MODULE 4 ALL TICA REVIEW
Which of the following is not a use of a countercurrent exchange system? A. The exchange of CO2 and O2 in the human lung B. The reabsorption of salts and water in the mammalian kidney C. The exchange of CO2 and O2 in fish gills D. The flow of blood maintain temperatures in key vertebrate muscles
A
Which type of blood vessel has the most muscular walls? A. arteries B. veins C. capillaries
A
Use the following information to classify the animal below according to its thermoregulation strategy: Ground squirrels hibernate during the winter. Ground squirrels are: A. Endothermic B. Ectothermic C. Homeothermic D. Heterothermic E. Poikilothermic
A, D
Use the following information to classify the animal below according to its thermoregulation strategy: Hummingbirds have extremely high metabolic rates when active, but exhibit a drop in metabolic rate of almost 95% during cold nights. Hummingbirds are: A. Endothermic B. Ectothermic C. Homeothermic D. Heterothermic E. Poikilothermic
A, D
Veins always carry deoxygenated blood. A. True B. False
B
What is an example of an animal with an open circulatory system? A. monkey B. snail C. annelid D. bird
B
Which location is saltier (has higher osmolarity): site #3 or site #5? A. site 3 B. site 5 C. sites 3 and 5 are of equal osmolarity
B
Use the following information to classify the animal below according to its thermoregulation strategy: Arctic shrimp are invertibrates which inhabit the arctic ocean. Artic shrimp are: A. Endothermic B. Ectothermic C. Homeothermic D. Heterothermic E. Poikilothermic
B, C
Blood moves throughout the body in an open circulatory system, rather slowly and under lower pressure than a closed circulatory system. This is suitable for a sedentary organism, but how do insects power flight with a comparatively slow, low-pressure open circulatory system? A. Insects use anaerobic metabolic pathways to fuel muscle movement in flight. B. Insects convert energy from the sun into metabolic energy. C. Insects use their tracheae to deliver oxygen (via air) to tissues. D. Insects have a larger muscular heart compared to most open-circ-animals.
C
In the pressure-flow mechanism, loading of sucrose from companion cells to sieve-tube elements takes place through _____. A. sucrose-H+ co-transporters B. proton pumps C. plasmodesmata D. facilitated diffusion
C
Which of the following is NOT a key component of the cohesion-tension process in xylem? A. Lignin in xylem cell walls B. Open stomata C. Use of ATP D. Water between mesophyll cells
C
Some plants obtain nitrogen from symbiotic fungi or bacteria. What was the original source of N that the FUNGI obtained? A. urea in the soil B. N2 gas C. carbohydrates in the soil D. lipids in the soil E. proteins in the soil
E
Which of the following types of organisms is/are isotonic to its environment (does not osmoregulate)? A. Amphibians B. Freshwater fish C. Marine fish D. Terrestrial vertebrates E. Marine jellyfish and sponges
E
Compare and contrast the roles of the cecum, rumen, and crop in digestion. What types of animals have these digestive features?
contain mutualistic microbes which digest plant material; cecums are present in hindgut fermenters such as rabbits and horses; rumens are present in foregut fermenters such as cows; crops are present in birds and invertebrates
Which of the following would you expect to have the greatest surface area, and why?
small intestine; where bulk of nutrient absorption occurs
Sodium is not an essential nutrient for plants, but is essential for animals. Given what you know from previous modules, why is this the case?
sodium is required for generating action potentials in the nervous system; plants don't have nervous systems
"Germ-free" laboratory mice birthed and reared in completely sterile environments (this is difficult but possible!) have higher nutritional needs compared to normal mice. Explain why.
