Module 2 overview - AP Psychology

Each of the brain hemispheres is subdivided into ____________ and separated by ______________.

Lobes; fissures

Scientists hope that using master stem cells they will someday be able to help the body create new neurons for damaged areas of the brain through the process of:

Neurogenesis

As you stand in line for coffee, you scan the faces of other customers looking for your friend. This visual information is being processed in your ______________ lobe.

Occipital

What is true regarding action potentials?

Once an action potential is started, it is self-sustaining and continues to the end of the axon

Each cerebral hemisphere can roughly be divided into four lobes. Which lobe processes auditory information

the temporal lobe

What effect do agonists have?

they increase the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire

The phenomenon of declining physiological effects of taking a drug after sustained use is referred to as

tolerance

which hormone is released when a person is under stress?

cortisol

Chan is a concert pianist who practices a great deal. Which area of his brain is likely to be larger than it is in a person who does not play the piano?

Auditory cortex

The psychologists use advanced technologues to study the links between genetic, neural, and hormonal processes and psychological processes

Biological

Marge suffered a stroke in the underside of the right temporal lobe. Which brain function is likely to be affected?

Facial recognition

A drug that is used to treat seizures functions by preventing inhibitory neurotransmitters from returning to the presynaptic neuron. This slows the rate of neurons firing by increasing the amount of the inhibitory neurotransmitter in the synapse. The drug is most likely to be classified as

GABA reuptake inhibitor (GRI)

An adult with a healthy sleep cycle is most likely to enter REM sleep

after cycling through the NREM sleep stage

What describes what happens when a neuron sends a signal?

The neuron goes from being negatively charged to briefly positively charged, and finally returns to being negatively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge is fixed regardless of the strength of the input signal it receives

What occurs during the refractory period?

The neuron reestablishes the negative inside/positive outside condition

If a body does not have enough potassium, how might that affect neural firing?

The neurons will struggle to fire because there will not be enough positively charged ions to trigger the firing of the neuron

At a synapse, neurotransmitters released by the sending neuron do which of the following

They bind to receptors at the receiving neuron, which opens ion channels

Following massive damage to his frontal lobes, Phineas Gage was most strikingly debilitated by

antisocial and aggressive behavior

A neurons sends a signal along its

axon

Tamika, a split-brain patient, is seated in front of a screen. As she focuses on the middle of the screen, the image of a fork is briefly flashed on the RIGHT side of the screen. Tamika will:

be able to verbally name the object

Antagonists function by

blocking receptors to prevent other neurotransmitters from binding to the neural receptors

The two cerebral hemispheres that contribute to 85 percent of the brains weight is also called the

cerebrum

The psychodynamic theory of dreaming would postulate that

dreams fulfill unconscious wishes

The hormone most likely associated with the fight or flight response

epinephrine

A person whose body is not producing enough testosterone is most likely to inhibit

fatigue

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in speaking?

frontal

Carl wernicke discovered the region of the brain that is responsible for

language comprehension

Research with split-brain patients led Michael Gazzaniga to conclude that the _____ typically constructs the theories people offer to explain their own behaviors.

left cerebral hemisphere

In 1870, German physicians Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig used milf electrical stimulation in an animals brain to make parts of the body move. when they stimulated the right motor cortex the ___________- side moved, and when they stimulated the left cortex the _______________ side of the body moved

left; right

Ruth and Debbie are identical twins who were raised by the same family. Wince and Frankie are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. According to research on the heritability of personality traits, Ruth's and Debbie's personalities are statistically

likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince's and Frankie's personalities

The idea that various brain regions have particular responsibilities is called

localization of function

The stimulus threshold of the neuron refers to the:

minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron

The signals for voluntary muscle movements originate in a band of tissue called the __________, which is located on the ____________ lobe.

motor cortex; frontal

The action potential is produced by

movement of positive ions across the membrane of the axon

MRI scan indicates that well practiced pianists have a larger-than-usual auditory cortex area, the area that encodes piano sounds. This best illustrates

plasticity

The parietal lobe is most involved in

processing sensory information

The idea that there is a part of the mind that is not directly accessible to awareness but still drives a person's thinking and behavior is most directly attributable to

sigmund freud

Michael Gazzaniga is best known for

studying split-brain patients

After suffering a severe brain injury in a motorcycle accident Amir was partially paralyzed on the left side of his body. After several months of intensive physical therapy he gradually regained use of his left leg and arm. This example best illustrates the principle of:

Plasticity

Tyree was in a serious bike accident in which the front of his head slammed into a tree. Since the accident he is irritable and has trouble controlling his behavior and planning future activities. Tyree likely damaged his:

Prefrontal cortex

When a neurons is in the resting potential state:

It has a negative electrical charge

Madeline has previosuly been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. She has an identical twin sister, Josephine, and a nonidentical sister, Abgail. Neither of Madeline's sisters have previosuly been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Which of the following statements is true of Madeline's sisters?

Josephine is more likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Abigail in response to a stressful or traumatic event

Johnny often hits his brother even though his brother does not do anything to antagonize him. Johnny's aggression is most likely due to a combination of

his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionary adaptive

The primary function of the myelin sheath is to:

insulate the axon and increase the speed at which neurons convey their message

The idea that specific psychological or cognitive functions are processed primarily on one side of the brain is called:

lateralization