Module 2 American History Study Guide

true

(t/f) most plain indians practiced a religion based in a belief in the spiritual power of the natural world

false

(t/f) the battle of little bighorn started when Cheyenne warriors attacked and army detachment near the little bighorn river

true

(t/f)the Indian peace commission plan was doomed to failure because the native americans were forced to live on small reservations and not allowed to freely roam.

What forms of shelter did the plains settlers develop?

-Soddies:freestanding homes made from turf -Dugouts: homes on the sides of ravines or hills.

What was the populist party platform?

1) increase in money supply 2) graduated income tax 3) federal loan program 4) election of senators by popular vote 5) single term president and vice president 6) secret ballot 7) 8 hour workday 8) restrictions on immigration

Why did the cattle industry decline? You will have multiple answers

A combination of factors brought an end to the cattle kingdom in the 1880s. The profitability of the industry encouraged ranchers to increase the size of their herds, which led to both overgrazing (the range could not support the number of cattle) and overproduction. the railroad it's faster to transport things also -barbed wire: there's no short cuts to get to places faster.

How did the invention of barbed wire in 1874 change the look of the Western frontier?A) It endangered wildlife.B) It ended the cattle frontier.C) It increased cattle stocks.D) It enriched the cow towns.

A) It endangered wildlife.

Where did Chief Sitting Bull take his people?

Across the U.S. Border to Canada

What is assimilation? How were children assimilated? Adults? Why did the assimilation policy of the Dawes Act fail?

Assimilation is a plan under which native americans would give up their beliefs and way of life and become part of the white culture. Children did this by the government building schools for native children, often hundred of miles away from the students homes. They could only speak english in these schools and could not wear their traditional clothing. They did this because whites wanted them to become americanized like other white children. They were taught to read, write, and learn industrial and domestic activities of whites. Adults were told to farm and have their own land and to dress like an american and cut their hair. They also reformed them to Christianity and changed their names to something more christian and white. It failed because Lack of support by the government, abuses of the act by white opportunists, and Native Americans' lack of interest in private property.

What battle is depicted at the beginning of the movie?

Battle of Little Big Horn

What are boom towns? How did boom towns turn into ghost towns?

Boomtowns were towns that seemed to pop up overnight, near mining sites. When all the silver and gold ore was gone people left, making them ghost towns

pemmican

Buffalo meat was dried into jerky or mixed with berries and fat to make staple food

What measures did the government take to support settlement of the frontier?

Congress passed the Homestead Act, offering 160 acres of land free to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of the household.

Who was considered by President Grant and his advisors to be a "fool" for his slaughter at the battle?

General George Custer

How did General Miles insult Chief Sitting Bull? What was the result?

General Miles questions Sitting Bull's history of his people, in which Sitting Bull claims that they recieved land from their Gods but General Miles disagrees with him, saying that they recieved land through war. He also questions Sitting Bull's leadership for the Lakota Sioux Indians. This results in a battle between the Indians and General Miles' Army who won.

He fought in the battle of the Little Big Horn and lost the battle because he divided his troops into three units and faced is larger village. Custer and his men were all killed

George Custer

how did the Iowa live?

Hunted and planted crops and settled in small villages. Most Iowa Indians lived in settled villages of round earthen lodges. When Iowa men went on hunting trips, they often used small buffalo-hide tipis (or teepees) as temporary shelter, similar to camping tents.

What was the biggest "killer" of the Sioux on the reservation?

Illness and disease, such as measles, influenza, and whooping cough. Other causes were drought and hunger, but it was mainly illness.

What happened at Sand Creek? Who is Sitting bull?

Important because it killed adults and children. It was total war. It takes war to civilians. The attack at dawn on November 29th 1864 killed over a hundred and fifty inhabitants mostly women and children. Sitting bull was known as Hunkesni or slow. He earned the name after a fight with the Crow, a traditional enemy of the sioux. He lead his people by the strength of his character and purpose. He was a warrior, spirit leader, and medicine man, he was determined that whites should leave sioux territory. His most famous right was at the Little Bighorn Custer. Native american police at standing rock reservation killed him in December 1890.

What economic problems confronted American farmers in the 1890s?

In February 1893, railroads went bankrupt; people panicked and traded paper money for gold. As a result, the stock market crashed.

what effect did the transcontinental railroad have on the culture of Native Americans?

It moved settlers west, taking their land, moving them, and promoting buffalo slaughter. Their culture was affected because they were used to being able to roam freely and have plenty of buffalo.

how did mining lead to the establishment of new towns in the west?

Mining led many people west. The population in the west grew. The gold rush in california brought many people there. When the population grew, the territories in the west became states.

Identify three differences between the culture of the Native Americans and the culture of the white settlers on the Great Plains.