symbiotic gut bacteria aid in digestion by breaking down molecules the host cannot digest and making them available to the host
Rank the following nitrogenous waste products, from LEAST to MOST amount of water lost during excretion:
uric acid < urea < ammonia
Rank the blood pressure in each of the following types of vessels from LOWEST to HIGHEST. A. veins B. arteries C. capillaries
veins < capillaries < arteries
Emperor penguins huddle in close proximity (without direct contact) to thermoregulate as a group, and individuals take turns standing at the outer edge of the group, exposed to the wind. The individuals at the outer edge are subject to more [blank] and less [blank] than those in the middle. A. convection; radiation B. conduction; convection C. radiation; conduction D. conduction; radiation E. convection; conduction
A
Given your results from the baby's spit up/vomit, you run an MRI right after the baby ate. This allows you to determine whether there is a blockage in the organ that generates that enzyme (physical), or if there is a problem with the enzymes themselves (chemical). Which of the following results would help you decide whether the problem is solely physical or chemical? A. Chemical: The enzyme was spit up, but the digestive path appears normal B. Physical: The enzyme was spit up, but the digestive path appears normal C. Chemical: The enzyme was spit up, but the digestive path has a lump stopping movement of food D. Physical: The enzyme was not spit up, but the digestive path has a lump stopping movement of food E. Chemical: The enzyme was not spit up, and the digestive path appears normal
A, D
Where does the mass of a tree come from? A. Soil B. Sunlight C. Air D. Water
C
Which of the following best describes the relationship between movement of water in xylem and the pressure-flow hypothesis? A. Increasing transpiration rates lead to proportional increases in speed of transit through phloem B. Root pressure generally results in greater turgor pressure in the phloem of a root than the turgor pressure in the phloem of a leaf C. Sugar solute moves from area of high concentration at the source to an area of lower concentration near the sink cells; water flows from xylem into phloem as a result of the high sugar solute concentration D. The high concentration of sugar at the source generates high turgor pressure, and loss of water via transpiration from the xylem at the sink then moves solutes through phloem E. None of these are true
C
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is released when plasma osmolarity increases, eventually causing a reduction in urine volume and retaining more water (thus allowing blood plasma concentration to decrease to a normal level). Which of the following are affected directly by ADH? (select all that apply) A. renal tubule cells in the proximal convoluted tubule B. renal tubule cells in the distal convoluted tubule C. aquaporins in tubule cells of the descending Loop of Henle D. aquaporins in tubule cells of the ascending Loop of Henle E. aquaporins in tubule cells of the collecting duct F. strength of the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla
E
The highest possible concentration of the ultrafiltrate occurs A. in the cortex of the kidney B. in the medulla of the kidney C. in the proximal convoluted tubule D. at the entry point to the Loop of Henle E. at the apex (bend) in the Loop of Henle F. at the exit point of the Loop of Henle G. the concentration of the ultrafiltrate does not change during the process of forming urine
E
What is the function of proton pumps localized in the plant plasma membrane? A. to provide channels for ion diffusion B. to transfer phosphorus groups from ATP to proteins C. to transfer metal ions across the plasma membrane D. to transfer anions across the plasma membrane E. to create an electrochemical gradient
E
in a legume root nodule, the nitrogenase: A. regulates the amount of oxgyen available B. is inactivated by leghemoglobin C. is absent in active bacteroids D. protects the nodule from nitrogen E. is produced by the Rhizobium bacteria F. is produced by the plant G. converts nitrogen gas to a biologically available form of nitrogen
E, G
Place the following digestion events in sequential order. If two events occur in the same organ, you should set them as equal to one another.
Salivary amylase hydrolyzes starch < Parietal cells secrete HCl = Pepsinogen is cleaved to form pepsin < Bile salts and pancreatic amylase are secreted = Polypeptides are cleaved into individual amino acids by proteases < Digested food material is compacted and most remaining water absorbed
is this shift beneficial or detrimental to the developing fetus, and why?
This is beneficial, because it means the fetal hemoglobin binds oxygen more tightly (has a higher affinity for oxygen) than adult hemoglobin. This higher affinity means that oxygen is transferred from the maternal hemoglobin to the fetal hemoglobin in the placenta, where maternal and fetal blood supplies are in close proximity. This process is necessary to provide oxygen to the developing fetus.
Label the diagram below to show the relationships between nutritional modes of bacteria.
a - autotroph b - heterotroph c - chemoautotroph d - photoautotroph e - photoheterotroph f - chemoheterotroph g - phototroph h - chemotroph
Rank the following nitrogenous waste products, from LEAST to MOST energetically "expensive" to produce:
ammonia < urea < uric acid
Match the enzyme to the type of nutrient it breaks down.
amylase - carbohydrates bile salts - fats pepsin - proteins lipase - fats trypsin - proteins nuclease - nucleic acids
Match the enzyme to the organ that secretes it during digestion.
amylase - mouth bile salts - liver (stored in gall bladder) pepsin - stomach lipase, trypsin, nuclease - pancreas
Why is a single-circuit circulatory system sufficient for fish?
gravity does not affect blood flow in water as much as on land
Describe the role of the gizzard in digestion. What types of animals have gizzards? What digestive structure do these organisms lack?
mechanical disruption of food; animals with crops lack teeth adapted for chewing
When an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution and water enters the cell via osmosis, the volume of the cell increases until it bursts. Does the same thing happen in plant cells? Why or why not?
