Module 19
stimulus
any event or situation that evokes a response.
discrimination.
(1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus; in operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced. (2) in social psychology, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members.
When Juan was a child, he was attacked by a swarm of hornets in his backyard. Now, every time he hears the sound of hornets, he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices shaping. classical conditioning. observational learning. operant conditioning.
Classical Conditioning
Dr. Garcia is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it, and his students begin to feel anxious and tense. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz and feel anxious whenever Dr. Garcia closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become:
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
generalization
Once a response has been conditioned, there is a tendency for similar stimuli to cause similar responses. (In operant conditioning, generalization occurs when responses learned in one situation occur in other, similar situations.)
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli; as a result, to illustrate with Pavlov's classic experiment, the first stimulus (a tone) comes to elicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation of the second stimulus (food)
Which example demonstrates that learning has occurred? pulling one's hand back from a sharp object blinking when something goes into one's eye flinching when one hears the sound of a car accident avoiding speeding in an area where one received a ticket previously
avoiding speeding in an area where one received a ticket previously
respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
operant behaviors
behavior that operates on the environment, producing a consequence.
Five-year-old Arianna is frightened by the noise thunder makes. Arianna associates lightning with thunder because lightning always precedes thunder. Thus, when Arianna sees lightning, she often cries in anticipation that she will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of _____ conditioning.
classical
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the _____ was the conditioned response. fear of a loud noise salivating to a tone fear of the white rat playful behavior with the rat
fear of the white rat
conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
neutral stimuli (NS)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).
Acquisition
in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
associative learning.
learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning).
Pauline is learning how to play badminton. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving the birdie while Pauline patiently watches. Pauline then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. This is an example of _____ learning. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.
observational
Jill is learning how to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Jill patiently watches. Jill then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which concept BEST describes how Jill is learning to play tennis? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices classical conditioning operant conditioning observational learning latent learning
observational learning
Animals can be trained to perform many behaviors through _____; that is, by providing well-timed rewards as the animals progressively better approximate the desired behaviors. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.
shaping
cognitive learning
the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.
behaviorism,
the idea that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without talking about how the mind works. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2
learning
the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
spontaneous recovery.
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
extinction.
the weakening of a conditioned response. In classical conditioning, this happens when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS). In operant conditioning, this happens when a response is no longer reinforced.
Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) _____ repeatedly comes before a(n) _____. neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the neutral stimulus that after conditioning became the conditioned stimulus was a: loud noise. rabbit. gunshot. white rats
white rats