Module 3 Biology EVOLUTION W13 HW

The process by which groups of organisms in distant taxa independently evolve to take on similar forms is known as a divergent evolution. b sympatric evolution. c convergent evolution. d punctuated equilibrium.

c convergent evolution.

The transfer of genes by a mechanism not involving asexual reproduction is called a meiosis. b the web of life. c horizontal gene transfer. d gene fusion.

c horizontal gene transfer.

A tree with a group of organisms that contain species/lineages which are more closely related to each other than to any outside of the group, and share a most recent common ancestor is known as a a non-phyletic clade b paraphyletic group. c monophyletic clade. d sister group.

c monophyletic clade.

Which phylogenetic model proposes that all three domains of life evolved from a pool of primitive prokaryotes? a tree of life b web of life c ring of life d network model

c ring of life

The science that organizes and classifies organisms based on evolutionary relationships is known as a taxonomy. b paleontology. c systematics. d molecular evolution.

c systematics.

The sister taxa of a phylogenetic tree shows a the location of the common ancestor to all other species in the tree. b where a single lineage evolved into a distinct one. c where two lineages stemmed from a branch point. d where more than one lineage branches from the same point.

c where two lineages stemmed from a branch point.

What taxonomic level of classification includes the greatest number of species? a Genus b Order c Family d Kingdom

d Kingdom

A polytomy shows a the location of the common ancestor to all other species in the tree. b where a single lineage evolved into a distinct one. c where two lineages stemmed from a branch point. d a branch with more than two lineages from the same node and where scientist dont yet have enough data to resolve it to two lineages.

d a branch with more than two lineages from the same node and where scientist dont yet have enough data to resolve it to two lineages.

Which of the following are different ways that are proposed to explain the evolution of eukaryotic cells. a Mitochondria were acquired first, followed by the development of the nucleus. b The nucleus evolved first and this new eukaryotic cell later acquired the mitochondria. c It is proposed that prokaryotes actually descended from eukaryotes by the loss of genes and complexity. d all of the above

d all of the above

The science of molecular systematics a is used for taxonomic classification of organisms. b is a way to determine the genetic relationships among taxa. c is a very useful tool to confirm, reject or modify existing phylogenetic trees. d all of the above.

d all of the above.

Data used to construct a phylogeny can be used in many ways to show different evolutionary relationships between organisms in a taxon or clade. The construction of a phylogeny using the rule of maximum parsimony results in a phylogeny that a is relatively complex and will need further validation. b requires the fewest number of evolutionary changes. c shows the simplest model of their evolutionary relationships and can be used as a starting point for further analyses. d b and c.

d b and c.

A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that shows a the certain and undisputed evolutionary history for a group of organisms. b a series of evolutionary relationships that includes only living species. c a guess without scientific data on how organisms may be related. d the hypothetical evolutionary relationships among organisms based upon current data available.

d the hypothetical evolutionary relationships among organisms based upon current data available.

A branch point (or node) shows a the location of the common ancestor to all other species in the tree. b where a single lineage splits into distinct new ones. c where two lineages stemmed from a branch point. d a branch with more than two lineages from the same node and where scientist dont yet have enough data to resolve it to two lineages.

b where a single lineage splits into distinct new ones.

The study of organizing homologous traits to describe phylogenies is known as a cladistics. b taxonomy. c systematics. d homolonomy.

a cladistics.

The process by which groups of organisms evolve in diverse directions from a common point is known as a divergent evolution. b sympatric evolution. c convergent evolution. d punctuated equilibrium.

a divergent evolution.

A trait that is shared by only some of the organisms in a taxon or clade is known as a a shared derived character. b shared ancestral character. c a cladal mutation. d

a shared derived character.

The science of classifying organisms into an internationally shared classification system with each organism placed into increasingly more inclusive groupings is known as a taxonomy. b paleontology. c systematics. d molecular evolution.

a taxonomy.

The root of a phylogenetic tree shows a the location of the common ancestor to all other species in the tree. b where a single lineage evolved into a distinct one. c where two lineages stemmed from a branch point. d where more than one lineage branches from the same point.

a the location of the common ancestor to all other species in the tree.

A trait that is found in and shared by two or more species, but is not derived from a common ancestor is known as a an analogy or homoplasy. b convergent evolution. c a homology. d divergent evolution.

a an analogy or homoplasy.

A reliable rate of mutation in genes that is used to estimate the time of evolutionary divergence between living and ancestral species or taxa is known as a molecular speciation. b a molecular clock. c molecular systematics. d

b a molecular clock.

Particles that transfer genetic material from one species to another, especially in marine prokaryotes is known as what? a horizontal gene transfer b gene transfer agents c genome fusion device d lateral gene transfer

b gene transfer agents

The evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms is called a a taxon. b phylogeny. c a tree of sister species. d a descendent path.

b phylogeny.

A trait that is found in a common ancestor and all species within a taxon or clade is known as a a shared derived character. b shared ancestral character. c a cladal mutation. d either a homology or an analogy.

b shared ancestral character.

A trait found in two or more species that is derived, with or without modification from a common ancestor is known as a an analogy. b convergent evolution. c a homology. d divergent evolution.

c a homology.