no, because of the cell wall
If a cell is placed in a 150 mM solution of NaCl, it neither shrinks nor swells. This means that the cell is ____________ with respect to the solution. A. Hypotonic B. Isotonic C. Hypertonic
B
If a person has a pancreatic disorder, which of the following might they be unable to digest? A. Lipids B. Proteins C. Fats D. Vitamins E. Minerals
B
In a saltwater environment, chloride secretory cells in the gills move salts ______ the fish's blood. A. into B. out of
B
Where is oxygen content the LOWEST? A. In venous blood during rest B. In arterial blood during exercise C. In venous blood during exercise D. In arterial blood during rest
C
Which animal has a double circulatory system? A. earthworm B. fish C. snake D. octopus
C
Which of the following promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin? A. A decrease in temperature in body tissue B. A decrease in CO2 levels in body tissue C. A decrease in pH in body tissue D. A decrease in carbonic anhydrase in RBCs
C
Which of the following statements about CAM plants is/are true? A. The Calvin Cycle takes place deeper in the plant tissue than in C3 plants. B. PEP carboxylase has a higher affinity for CO2 than does rubisco. C. The Calvin Cycle takes place at a different time than initial CO2 fixation. C. The Calvin Cycle takes place at night.
C
Why are plants like the venus fly trap and pitcher plant carnivorous? A. The need additional carbon than is present in the soil B. They need additional protein than what is present in the soil C. They need additional mineral nutrients than what is present in the soil D. They need additional energy than what is present in the soil
C
To maintain homeostasis, freshwater fish bring ions into their blood from the water. For freshwater fish, which of the following is/are true of this process? A. it occurs via simple diffusion across the cell membrane B. it occurs via facilitated diffusion through ion channels C. it occurs active transport via ATP-powered ion pumps D. it occurs primarily across the fish gill epithelial tissues E. it occurs primarily across the fish skin
C, D
Root hairs absorb nutrients from soil against the nutrient concentration gradient. Depending on the nutrient, which of the following can play a role in this process? A. osmosis B. direct diffusion C. facilitated diffusion D. electrochemical gradient E. co-transport
C, D, E
A friend wants better hair, skin, and nails. Assuming your friend has a deficiency in a vitamin, which of the following supplements should you suggest they try? A. Magnesium B. Vitamin C C. Iodine D. Biotin E. Iron
D
All of the following adaptations except for ___________ are seen in desert animals. A. shells, scales, and thick skin B. nocturnal activity pattern C. conservation of metabolic water D. nitrogenous waste excreted as ammonia E. production of concentrated urine
D
As their doctors, you ask whether the baby has spat up or vomited at all. The parents confirm this happens regularly, but they aren't sure what the substance is that the baby is ejecting. You ask them to feed the child again, and take a sample of the mystery substance that the baby ejects. Which of the following substances could you check for to narrow down the organ where the issue might be happening? A. Blood B. Salivary Amylase C. Lingual Lipase D. Bile
D
A shift to the right of the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve correlates with: A. increased oxygen delivery to a tissue B. cooperative binding C. decreased oxygen delivery to a tissue D. noncooperative binding
A
According to the pressure-flow hypothesis of phloem transport: A. solute moves from area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration near the sink cells B. the combination of a high turgor pressure in the source and transpiration water loss from the sink moves solutes through phloem conduits C. water is actively transported into the source region of the phloem to create the turgor pressure needed D. the pressure in the phloem of a root is normally greater than the pressure in the phloem of a leaf E. none of these
A
How does mineral mobility affect the symptoms of deficiency in plants? A. Deficiency of a mobile nutrient usually affects older organs more than young ones B. Deficiency of a mobile nutrient usually affects younger organs more than older ones
A
In the mammalian kidney the majority of water and solute recovery occurs as the ultrafiltrate passes through the A. proximal convoluted tubule B. Loop of Henle C. distal convoluted tubule D. collecting duct E. ureter
A
In the pressure-flow mechanism, loading of sucrose into companion cells at the source takes place through A. co-transport B. ATP-powered pumps C. plasmodesmata D. facilitated diffusion E. none of these
A
Plants use proton pumps, cation channels, and anion cotransporter channels to acquire nutrients from the soil. Which of the following requires a direct energy expenditure by the plant? A. proton pump B. cation channel C. anion cotransporter channel
A
Root pressure can best be described as A. A high pressure potential driven by accumulation of ions and water by osmosis B. The loss of water molecules from menisci, creating a large negative pressure C. The adhesion of water molecules to the sides of xylem, creating a pull upward, and by cohesion with water molecules below D. The movement of water from a region of low water potential to high water potential
A
The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to -----, and the thin ascending limb is permeable to -----. A. water; Na+ and Cl− B. Na+ and Cl−; water C. water; urea D. glucose; water
A
Which of the following is an advantage of a complete digestive tract? A. Large pieces can be ingested B. Digestive steps co-occur in the same place C. A separate opening is not needed for waste D. Digestive enzymes are not needed
A
Which of the following statements about C4 plants is/are true? A. The Calvin Cycle takes place deeper in the plant tissue than in C3 plants. B. Corn (maize) is an example of a C4 plant. C. PEP carboxylase has a higher affinity for CO2 than does rubisco. D. The Calvin Cycle takes place at a different time than initial CO2 fixation. E. The Calvin Cycle takes place at night.
