way in which one quickly groups the individual letters in this test item into separate words BEST illustrates the Gestalt principle of _____.

proximity

Our senses do all of the following EXCEPT: deliver neural information to the brain. transform sensory information into neural impulses. receive sensory information from our environment. record sensory information and save it for later processing.

record sensory information and save it for later processing.

When subjects look at a picture of the Moon's surface, some of them report seeing a human face. This is due to:

schemas

Anna is reading her psychology textbook. The activation of receptors in her retina is called _____. Her interpretation of the stimuli as particular words is called _____.

sensation; perception

Tammy puts one toe into the swimming pool and shivers because the water is so cold. She grits her teeth and dives in anyway. After about ten minutes in the water, the temperature seems quite comfortable to her. This example illustrates the principle of: sensory adaptation. signal detection. Weber's law. the just noticeable difference.

sensory adaptation.

Sensation that is below the threshold of conscious awareness is called: bottom-up sensation. subliminal sensation. top-down sensation. signal detection.

subliminal sensation.

A researcher subliminally presents a visual image to participants, which increases the likelihood that they will later recognize the same briefly presented image. This best illustrates: that the process of transduction takes place over a period of time. the pervasive influence of subliminal persuasion. that information can be processed outside of conscious awareness. the difference between absolute and difference thresholds.

that information can be processed outside of conscious awareness.

The fact that perceptions involve more than the sum of our sensations best illustrates the importance of: signal detection theory. bottom-up processing. top-down processing. priming.

top-down processing.

When Casey opens her eyes in the morning she sees a photograph by her bedside. At that point, her eyes are receiving light energy. Her eyes then change the light energy into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called: sensory adaptation. the absolute threshold. transduction. the difference threshold.

transduction.

Jasmine was in a serious car accident. She suffered damage to her temporal lobe, just behind her right ear. What kind of problems might this cause for her?

trouble recognizing familiar faces

_____________ refers to the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.

wavelength

You stayed up way too late last night and your eyes are tired. You close and rub them, but as you rub you notice a white light. This is because: your rods are responding to the darkness.your pupils contract in the darkness. your retinal cells are extremely responsive, and the pressure from your hand triggers them. the pressure from your hand triggers a response in your cones, which are extremely responsive to darkness.

your retinal cells are extremely responsive, and the pressure from your hand triggers them.