Module 3 Lecture Comprehension

What is the difference between a fissure and a sulcus? a.) A sulcus is a small inward fold and a fissure is a deep groove. b.) A fissure is a small inward fold and a sulcus is a deep groove. c.) A fissure is a "bump" and a sulcus is a deep groove. d.) A sulcus is a small inward fold and a fissure is a small outward fold.

a.) A sulcus is a small inward fold and a fissure is a deep groove.

We call the _______ zone of the parietal lobes the somatosensory cortex. a.) Anterior b.) Posterior c.) Inferior d.) Superior

a.) Anterior

Which of the following statements about bioelectrical properties of cell membranes is NOT true? a.) Bioelectricity is not found in muscle cells. b.) At rest, most cells have a potential between -40 to -80mV. c.) Cell membranes can separate charged ions. d.) Cell membranes are electrical insulators.

a.) Bioelectricity is not found in muscle cells.

The midbrain forms a major part of the _______. a.) Brainstem b.) Cortex c.) Spinal cord d.) Cerebrum

a.) Brainstem

The _______ is the primary structure connecting the two hemispheres of the brain. a.) Corpus callosum b.) Second ventricle c.) Anterior commissure d.) Basal ganglia

a.) Corpus callosum

An excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP) is (Select all that apply): a.) Depolarizing b.) Repolarizing c.) Hyperpolarizing d.) Graded e.) All-or-none

a.) Depolarizing d.) Graded

The _______ includes areas in the brain such as the thalamus, the cerebrum, and the hypothalamus. a.) Forebrain b.) Midbrain c.) Hindbrain d.) Sidebrain

a.) Forebrain

Bundles of nerve cell bodies are known as which of the following? a.) Gray Matter b.) White matter c.) Nodes of Ranvier d.) Dendrites e.) Axons

a.) Gray Matter

Which of the following is required for neuronal signaling? a.) High levels of sodium outside the cell b.) Myelination of the neuron c.) High levels of potassium outside the cell d.) All of the above

a.) High levels of sodium outside the cell

Which of the following is true of binding of the neurotransmitter, released from the presynaptic neuron of a chemical synapse, to the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a.) It results in ion channels of the postsynaptic membrane to open or close. b.) It directly transfers the nerve impulses from the presynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic membrane. c.) It deforms the postsynaptic membrane, which results in the formation of a nerve impulse. d.) None of the above

a.) It results in ion channels of the postsynaptic membrane to open or close.

In which lobe of the cortex is the primary visual area? a.) Occipital b.) Parietal c.) Temporal d.) Frontal

a.) Occipital

Are the cranial nerves part of the PNS or CNS? a.) PNS b.) CNS c.) both d.) neither

a.) PNS

Spinal nerves are part of the _. a.) PNS b.) CNS

a.) PNS

We call the posterior zone of the parietal lobes the _______ cortex. a.) Posterior parietal b.) Somatosensory c.) Neo d.) "Little"

a.) Posterior parietal

In a membrane potential (mV) versus time (ms) graph, what happens at the peak? Select all that apply. a.) Sodium (Na) ion channels are inactive. b.) Sodium (Na) ion channels are open. c.) Sodium (Na) ion channels are closed. d.) Potassium (K) ion voltage-gated ion channels are closed. e.) Potassium (K) ion voltage-gated ion channels are open. f.) Sodium (Na)/Potassium (K) ion channels are open. g.) Sodium (Na)/Potassium (K) ion channels are closed.

a.) Sodium (Na) ion channels are inactive. e.) Potassium (K) ion voltage-gated ion channels are open. f.) Sodium (Na)/Potassium (K) ion channels are open.

Structures of the _______ provide control of skeletal muscles. a.) Somatic nervous system b.) Autonomic nervous system c.) Lingual nervous system d.) Posterior nervous system

a.) Somatic nervous system

TRUE or FALSE: A post synaptic cell can interpret simultaneous EPSPs and IPSPs. a.) TRUE b.) FALSE

a.) TRUE

The somatosensory cortex is part of the parietal lobe whereas the motor cortex is part of the frontal lobe. a.) TRUE b.) FALSE

