Module 2 - Intro to Sociology (CLEP Exam)

"This may sound really strange, but . . ." The statement above is an example of A.) A disclaimer B.) An account C.) An excuse D.) A justification E.) A concession

A.) A disclaimer

Maria woke up with a fever. She called in sick to work, took medicine, and spent the rest of the day in bed. Maria's actions are most representative of A.) A sick role B.) A role strain C.) A role conflict D.) Medicalization E.) Socialized medicine

A.) A sick role

As a nurse, Rex works to respect and fulfill the different values, beliefs, and behaviors of his patients. Which of the following is Rex practicing? A.) Cultural competence B.) Ethnocentrism C.) Alienation D.) Cultural lag E.) Assimilation

A.) Cultural competence

Max Weber's principle of verstehen was meant to A.) Explain the subjective beliefs that motivate people to act B.) Determine how society is dysfunctional organized C.) Focus on the inequality in society D.) Search for the social structures that fulfill people's need s E.) Identify the patterns of exchange among individuals or groups

A.) Explain the subjective beliefs that motivate people to act

Which of the following concepts seeks a consensus of opinion, or group conformity, by taking a narrow view of an issue? A.) Groupthink B.) Resocialization C.) Institutionalization D.) Mass hysteria E.) Resource mobilization

A.) Groupthink

A characteristic of a triad is that it A.) Is prone to coalition formation B.) Allows more power per member than a dyad C.) Is the smallest type of group D.) Can develop the strongest relationships E.) Has little impact on human behavior

A.) Is prone to coalition formation

For a deviant act to be classified as a crime, what quality must pertain to it? A.) It must be a rule written into law B.) It must result in harm to another person C.) There must be a victim D.) The act must be revolting to normal people E.) It must constitute danger

A.) It must be a rule written into law

Which set of concepts best illustrates material culture? A.) Jewelry, clothing, hairstyles B.) Beliefs, values, norms C.) Buildings, clothing, folkways D.) Sanctions, mores, weapons E.) Buildings, values, expressions

A.) Jewelry, clothing, hairstyles

Street crime has _______mortality costs and ______financial costs than white-collar crime. A.) Lower, lower B.) Higher, lower C.) Lower, higher D.) Higher, higher E.) Always differ

A.) Lower, lower

After studying the use of personal space in several cultures, what conclusion did Edward Hall reach regarding the amount of space people prefer? A.) The amount of personal space people prefer varies from one culture to another B.) There is virtually no difference in the amount of personal space preferred by people in different cultures C.) The amount of personal space preferred by people is universal but fluctuates by season D.) The amount of personal space preferred by people is dependent upon their level of industrialization E.) The amount of personal space is always limited

A.) The amount of personal space people prefer varies from one culture to another

A collection of people who happen to be walking down the street at the same time but who have nothing else in common is known as A.) A social movement B.) A social category C.) An aggregate D.) A primary group E.) A secondary group

C.) An aggregate

What term describes a position in life that one does not choose, but is awarded at birth or is related to the life course? A.) Achieved status B.) Status set C.) Ascribed status D.) Master status E.) Dominant set

C.) Ascribed status

When American servicemen occupied Japan following World War II, the Japanese watched the Americans playing baseball, appreciated the sport, and adopted it themselves. Today, baseball is one of the most popular sports in Japan. This adoption of baseball by the Japanese is an example of A.) Reformulation B.) Discovery C.) Cultural diffusion D.) Technological innovation E.) Socialization

C.) Cultural diffusion

Which of the following allows human beings to adapt to diverse physical environments? A.) Instinct B.) Heredity C.) Culture D.) Stratification E.) Ethnocentrism

C.) Culture

The philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that social order developed out of the A.) Recognition of the transcendent power of God B.) Biological need for humans to reproduce C.) Desire to escape a state of continuous social conflict D.) Discovery of agriculture E.) Reaction to the industrial revolution

C.) Desire to escape a state of continuous social conflict

Joanne is a member of a group that is developing a questionnaire as a group project in her sociology class. The leader of her group is always trying to gain consensus by explaining proposed actions and suggesting alternative approaches and giving facts as the basis for their evaluation of the members work. What leadership style is being exhibited in this case? A.) Authoritarian B.) Democratic C.) Expressive D.) Laisse-Faire E.) None of the above

C.) Expressive

All of the following are examples of voluntary associations EXCEPT the A.) Republican Party League of B.) Women Voters C.) Federal Bureau of Investigation D.) First Baptist Church of Atlanta E.) Little League Baseball Association

C.) Federal Bureau of Investigation

Which of the following types of societies is least differentiated? A.) Horticultural B.) Pastoral C.) Hunting and gathering D.) Agricultural E.) Industrial

