MODULE 3-THE ROCK CYCLE, AND MINERALS Study Guide 3

three basic types of rocks formed and deformed in different ways

-igneous rocks (formed directly from liquid rock),- CAN BE PLUTONIC or INTRUSIVE like granite, gaborro, AND diorite OR VOLCANIC or EXTRUSIVE like rhyolite, andesite and basalt. - metamorphic rocks (formed by alteration of existing rocks , happens when rock is heated up by an intrusion of hot magma. There may be several zones where different metamorphic effects can be seen, depending on how hot the rock became sedimentary rocks (formed by eroded materials from other rocks)

1. Enumerate the different mineral groups and classify common minerals; 2. Describe the different rock-forming processes; and 3. Explain the rock cycle.

1. Enumerate the different mineral groups and classify common minerals; 2. Describe the different rock-forming processes; and 3. Explain the rock cycle.

DEFORMATION OF THE ROCKS

1. STRESS AND STRAIN- Stress is a force acting on a material that produces a strain. Stress is a force applied over an area STRAIN-When rocks deform they are said to strain. A strain is a change in size, shape, or volume of a material. Strain also includes any kind of movement of the material, including translation and tilting. Brittle-Ductile Properties of the Lithosphere. Ductile - can be shaped or bend. 2. JOINTS - physical weathering, joints are fractures in rock that show no slippage or offset along the fracture caused by water seepage. 3, Faults occur when brittle rocks fracture and there is an offset along the fracture. 4, FOLDS -When rocks deform in a ductile manner, instead of fracturing to form faults or joints, they may bend or fold

EARTHQUAKES

1. When 2 plates collide. 2. When plate goes down due to magma.

TSUNAMIS

Caused by ocean water displacement if there is crack at the rapture of the ocean floor.

Causes of Mountain Building

Convergence at convergent plate boundaries. Continental Collisions. Rifting- thinning of the lithosphere and upwelling of the asthenosphere which results in uplift.

THE ROCK CYCLE

MAGMA can either be crystallized and form intrusive igneous rocks that can form into metamorphic rocks OR rises to erupt from a volcano forming volcanic PLUTONIC AND VOLCANIC igneous rocks that either become metamorphic or undergo weathering on the surface. All rock types undergo WEATHERING , the start of recyling the rocks , then erosion, deposition,Deposition alone is not enough to transform sediments into sedimentary rocks then, Lithification, the process of turning sediments into stone, has two stages: (1) compaction and (2) cementation , turning into sediments, undergo metamorphism or the change occurs primarily due to heat, pressure, and the introduction of chemically active fluids. , then magma again to rise. Weathered volcanic and igneous rocks are eroded .and deposited as SEDIMENTARY rocks. These sediments sank again to become metamorphic rocks and sank deeper to become magma. The formation and breakdown of rocks are ongoing and constitute what is known as the rock cycle. -A rock is composed of a single mineral, or an aggregate or combinations of minerals

Minerals

Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solids that possess atoms and ions arranged in an orderly way. The ordered internal arrangement of minerals gives them a crystalline structure and physical and chemical properties that are quite constant. The almost fixed chemical properties of minerals are an expression of their chemical composition

Minerals fall under the following major chemical groups: (1) oxides, (2) sulfides, (3) sulfates, (4) carbonates, (5) phosphates, and (6) silicates

Oxides are compounds of metallic elements and oxygen . Magnetite (Fe3O4) and corundum (Al2O3 ) are examples. -Sulfides, in which metallic elements form bonds with sulfur (S), are important class of minerals like silver, zinc -Sulfates contain the sulfate radical SO4 like gypsum (CaSO4 .2H2O) and barite (BaSO4 )-Carbonates are minerals with the CO3 anion in their structure. Common examples are calcite (CaCO3 and dolomite CaMg(CO3 Phosphates are minerals with the radical PO4. Common phosphate minerals are apatite (Ca5 (F,Cl,OH)(PO4 and lazulite (Mg,Fe)Al2 OH)2 PO4 Although silicates and oxides compose much of the Earth's crust, carbonates, sulfides, sulfates, and phosphates also form rocks. like feldspar, quartz, muscovite, biotite, hornblende, augite, and olivine

e Bowen's Reaction Series

This process predicts that all magma would end up with the same composition of rocks at the end of the reaction series.