a.) TRUE

Which statements are true? Select all that apply. a.) There is a higher concentration of potassium ions (K) outside of the cell than inside at resting membrane potential. b.) There is a higher concentration of potassium ions (K) inside of the cell than outside at resting membrane potential. c.) There is a higher concentration of chloride ions (Cl) inside of the cell than outside at resting membrane potential. d.) There is a higher concentration of chloride ions (Cl) outide of the cell than inside at resting membrane potential. e.) The sodium-potassium ion (Na/ K) pump uses ATP to move 3 Na ions out of the cell for every 2 K ions that move into the cell. f.) The sodium-potassium ion (Na/ K) pump uses ATP to move 2 Na ions out of the cell for every 3 K ions that move into the cell. g.) The sodium-potassium ion (Na/ K) pump uses ATP to move 3 Na ions into the cell for every 2 K ions that move out of the cell. h.) The sodium-potassium ion (Na/ K) pump uses ATP to move 2 Na ions into the cell for every 3 K ions that move out of the cell. i.) K ions cannot freely diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer membrane. j.) K ions can freely diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer membrane.

a.) There is a higher concentration of potassium ions (K) outside of the cell than inside at resting membrane potential. d.) There is a higher concentration of chloride ions (Cl) outide of the cell than inside at resting membrane potential. e.) The sodium-potassium ion (Na/ K) pump uses ATP to move 3 Na ions out of the cell for every 2 K ions that move into the cell. i.) K ions cannot freely diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer membrane.

What is the role of Ca in a chemical synapse? a.) To trigger neurotransmitter release when the concentration of Ca2+ inside the presynaptic neuron increases b.) To trigger neurotransmitter release when the concentration of Ca2+ inside the presynaptic neuron decreases c.) To trigger neurotransmitter release when the concentration of Ca2+ outside the presynaptic neuron increases d.) To trigger neurotransmitter release when the concentration of Ca2+ outside the presynaptic neuron decreases

a.) To trigger neurotransmitter release when the concentration of Ca2+ inside the presynaptic neuron increases

Which part of the neuron converts electrical potential to chemical stimuli for other neurons or target effector? a.) axon b.) cell body (soma) c.) dendrite

a.) axon

Which part of the neuron has plasma membrane proteins that will initiate an action potential a long distance away toward its target, if the signal reaches a strong enough level called the threshold? a.) axon b.) cell body (soma) c.) dendrite

a.) axon

Which part of the neuron sends output to "effector"? a.) axon b.) cell body (soma) c.) dendrite

a.) axon

How can a specific neurotransmitter, such as norepinephrine, excite one type of cell in the body causing increased metabolic activity, but inhibit another cell elsewhere in the body at the same time? a.) by binding to receptors that cause different effect in cell b.) by binding to some effector cells but not others c.) by changing its chemical properties after it is released d.) by binding only to inhibitory receptors e.) by binding only to excitatory receptors

a.) by binding to receptors that cause different effect in cell

Spinal nerves are ____. a.) combined sensory and motor axons b.) sensory axons c.) motor axons d.) distinct from sensory and motor axons

a.) combined sensory and motor axons

The purpose of the absolute refractory period is to __. (Select all that apply) a.) help give the membrane time to repolarize b.) prevent an action potential from flowing backwards c.) depolarize the membrane d.) there is no purpose; it's just the cell overshooting it's target of resting membrane potential.

a.) help give the membrane time to repolarize b.) prevent an action potential from flowing backwards

Spinal nerves T2 - T11 do not reorganize in a plexus, but give rise directly to the ____. a.) intercostal nerves b.) sciatic nerve c.) femoral nerve d.) saphenous nerve

a.) intercostal nerves

Which arteries directly supply oxygenated blood to the Circle of Willis? (Select all correct responses) a.) internal carotid b.) jugular c.) vertebral d.) aorta e.) anterior cerebral

a.) internal carotid c.) vertebral

Binding of a neurotransmitter to the post-synaptic membrane opens which type of channel? a.) ligand gated b.) mechanically gated c.) Voltage gated

a.) ligand gated

When the membrane is depolarizing, K+ ions are _. a.) not flowing across the membrane (in significant quantities) b.) are flowing into the cell c.) flowing out of the cell

a.) not flowing across the membrane (in significant quantities)

Which part of the cerebral cortex contains the visual center? a.) occipital lobe b.) insula lobe c.) frontal lobe d.) parietal lobe e.) temporal lobe

a.) occipital lobe

What type of summation achieves an action potential in a neuron resulting from simultaneous input of multiple other neurons? a.) spatial summation b.) multiple summation c.) temporal summation d.) terminal summation

a.) spatial summation

Which of the following is part of the forebrain but not part of the cerebrum? a.) thalamus b.) insula c.) corpus callosum d.) Wernicke's area e.) basal nuclei

a.) thalamus

Myelination allows an action potential to travel faster down the axon by/through ____. a.) the creation of compression waves of cations that travel under the myelin sheaths b.) allowing individual cations to diffuse faster under the myelin sheaths c.) allowing the action potential to literally jump from one node of Ranvier to the next d.) preventing electrical energy from escaping the axon

a.) the creation of compression waves of cations that travel under the myelin sheaths