A, B, C
Which of the following organs/structures are involved in regulating kidney function via chemical signals in humans (select all that apply) A. kidney B. brain C. heart D. blood E. pancreas F. liver
A, B, C, D, and F
Increasing which of the following will also increase blood pressure? A. Cardiac output B. Heart rate C. Stroke volume D. Total peripheral resistance
A, B, C, and D
The SA node of the heart is: A. enervated by the sympathetic nervous system B. enervated by the parasympathetic nervous system C. capable of depolarizing autonomously (without neural input)
A, B, and C
Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because _____. A. the nutrients are required for normal organismal function B. only certain foods contain them C. these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients D. only those animals use those nutrients
A, C
Ectotherms are most likely to to use these methods of heat gain: A. conduction B. convection C. radiation D. internal metabolism
A, C
Evaporation differs from convection in that A. Evaporation involves the dissipation of heat through the formation of gas. B. Evaporation involves transfer of heat via liquid or gas. C. Evaporation can only cool an organism; convection can cool or heat an organism.
A, C
The rate of sugar transport in a plant depends on (select all that apply) A. the difference in turgor pressure between the source and the sink B. the rate of transpiration C. the rate of photosynthesis
A, C
Which of the following would decrease the flow of water in xylem? A. Coastal soils B. Warm summer day in temperate region C. Desert soils D. Hydrated soil
A, C
Your friend wants to apply a topical cream containing retinol to improve their skin. However, an excess of vitamin A interferes with fetal development, and your friend is currently pregnant. To be safe, which of the following foods would be good for her to eat instead of using the cream? A. dark green leafy vegetables B. Vitamin C C. dairy D. yellow-orange fruits E. green fruits F. egg yolks
A, C , D
You ask to hold the baby and feel a hard mass in the abdomen. Together with your chemical and physical findings, you decide to operate on the small intestine to remove what appears to be a cyst. If you're successful, what will the baby's digestive system be able to do now that it couldn't before? A. Poop! B. Form pepsin C. Absorb sugars D. Break down fatty acids E. Absorb amino acids F. Break down carbohydrates G. Harbor bacteria
A, C, D, E
Under which of the following conditions would the rate of transpiration INCREASE? A. When the weather changes and air becomes drier B. When the temperature of a leaf decreases C. When stomata close at night D. When atmospheric pressure is low
A, D
Which of the following is/are true of the pulmonary circuit in a four-chambered, double circulation system? the pulmonary circuit pumps oxygen-poor blood into the lungs the pulmonary circuit pumps oxygen-rich blood into the body blood is pumped through the pulmonary circuit by the left side of the heart blood is pumped through the pulmonary circuit by the right side of the heart the blood in the pulmonary artery is depleted of oxygen
A, D, E
in a legume root nodule, the leghemoglobin A. regulates the amount of oxgyen available B. is inactivated by nitrogenase is absent in active bacteroids protects the nodule from nitrogen is produced by the Rhizobium bacteria is produced by the plant converts nitrogen gas to a biologically available form of nitrogen
A, F
Blood capillaries must reabsorb all the fluid they emit, or edema (swelling) will occur. A. True B. False
B
Endotherms are always homeotherms. A. True B. False
B
Endothermy and ectothermy are mutually exclusive modes of thermoregulation. (An animal can only use one method) A. True B. False
B
Iron deficiency is often indicated by yellowing in newly formed leaves. This suggests that iron is _____. A. concentrated in the xylem of older leaves B. relatively immobile nutrient in plants C. concentrated in the phloem of older leaves D. found in leghemoglobin and reduces the amount available to new plant parts E. tied up in formed chlorophyll molecules
B
It is the middle of the fruiting season for apples. Some apples are maturing on the tree; others are only beginning to develop from ovaries. Which of the following would maximize the SIZE of the apples on the tree? A. Remove the largest apples from the tree B. Remove the flowers and the smallest apples from the tree C. Add fertilizer
B
Phloem transport of sucrose is often described as going from source to sink. Which of the following is most likely to function as a source? A. growing root in late summer B. storage bulb in early spring C. growing leaf in early spring D. shoot tip in late fall
B
Poikilotherms have no ability to regulate body temperature. A. True B. False
B
Some plants obtain nitrogen from symbiotic fungi or bacteria.What was the original source of N for the bacteria? A. urea in the soil B. N2 gas C. carbohydrates in the soil D. lipids in the soil E. proteins in the soil
B
