Module 18: Musculoskeletal function

What results from ankylosing spondylitis?

Vertebral joint fusion Ankylosing spondylitis results in joint fibrosis, ossification, and fusion that most commonly affect the intervertebral and sacroiliac joints.

Which factor is NOT generally associated with known triggers of gout?

high-fat diet

Treatment priorities in myoglobinuria focus on preventing failure of which organ?

kidney

Which of the following are associated with preventing proper bone healing? Select all that apply.

nocturne and alcohol

Individuals with gout are much more likely to develop which complication?

renal stones

Which of the following diseases is characterized by osteomalacia in the growing bones of children?

rickets

A partial tear of a ligament is referred to by what term

second-degree sprain

A tear in a tendon is commonly referred to using what term?

strain

Which complications would not be associated with the healing of a fractured bone?

subluxion If the contact between the two joint surfaces is only partially lost, the injury is called a subluxation, generally associated with fractures. This results in injury; not associated with the healing process. Malunion, nonunion, and delayed union are all associated with impaired healing of a fractured bone.

Pain of fibromyalgia is associated with what process?

A decrease in pain threshold

What event is the cause of an avulsion?

A tendon is torn off its bony attachment

Which event would not occur after a bone fracture?

An increase in the number of osteoclasts at the fracture site Osteoblasts, not osteoclasts, migrate to the site of injury to repair the fractured bone tissue. Bone fractures result in ruptured vessels, bleeding, and later clot formation at the site of injury. After a fracture, leukocytes and mast cells infiltrate into bone tissue to facilitate the healing process. There is blood vessel growth at the fracture site.

Rheumatoid arthritis results from joint inflammation triggered by what?

Autoimmune injury

What is the cause of most cases of endogenous osteomyelitis?

Blood-borne pathogens

A bone breaks in a place where there was preexisting disease. What type of fracture is being described?

Pathological

A fracture in which the bone breaks into two or more fragments is referred to by what term?

Comminuted fracture

What contributes to the occurance of a torus fracture?

Cortex of the bone buckles

What factor contributes to the development of osteoporosis in older women?

Decreased estrogen levels The hormone estrogen helps maintain bone strength and integrity in women. In menopause, decreased estrogen production increases a woman's risk of developing osteoporosis. Increased androgen levels would promote bone integrity and strength. Decreased calcium intake is associated with the development of osteoporosis. Strenuous, weight-bearing exercise can help prevent osteoporosis.

What is the chief pathologic feature of degenerative joint disease?

Degeneration of articular cartilage

What is currently considered the best screening test for osteoporosis?

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan

Inflammation of a tendon where it attaches to the bone is referred to by which term?

Epicondylitis

What is the primary manifestation of osteoarthritis?

Joint pain

What is NOT considered a risk factors for osteoarthritis?

Low calcium intake

Which of the following cancers involves the proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow, causing skeletal pain?

Myeloma

Synovial joint problems in rheumatoid arthritis are due to which pathologic process?

Neutrophils and inflammatory cytokines cause damage to articular cartilage

Which of the following adult populations are at high risk for developing osteomyelitis?

Orthopedic surgery patients Recieved an animal bite Intravenous drug users Diabetics

Which of the following disorders presents with significant bone demineralization from a vitamin D deficiency and usually results in skeletal pain?Osteomalacia

Osteomalacia

Which of the following musculoskeletal tumors usually forms in the bone marrow?

Osteosarcoma

Which disorder is characterized by enlargement and softening of the bones

Paget disease

Which of the following pairs of symptoms is likely to manifest after a femoral fracture? Select all that apply.

Pain and swelling

Patients diagnosed with osteoporosis are at risk for what orthopedic complication?

Pathologic bone fractures

What feature is characteristic of fibromyalgia?

Pressure point pain

In addition to joint pain, rheumatoid arthritis often manifests with which systemic symptoms?

Rash Fever Malaise Lymphadenopathy

Severe muscle trauma from crush injuries can result in which complication?

Rhabdomyolysis

Pain and inflammation associated with gout are caused by crystallization of what conponent in the tissues?

Uric acid

What are the known causes of osteoporosis?

Risk factors for the development of osteoporosis include a family history, smoking, anorexia, early menopause, and late menarche.

In osteomyelitis, what term is used to identify the area of necrotic bone at the site of the infection?

Sequestrum

What term is used to identify the displacement of two bones in which the articular surfaces partially lose contact with each other?

The displacement of two bones in which the articular surfaces partially lose contact with each other is called subluxation. Dislocation occurs when the articular surfaces of the bones lose complete contact with each other. This description is not related to either subjugation or sublimation.

What term is used to identify the chronic stage of gout, characterized by crystalline deposits in cartilage, synovial membranes, and soft tissue?

Tophaceous

Which of the following fractures involves fragmentation of the articular cartilage and generally occurs in adolescents?

Transchondral