C.) Hunting and gathering

Joe is on trial for selling drugs. He looks very different from when he was arrested. He has washed, cut, and combed his hair, and is wearing a clean, conservative suit and tie at the trial. Joe is engaged in A.) Dysfunctional behavior B.) Altruism C.) Impression management D.) Exchange E.) Anticipatory socialization

C.) Impression management

What effect did two years of intensive language training have on Isabelle, an isolated child discovered in Ohio in 1938? A.) Isabelle failed to benefit from the training because she was discovered too late B.) Isabelle was able to achieve an intellectual level about half that of other children her age C.) Isabelle reached an intellectual level normal for her age D.) Isabelle surpassed the intellectual level of other children her age as a result of the intensive training E.) None of the above

C.) Isabelle reached an intellectual level normal for her age

Which theory assumes that deviance occurs among individuals who are blocked from achieving socially approved goals by legitimate means? A.) Hirschi's social control theory B.) Labeling theory C.) Merton's strain theory D.) Differential association theory E.) Cultural transmission theory

C.) Merton's strain theory

Samantha works in a place that is hierarchical in nature, has written rules, and has written communications and records. Based on these characteristics, what can we conclude about Samantha's workplace? A.) Samantha works in a non-profit organization B.) Samantha is in a voluntary association C.) Samantha works in a bureaucracy D.) Samantha is part of an oligarch E.) All of the above

C.) Samantha works in a bureaucracy

What is the major difference between sociological and psychological theories used to explain deviance? A.) Sociological explanations are more accurate in explaining the true cause of crime B.) Only psychological explanations are accepted by the medical community C.) Sociological explanations focus on factors outside the individual, while psychological explanations look for answers within the individual D.) Psychological explanations are based on genetic predispositions, while sociological explanations concentrate on body types and physical differences E.) None of the above

C.) Sociological explanations focus on factors outside the individual, while psychological explanations look for answers within the individual

Which of the following distinguishes a crime from a deviant act? A.) The degree of harm caused by the act B.) The number of people who disapprove of the act C.) The definition of the act as criminal by a political entity D.) The social status of the person who committed the act E.) The social status of the person who is harmed by the act

C.) The definition of the act as criminal by a political entity

What is the definition of Cultural Relativism?

Cultural Relativism - to embrace and understand other cultures

Sandra is female, she is African American, and she is sixteen years of age. These three characteristics are examples of Sandra's A.) Role sets B.) Cultural roles C.) Achieved statuses D.) Ascribed statuses E.) Mobility aspirations

D.) Ascribed statuses

What is the definition of Folkways?

Folkways - a type of norm where if you break it, there's no extreme consequence [i.e., picking your nose]

What is the definition of Norms?

Norms - expectations/rules/acts that people are supposed to act in public

What is the definition of Sanctions?

Sanctions - a reaction indicating whether to approve or disapprove the norm [expectations/rules/acts expected on us]

Mark is a foreign exchange student living with a Chinese family. The first night he was with them his hosts served a delicious entrée of meat and vegetables. Although tasty, Mark could not identify the meat. When his host told him it was roast dog Mark became upset and decided to become a vegetarian for the course of his stay. In view of this, which sociological concept did Mark just experience? A.) Cultural lag B.) Relativist fallacy C.) Cultural leveling D.) Culture shock E.) Counterculture

D.) Culture shock

Which of the following is an example of an informal positive sanction? A.) Marguerite receives a bronze medal for gymnastics at the B.) Olympics Hank is awarded a high school diploma by the school board C.) Halle receives a million dollars for her performance in a movie D.) Danisha receives a new car from her parents when she scores a 2300 on the SAT E.) William is sentenced to one year of community service and a $5,000 fine for shoplifting

D.) Danisha receives a new car from her parents when she scores a 2300 on the SAT

What are the expectations or rules of behavior that develop out of a group's values? A.) Mores B.) Folkways C.) Laws D.) Norms E.) Theories

D.) Norms

According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do we develop our self concept? A.) Our self concept is inherited based on genetic characteristics B.) Out self concept is a product of self-discipline C.) Our self concept is the result of deep-seated psychological development D.) Our self concept develops from interaction with others E.) All of the above

D.) Our self concept develops from interaction with others

The process by which an individual learns how to live in his or her social surroundings is known as A.) Amalgamation B.) Association C.) Collective behavior D.) Socialization E.) Innovation

D.) Socialization

Cooley called a person's self-conception based on the responses of others A.) The divided self B.) Self-esteem C.) The concrete operational stage D.) The looking-glass self E.) The "I" and "me"