The refractory period is the 'rest period' before an ion channel on a nerve cell membrane can re-open again. How many milliseconds does this rest period last? a.) 1 b.) 2 c.) 3 d.) 4

b.) 2

About how many neurons are involved in a reflex arc? a.) 1 b.) 2-5 c.) 10-15 d.) hundreds e.) millions

b.) 2-5

A strong stimulus will result in which of the following? a.) A single action potential of large magnitude b.) A large number of action potentials c.) No change in magnitude of action potential compared to a weak stimulus d.) No change in number of action potentials compared to a weak stimulus

b.) A large number of action potentials

What part of the neuron is responsible for bringing the signal into the cell? a.) Soma b.) Dendrite c.) Axon d.) Myelin

b.) Dendrite

Which lobe of the brain is located at the very back of the head? a.) Temporal b.) Occipital c.) Frontal d.) Somatosensory e.) Premotor

b.) Occipital

Which of the following is NOT the reason why there is a gap between the presynaptic membrane of one nerve and the postsynaptic membrane of the next nerve? a.) The gap ensures that the nerve impulse flows only in one direction. b.) There cannot be direct contact between two nerves c.) The gap allows for spatial or temporal summation. d.) The gap allows the nerves to filter out unimportant background stimuli

b.) There cannot be direct contact between two nerves

Fill in the blank. Motor neurons exit the spinal cord through the ______. a.) Dorsal root b.) Ventral root c.) Thoracic vertebra d.) Somatic area e.) Neuromuscular junction

b.) Ventral root

In addition to meninges, fluid-filled spaces help protect the brain nervous tissue. The subarachnoid space would be found between which two meninges? a.) dura mater and pia mater b.) arachnoid and pia mater c.) dura mater and arachnoid mater

b.) arachnoid and pia mater

The nerve impulse travels down a(n) , away from the cell body. a.) dendrite b.) axon c.) microglia d.) collagen fiber

b.) axon

The radial nerve arises from the ____ plexus. a.) sacral b.) brachial c.) lumbar d.) coccygeal e.) cervical

b.) brachial

Which part of the neuron conducts electrical impulses? a.) axon b.) cell body (soma) c.) dendrite

b.) cell body (soma)

Which part of the neuron has most of the typical cellular organelles and the nucleus? a.) axon b.) cell body (soma) c.) dendrite

b.) cell body (soma)

Which types of fibers travel through the corpus collosum? a.) transverse fibers b.) commissural fibers c.) association fibers d.) projection fibers

b.) commissural fibers

Are nuclei white matter or gray matter? a.) white b.) gray c.) both d.) neither

b.) gray

Demyelination can be caused by which of the following? (Select all that apply) a.) consumption of too much meat and dairy b.) infections c.) vitamin deficiencies d.) genetic mutations

b.) infections c.) vitamin deficiencies d.) genetic mutations

Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of . a.) receptor proteins b.) integral proteins c.) peripheral proteins d.) glycoproteins

b.) integral proteins

Membrane potential is measured in ___. a.) amps b.) millivolts (mV) c.) milliseconds (ms) d.) millimoles (mM)

b.) millivolts (mV)

Fill in the blanks. The charge of a nerve cell membrane that is not propagating a nerve impulse is ______; when it is depolarized to propagate an action potential, its charge is ______. a.) positive inside and negative outside; negative inside and positive outside b.) negative inside and positive outside; positive inside and negative outside c.) negative inside and negative outside; positive inside and positive outside d.) positive inside and positive outside negative inside and negative outside

b.) negative inside and positive outside; positive inside and negative outside

In which type of neural circuit does the output cell receive the same signal (generated by the input cell) at several different times in order to provide continuity even during input signal disruption? a.) reverberating b.) parallel-after-discharge c.) simple d.) converging e.) diverging

b.) parallel-after-discharge

Which activities are under control of the anterior lobe? a.) language complexity and verbal fluency b.) planning/practicing/learning complex movements c.) posture/locomotion/fine motor coordination d.) abstract reasoning

b.) planning/practicing/learning complex movements c.) posture/locomotion/fine motor coordination

Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system? a.) contribute to homeostatic feedback loops b.) release chemicals into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body c.) produce quick effects by electrochemical mechanisms d.) stimulate muscles and glands

b.) release chemicals into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body

