Module 25

In one study by Ceci and others, nearly _____ percent of preschoolers produced false memories of events that never happened.

60

While taking an American history exam, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. Her difficulty MOST clearly illustrates:

Retrieval Failure

Ivan recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood. His memory problems are related to:

Retrieval failure.

In _____ interference, information learned recently disrupts the recall of information learned earlier.

Retroactive

After switching dorm rooms and getting a new phone number, Samantha found that it was harder to remember her previous dorm room's phone number. Samantha was experiencing:

Retroactive Interference

Dana is suffering from _____ when she fails to remember events preceding traumatic brain injury.

Retrograde Amnesia

The more _____ information is in two memories, the more likely it is that _____ will occur.

Similar; Interference

Forest often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble because he can't figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as _____ amnesia.

Source

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Daniel began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall BEST illustrates _____ amnesia.

Source

Lonnie often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble because he can't figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as:

Source Amnesia

The misinformation effect highlights the:

changeability of memory.

Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, he recalls smoking little more than one pack per day. This poor memory BEST illustrates:

motivated forgetting

Jake is describing a chance encounter with an acquaintance. "I couldn't remember her name, yet it was on the tip of my tongue!" he exclaims. Jake is experiencing a failure of a memory process called:

retrieval.

SQ3R is a method for _____ memory.

Improving memory

During a basketball game, Tyree suffered a concussion. Afterwards, he could not remember the game or what happened when he was treated in the hospital. Tyree was experiencing:

Anterograde amnesia.

Ebbinghaus himself was the only participant in his studies of memory. Ebbinghaus therefore used the _____method in his research.

Case study

Loftus and Palmer (1974) conducted an experiment in which participants estimated the speed of a car described as either hitting or smashing into another. The _____ variable in this experiment was _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Dependent; speed estimates

The feeling that one has had the same experience before is known as:

Déjà vu.

If you ask your classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the majority will not be very accurate. This MOST likely reflects a failure in the memory process of _____.

Encoding

In a motorcycle accident, Adam suffered a brain injury that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty MOST clearly illustrates a failure in the memory process of:

Encoding

Juanita was daydreaming about her college plans during a boring lecture on the history of computers. She doesn't remember that ENIAC was the first functioning digital computer because she wasn't paying attention. Juanita's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of _____ failure.

Encoding Failure

At a loud party, Maggie met so many new people that when she ran into one of her new acquaintances on campus the next day, she was unable to remember the person's name. The MOST likely explanation for her forgetting the name of her new acquaintance is:

Interference

Jane often studies Spanish and French back to back right after school. She might have trouble remembering the different vocabulary because she is not minimizing _____.

Interference

Anterograde Amnesia

Involves a loss of memory of the events following trauma.

Amnesia

Is a loss of memory, often due to brain trauma, injury or disease.

mood-congruent memory

Is the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.

Who is MOST likely to have memory difficulties?

Jane, who studies Spanish and French back to back

Yancy was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by the police to describe the young criminal, Yancy recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than an adult. Yancy's experience BEST illustrates: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Misinformation Effect

Aaron went to school one day with his zipper down. Horribly embarrassed, he asked his friend to never speak of the event. Years later when asked about that event, Aaron doesn't remember that it ever happened. He is exhibiting _____ forgetting.

Motivated Forgetting

Overconfidence

Our ability to recognize material can make us feel "overconfidence", which might lead to poorer performance on certain tests.

Janel was sexually abused by her uncle when she was 5 years old. This experience was so devastating and traumatic that she removed the memory from her conscious awareness. This is an example of a defense mechanism called ____.

Repression

Mrs. Alvarez cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates a defense mechanism called _____.

Repression

Some therapists suggest that clients have pushed memories of childhood victimization into the unconscious mind. In other words, therapists attribute clients' inability to a mechanism called _____.

Repression

An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness's recall of a previously observed crime. This BEST illustrates:

The Misinformation Effect

proactive interference

The interference is caused in the past and goes forward to affect new information

"I know it! It's um . . . um . . . it starts with G," begins a trivia game contestant excitedly. The contestant is falling prey to the _____ phenomenon.

Tip-of-the-tongue

Positive Transfer

When bits of information do not compete with each other and actually facilitate memory it is called... Ex: Spanish can help you learn French

Neutral

When questioning children about past event, it is important to use " " words.

Rashad is studying for tomorrow's biology exam. He has been reading and taking notes for hours, and he feels like he cannot study any longer. To avoid retroactive interference, the BEST thing for Rashad to do at this point is:

go to sleep soon