Natives believed that land did not belong to anyone unlike the white settlers, natives were nomads and traveled around bc of the buffalo. The americans killed them for fun. The fact that the settlers wanted them to turn to their ways shows the divide between the two cultures.

How effective was the Dawes Act in promoting the assimilation of native americans into the white culture?

Not very effective in making them give up their culture but was effective in breaking up tribes by giving some of the reservation land to individual Native Americans

Describe the difference between the way Bryan campaigned and the way Mckinley campaigned

Republican William McKinley ran against Democrat William Jennings Bryan. McKinley served 14 years in Congress, and two terms as Governor of Ohio. He supported the gold standard, while Bryan supported the silver standard. Bryan was from Nebraska and served in the House of Representatives for two terms. He was only 36 years old and ran for president 4 times, but didn't win any of them. It was a complex campaign but McKinley ended up winning. Ppl threw money at the campaign. byran didnt have access to money so he Had to go face-to-face. McKinley got approximately 7 million votes and Brian about 6.5 million. McKinley carried the east. Brian carried the South informed vote of the middle west. the populist party collapsed with McKinley's election. Bryan campaign in 27 States. the Kinley campaigned from his front porch. McKinley had support groups in money.

what difficulties did miners face?

Some disadvantages are the fact that most people left their families to try to get gold and became poor and hungry. Mining contributes to erosion, sinkholes, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, significant use of water resources, dammed rivers and ponded waters, wastewater disposal issues, acid mine drainage and contamination of soil, ground and surface water, all of which can lead to health issues. Most mining camps were filthy, ramshackle living quarters

What influence did Spanish ranchers have on the American cowboy?

Spanish Ranchers taught the American settlers how to round up, rope, brand, and care for the animals. They influenced the vocabulary, how to manage large herds on open range, and they taught them to handle the longhorn. They influenced how they dressed.

Under what conditions did the Mounties say that Chief Sitting Bull and his people, the Lakota Sioux, would be permitted to live on Canadian soil?

The Indians couldn't use the land as a base for attacking the U.S and they couldn't fight with other tribes and interfere with their way of life.

Senator Henry Dawes returns to the Sioux reservation with a new offer for their land, what is this new offer?

The offer was to give the Indians $1.25 an acre of land, making the Indians gain more money from the purchase of their land by whites.

Why did the cattle industry become a big business in the late 1800s?

There were plentiful herds and a great demand for the cattle for food so cowboys herded them for transportation

A Plain Indian prophet named Wovoka comes to the Sioux and encourages them to participate in the "Ghost Dance". What did they believe would happen by evoking the spirits with this ritual?

They believed that the children lost to disease, Indian ancestors, and buffalo would return. They also believed that they would become free again and able to live on their past lands that were taken from them and before the white settlers came.

How did settlers overcome the challenges of living on the Great Plains?

They built their houses in the land or out of the land, instead of on it, due to lack of lumber. the settlers had to build their soddy homes from. People built homes out of sod due to the lack of trees, used tools such as the reaper and steel plow to make farming easier, steel windmill to hydrate crops in the event of a drought What economic problems

What did the government want from Chief Red Cloud and the Oglala Sioux Indians?

They wanted them to go to the reservation from the South Dakota Black Hills

describe the expanded rights that women and african americans had in the west as opposed to other parts of the country during this time.

Thousands of women were motivated to move west by the Homestead Act in 1862. This act gave single women the right to claim their own land. Others set out to become teachers to educate those that moved westward. Many victorian women that moved here, had to learn new skills like farming and ranching.

What was the government's new plan to get a hold of the black hills region of the Sioux lands? Did this pass?

To move the Sioux off upper plains and land and make the reservations for each Indian tribe to reside in. This plan was passed.

how successful were government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains? give examples to support the answer.

Very successful because railroads brought people to the west easier and also the homestead act which gave people free land caused people to move to the west because for once land was actually free and people could start their own lives. The growth in population on the great plains because of the advertisements of new job opportunities and the gold mining provided a lot of ways of which people were attracted to the west. The railroads also sold some of their land to farmers to help increase the amount of farming in the west. things could be more easily sold and shipped across the country these successful things the government had in the west promoted people to move to the west. on the opposite side of it being successful the land out there wasnt that fruitful so it wasnt improving society, and even the government werent getting any money bc land was free so they went to railroad owners, which makes the railroad owners more powerful and have more leverage.

The transcontinental railroad would connect the east and the west

What would the transcontinental railroad connect?

How did the roles of men and women differ on the plains? What about children?

Young men trained to become hunters and warriors. The women helped butcher the game and prepared the hides that the men brought back to the camp. Children learned proper behavior and culture through stories and myths, games, and good examples. Boys learned how to hunt with their fathers and girls learned how to clean animals and cook with their mothers.

how did the plains indians live?

abided by tribal law, traded and produced beautifully crafted tools and clothing. Gained honor by killing enemies, as well as counting coup. Plains Indians lived in tipis. Finally, they developed skills which allowed them to utilise every part of the buffalo. very skilled in archery and riding horses.

how did the osage live?

at first they lived in wigwams, but as they moved into the great plains to follow bison so they used teepees. they hunted and planted crops in small villages.