Membrane potential is ____. a.) an action potential b.) the charge difference across the membrane c.) always -70 mV d.) the flow of ions across a membrane

b.) the charge difference across the membrane

Satellite cells would most often be associated with what structural type of neuron? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a.) bipolar b.) unipolar c.) afferent d.) motor e.) multipolar

b.) unipolar

The digestive tract is innervated by which subsection of the nervous system? a.) Central b.) Somatic c.) Autonomic d.) Dendritic e.) Ventral

c.) Autonomic

For the presynaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release a neurotransmitter into the synaptic area, ions have to be present in the axoplasm. a.) Sodium b.) Potassium c.) Calcium d.) Chloride

c.) Calcium

Which of these cranial nerves are involved in taste? a.) Abducens and Facial b.) Trochlear and Trigeminal c.) Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus d.) Vagus, Accessory, and Hypoglossal e.) Facial, Vestibulocochlear, and Glossopharyngeal

c.) Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus

Which of the following is found in a chemical synapse? a.) A neurotransmitter that is released into the synaptic gap b.) Neurotransmitter receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron c.) Gap junction connections between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane d.) Synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic neuron

c.) Gap junction connections between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane

The 'all-or-nothing law' for action potential in a nerve cell means which of the following? a.) That the potassium concentration inside the nerve must reach a certain threshold level b.) That the action potential is strongest at the beginning of the axon and weakest at the end of the axon c.) That the strength of the stimulus must reach a certain threshold level d.) That action potential from several axons can merge to reach a threshold level for propagation

c.) That the strength of the stimulus must reach a certain threshold level

Which of the following statements is true of the neurotransmitters at neuromuscular junctions? a.) They are always diphenyl trichloroethane (DTT). b.) They are always 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) c.) They are always acetylcholine. d.) None of the above

c.) They are always acetylcholine.

When we measure membrane potential, one probe detects the charge on the outside of the cell, and another detects the charge on the inside of the cell. Which probe tells us what the membrane potential is? a.) the probe inside the cell b.) the probe outside the cell c.) both; membrane potential is the difference in reading of the inside and outside probes.

c.) both; membrane potential is the difference in reading of the inside and outside probes.

Which part of the neuron has plasma membrane proteins that convert stimuli to electrical potential? a.) axon b.) cell body (soma) c.) dendrite

c.) dendrite

Which part of the neuron receives chemical input, either serving as or associated with a "receptor"? a.) axon b.) cell body (soma) c.) dendrite

c.) dendrite

Which of the following is not important for creating the Blood-brain barrier (BBB)? a.) tight endothelial cell junctions b.) tight ependymal cell junctions c.) ependymal cilia d.) basement membrane

c.) ependymal cilia

Which part of the brain has noticeable superior and lateral gyri (folds) that increase surface area for cortical gray matter? a.) pons b.) midbrain c.) left and right hemispheres d.) brainstem e.) cerebellum

c.) left and right hemispheres

Which of the following would not be associated with formation of the Node of Ranvier? a.) neuronal axons b.) oligodendrocytes c.) neuronal cell bodies d.) Schwann cells

c.) neuronal cell bodies

The main difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells is... a.) whether one or multiple cells are required to myelinate any axon b.) the type of myelin they produce c.) their location d.) whether or not they insulate and facilitate signal propagation e.) the number of axons a cell will be associated with

c.) their location

Why is the cerebral cortex foliated? a.) to allow proper vascularization b.) to allow head size to remain small while the amount of white matter increases c.) to allow head size to remain small while the amount of gray matter increases d.) to increase the brain's surface area for absorption of. nutrients

c.) to allow head size to remain small while the amount of gray matter increases

The special arterial structure at the base of the brain that helps to preserve continuous blood supply to the brain is called __.

circle of willis

Fill in the blanks. The sodium potassium pump actively transports ______ sodium ions from inside to outside the cell and ______ potassium ions from outside to inside the cell. a.) 1; 2 b.) 2; 1 c.) 2; 3 d.) 3; 2

d.) 3; 2

In a nerve cell, where is action potential propagated along the axon? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a.) At the myelin sheath b.) At the cell body c.) At the dendrites d.) At the node of Ranvier

d.) At the node of Ranvier

Where is the thalamus located? a.) Prefrontal cortex b.) Throat c.) Mesencephalon d.) Diencephalon e.) Brainstem

d.) Diencephalon

The hindbrain includes which of the following structures? a.) Pons b.) Medulla oblongata c.) Cerebellum d.) It contains all of these

d.) It contains all of these

Which area of the body is affected by the T4 spinal nerve? a.) Ankle b.) Shoulder c.) Big toe d.) Pectorals e.) Upper leg

d.) Pectorals

Which of the following descriptions of the spinal nerve gross anatomy is correct? a.) The 12 pairs of spinal nerves are part of the central nervous system. b.) Spinal nerves arise from spinal cord and exit just inferior to associated vertebra. c.) Sacral spinal nerves originate at the cauda equina. d.) The first spinal nerve leaves between foramen magnum and atlas. e.) Most spinal nerves leave the spinal cord through the vertebral foramen.