D.) The looking-glass self

All of the following are properties of primary groups EXCEPT A.) They are important sources of social support B.) They tend to be ethnocentric C.) They significantly influence personality development D.) They tend to be large in number E.) They are frequently characterized by face-to-face relationships

D.) They tend to be large in number

What term for sociologists use to describe a culture, in which their values and norms place it at odds with the dominant culture? A.) Subculture B.) Counterculture C.) Material culture D.) Non-material culture E.) Symbolic interactionism

B.) Counterculture

An example of a folkway in American society is A.) Joining a religious cult B.) Eating a sandwich for lunch C.) Failing to pay income taxes on time D.) Stopping for a red light E.) Being fined for jaywalking

B.) Eating a sandwich for lunch

Leo is a college student , cello teacher, and a member of Who s Who Among Students in American Colleges and Universities. What are these accomplishments collectively called? A.) His social class B.) His achieved statuses C.) His social roles D.) His ascribed statuses E.) None of the above

B.) His achieved statuses

Who was the sociologist who described deviance this way: It is not the act itself but the reactions to the act, that make something deviant? A.) Napoleon Chagnon B.) Howard Becker C.) Stephen Steel D.) Ross Koppel E.) Christine McSimmons

B.) Howard Becker

Macrosociology tends to focus on _____________ where as microsociology focuses on social interaction. A.) Buildings and factories B.) Large scale features of social life C.) Families and societies D.) Small scale features of social life E.) All of the above

B.) Large scale features of social life

According to Émile Durkheim, the more homogeneous a group the greater its A.) Organic solidarity B.) Mechanical solidarity C.) Functional differentiation D.) Co-optation E.) Stratification

B.) Mechanical solidarity

Which term is used to describe a group's way of thinking, gestures, language, values, and social norms? A.) Material culture B.) Nonmaterial culture C.) Cultural relativism D.) Ethnocentrism E.) Subculture

B.) Nonmaterial culture

Mrs. Jones has a parent-teacher meeting scheduled at the school where she teaches. The meeting is scheduled at the same time as her daughter's piano recital. Mrs. Jones will have to decide how to juggle the contradictory expectations of teacher and parent. This situation is referred to as A.) Role strain B.) Role conflict C.) Status conflict D.) Status set E.) Role set

B.) Role conflict

What was the result of the study conducted by H. M. Skeels and H. B. Dye where they placed an experimental group of mentally challenged babies in an institution to be cared for by caring adults? A.) The babies were abused by the care givers, and the experiment ended prematurely B.) The intelligence scores of the babies significantly increased when retested two and a half years later C.) There was no change in the intelligence scores of the babies when retested two and a half years later D.) The intelligence scores of the babies decreased when retested two and a half years later E.) The babies in the experimental group did not survive

B.) The intelligence scores of the babies significantly increased when retested two and a half years later

According to Émile Durkheim, a society that lacks clear-cut norms to govern aspirations and moral conduct is characterized by A.) Rationalism B.) Altruism C.) Egoism D.) Secularism E.) Anomie

E.) Anomie

Impression management is exhibited by a college student who A.) Aces an exam after forgetting to study for it B.) Anticipated graduating and getting a job C.) Expects to do well on an exam and ends up doing so D.) Anticipates flunking a course and stops going to class E.) Cleans the dorm room in preparation for Parent's Weekend

E.) Cleans the dorm room in preparation for Parent's Weekend

Sociological studies of gender socialization show that A.) Girls' games are more likely than boys' games to encourage assertive behaviors B.) Girls' games are more likely than boys' games to emphasize strict observance of rules C.) Girls are more likely than boys to learn to suppress emotions of sadness D.) Girls are more likely to engage in competitive play and boys in cooperative play E.) Girls are less likely than boys to receive attention from teachers

E.) Girls are less likely than boys to receive attention from teachers

Which of the following can properly be considered norms? I. Laws II. Folkways III. Mores A.) I only B.) III only C.) I and II only D.) II and III only E.) I, II, and III

E.) I, II, and III

The early Chicago School researchers found that even though immigration changed the racial and ethnic composition of some areas of the city over time, the rates of crime in those areas remained relatively high. Which of the following interpretations of this finding is most consistent with the Chicago School's social disorganization perspective? A.) Police deployment practices failed to control crime B.) Police were biased against immigrants C.) Immigrants did not have legitimate means to achieve their goals D.) Immigrants were labeled as criminals even when their actions were not illegal E.) Neighborhood social institutions were ineffective at preventing crime

E.) Neighborhood social institutions were ineffective at preventing crime

Sociplace alization takes A.) Only in childhood B.) Mainly in adolescence C.) Mainly in early childhood D.) Mainly through the reproductive years E.) Throughout the life cycle

E.) Throughout the life cycle