What name did the Native American boy in the classroom choose as his Christian name?

charles eastman

What was increasing the debt farmers had?

elaborate machinery made farmers borrow equipment they had to pay back putting them into debt especially if they had bonanza farms since they mortgaged their land to buy more property. The drought caused more debt because they couldnt compete with smaller farms which are more flexible with what they grew. Railroad charges also put them in debt. many also found themselves in a cycle of overproduction which brought them to price drops.

how did the sioux live?

gathered wild foods and hunted buffalo. Many Sioux tribes were nomadic people who moved from place to place following bison (buffalo) herds. Much of their lifestyle was based around hunting bison.

how did the cheyenne live?

gathered wild foods and hunted buffalo. The early farming Cheyenne in Minnesota lived in permanent earth lodges. The Cheyenne of the Great Plains lived in teepees made from buffalo hides and wooden poles.

counting coup

involved touching a live enemy with a coup stick and escaping unharmed

What was the significance of the Morill Acts of 1862 and 1890?

it led to the establishment of many universities and opened the door for public college education in america. taught agricultural practices and had a element of education to it it taught ppl how to use the land they had. If something new comes out; indstrialists have to pay for it, gotta set it up and gotta learn whats new about it. it also began the beginnings of integration you are penalized if you do not admit african americans.

What hardships did farmers face in the late 1800's?

lack of rainfall, death, bankrupt from drought, pests from locusts, raiders, isolation/boredom.

According to farmers and other supporters of freesilver, how would bimetallism help the economy?

more money in circulation, more people have money

What do you think were the most significant factors in bringing an end to the populist party? explain why you think some factors were more important than others.

one factor was the populist were supported by the Democrats. Gold and silver were the base of monetary system. (more currency). the Democrats wanted a bimetallism monetary system. Republicans wanted a gold standard they won the election and so the populist party folded because they were associated with the Democrats. other factors are; farmers were supported, pushing policy that wasn't popular, third-party was not supported enough, Brian won, popular vote from the Senators

Give examples of work women did on the homesteads.

plowed the land with the men. sheared sheep and carded wool, made clothes, make soap and candles, canned fruits and vegetables, skilled in medicine, hauled water, women in charge of schooling and churches.

true

t/f more than 25% of cowboys were African and 12% were Mexican

how did the destruction of the buffalo affect the culture and migration patterns of the native americans?

the natives thought that buffalo were sacred and used only for killing and clothing. They were the main animal they used. The Americans killed them for fun which caused the buffalo to die off faster. it effected how they lived and thrived. So they constantly had to move in order to survive. The Indians depended on it, the destruction of the Buffalo meant the destruction of their way of life (which the government knew when they authorized hunters to wipe out the Buffalo population to near extinction).

what are two things that changed the life of a cowboy

the railroad make it faster to transport things and barbed wire which cut off short cuts to get to places faster.

How did Railroads compound the farmer's financial problems?

the railroads charged western farmers a higher fee than they did farmers in the east. also the railroads sometimes charged more for short hauls, for which there was no competing transportation, than for long hauls. They felt pressure from the rising cost of shipping grain. this is bc the farmers needed the railroads the most so the railroad owners could do whatever they wanted. Farmers already struggled with debt and low crop prices. High shipping rates made their financial struggle harder

What technology did the settlers depend on to tame the prairie?

used the reaper and steel plow and barbed wire, grain drill, corn binder,

Esther Clark Hill

was a charter member of the Midland Authors club and she published three volumes of poetry during her life. She called her home in Chanute "The Small Place." Because of financial issues, she was at risk of losing the house. The Kansas Club Women rallied to help and provided her with a check of $400 in 1931. Hill began work at the Kansas Historical Society where she wrote articles for its publication, Kansas Historical Quarterly.

exoduster

was a name given to African Americans who migrated from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late nineteenth century, as part of the _____________ Movement or Exodus of 1879. It was the first general migration of black people following the Civil War.

Who is Zitkala-Sa?

was born in Sioux in 1876. grew up in the great plains. She was an native american indian that was sent to a quaker school in indiana at age 8 and they forced her to cut her har. She lost her dignity and identity because her culture was all about letting your hair grow long.

What economic opportunities drew large numbers of people to the Great Plains beginning in the mid-1800s?

were to find gold and silver. Also, they saw job opportunities as building railroads, cattle job, and miners. Identify the reasons for the rise and the decline of the cattle industry.

What states allowed women to vote before the 19th amendment was passed.

wyoming, idaho, oregon, kansas, arizona, washington, california, utah.