d.) The first spinal nerve leaves between foramen magnum and atlas.

Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier? a.) microglia b.) neuroglia c.) oligodendrocytes d.) astrocytes

d.) astrocytes

The two vertebral arteries merge to form the ___ artery. a.) anterior inferior cerebellar b.) common carotid c.) anterior spinal d.) basilar

d.) basilar

All parts of the hindbrain and midbrain include both gray and white matter. Which part when sectioned would have a distinctive tree-branching shaped white matter pathway extending into folded gray matter cortex with increased surface area to quickly coordinate signals into and out of this brain part? a.) pons b.) reticular formation c.) medulla oblongata d.) cerebellum e.) midbrain

d.) cerebellum

All four of the central nervous system glial cells protect the neurons in one way or another. Which pair of them is involved in the protecting by maintaining chemical barriers and fluid balance? a.) microglia and ependymal b.) astrocytes and microglia c.) oligodendrocytes and astrocytes d.) ependymal and astrocytes e.) microglia and oligodendrocytes

d.) ependymal and astrocytes

All but one of the lobes of the cerebrum can be seen from the outside. Which lobe is found deep to two other lobes? a.) occipital b.) frontal c.) parietal d.) insula e.) temporal

d.) insula

Which part of the forebrain includes the hippocampus and amygdala involved in emotions and memory? a.) postcentral cerebral gyrus b.) basal nuclei c.) insula d.) limbic system e.) precentral cerebral gyrus

d.) limbic system

Which is NOT part of the limbic system? a.) hypothalamus b.) hippocampus c.) amygdala d.) medulla oblongata

d.) medulla oblongata

Name the CNS counterpart of Schwann cells. a.) astrocytes b.) microglia c.) satellite cells d.) oligodendrocytes

d.) oligodendrocytes

Fill in the blanks. When a neurotransmitter binds to a on the dendrite, a ion channel opens up to allow certain ions to flow in, depending on the channel. a.) ligand; voltage-gated b.) ligand; ligand-gated c.) receptor; voltage-gated d.) receptor; ligand-gated

d.) receptor; ligand-gated

Which of the following is true about action potentials, but not graded potentials? a.) decremental b.) graded c.) inhibitory or excitatory d.) uses voltage-gated channels e.) reversible

d.) uses voltage-gated channels

Which of the following statements is true of cranial nerve VI? a.) Cranial nerve VI is the hypoglossal, which controls the tongue. b.) Cranial nerve VI is the oculomotor, which moves the eye c.) Cranial nerve VI is the hypoglossal, which aids in taste d.) Cranial nerve VI is the abducens, which is involved in visual perception. e.) Cranial nerve VI is the abducens, which moves the eye from side to side.

e.) Cranial nerve VI is the abducens, which moves the eye from side to side.

Which of the following statements is true of cranial nerve X? a.) Cranial nerve X is the vagus, involved in heart rate and digestion. b.) Cranial nerve X is the trigeminal, involved in sensation of the mouth and chewing. c.) Cranial nerve X is the vestibulocochlear, involved in hearing and balance d.) Cranial nerve X is the trigeminal, involved in cyclical movements. e.) Cranial nerve X is the vagus, involved in the swallowing reflex.

e.) Cranial nerve X is the vagus, involved in the swallowing reflex.

Which of the following is correct description of a chemical synapse, our most common type of synapse in the body? a.) it allows coordinated contraction of cardiac and smooth muscles b.) it allows ions and chemicals to pass directly from one cell to another c.) it involves bidirectional flow between cells d.) it involves gap junctions and very quick propagation of signal e.) it allows integration of multiple excitatory and inhibitory signals

e.) it allows integration of multiple excitatory and inhibitory signals

When you stand, blood pressure in your head drops due to the force of gravity. The __ reflex prevents you from passing out when you stand.

orthostatic reflex

Some spinal nerves reorganize into a systemic nerve at a structure called a _____.

plexus