Strenuous exercise results in dilation of arterioles in working muscles to increase blood flow to muscles and to skin capillaries to promote body cooling. Why doesn't blood pressure drop as a result? A. Constriction of other arterioles and capillaries - such as those in the digestive tract help balance out the dilation B. Increased cardiac output in terms of heart rate helps balance out the dilation C. Increased cardiac output in terms of blood volume helps balances out the dilation
B
The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that _____. A. the processing of fats does not require any digestive enzymes, whereas the processing of carbohydrates does B. most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood C. fat absorption primarily occurs in the stomach, whereas carbohydrates are absorbed from the small intestine D. carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested, whereas fats do not
B
The kidney has more collecting ducts than distal tubules. A. True B. False
B
The only animals that use skin as a significant portion of their respiratory surface (ie, use skin for gas exchange) are largely aquatic/amphibious. Yet water is a less efficient medium for gas exchange than air. Why do you suppose all skin-ventilated animals reside in/near water? A. having a lot of skin surface area exposes you to greater changes in temperature and other environmenal risks B. the thin membranes required for efficient gas exchange increases the risk of dehydration C. natural selection has increased the efficiency of gas exchange in aquatic animals compared to terrestrial animals D. it is an evolutionary 'accident' based on lack of common ancestry between aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates
B
Which of the following correctly describes why water is more difficult to respire in compared to air? A. Water is warmer than air, and thus holds less oxygen. B. Water is about 1000x more dense than air, and thus requires more energy to ventilate the respiratory surface (inhale/exhale). C. Water has a higher partial pressure of O2, and thus O2 constantly diffuses into the air (away from aquatic organisms). D. Respiratory surfaces work better in drier conditions, not in moist (or wet) conditions.
B
Which of the following statements regarding closed vs open circulatory systems is FALSE? A. Circulatory fluid exits the vessels and directly bathes cells within body cavities in open circulatory systems B. Circulatory fluid can be pumped farther distances in open circulatory systems than in closed circulatory systems C. Circulatory fluid speed and localized pressure can be effecieintly controlled in closed but not open circulatory systems D. All vertebrates and some invertebrates have closed circulatory systems E. Circulatory fluid is the same as interstitial fluid in open circulatory systems; they are different fluids in closed circulatory systems
B
The kidneys release renin in response to reduced blood pressure. However, renin itself does not stimulate directly the physiological responses necessary to restore blood pressure to normal levels. Identify those hormones/factors involved in increasing blood pressure following the release of renin (select all that apply) A. anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) B. aldosterone C. angiotensin D. atrial natriuretic factor E. aquaporins
B and C
A friend comes to you for dietary advice. Your friend is experiencing cracks and sores on the outer surface of their lips. Which of the following might be a nutrient your friend is lacking? A. Vitamin B2 B. Vitamin B9 C. Vitamin C D. Vitamin D E. Iron
B and E
In closed circulatory systems, what is/are the advantage/s of a double circulatory system compared to a single circulatory system? A. There can be capillary beds in both the respiratory organ and body systems. B. Oxygenated blood can return to the heart for additional pumping before going to systemic flow. C. Oxygenated blood is kept completely separate from deoxygenated blood in the heart. D. Higher blood pressure can be sustained, supporting terrestrial lifestyles E. In double circulation, the systemic capillary beds receive oxygenated blood, whereas they do not in single circulation F. The double circulation involves contact with the respiratory organ, whereas the single does not.
B, D
Mom and dad come to you, their doctors, and report no dirty diapers after feedings. Their now 3-day-old baby isn't pooping, and they feel something is wrong. Which of the following reasons could possibly explain this? A. The baby hasn't eaten enough. B. There is a blockage somewhere in the baby's digestive track. C. The baby has no bacteria in its gut. D. The digestive enzymes in the gut are not functioning properly.
B, D
Why is it harder to breathe at high elevations? A. The air is "thicker" and more dense. B. The air is "thinner" and holds less oxygen per unit volume. C. The atmospheric pressure is higher, making it more difficult to breathe. D. The atmospheric pressure is lower, resulting in a lower partial pressure for O2.
B, D
An aquatic animal with internal solute concentration of about 500 mOsm L-1 is placed in a fluid of solute concentration of about 700 mOsm L-1. Which of the following results is consistent with osmoregulation? A. Passively taking in salts to change its tissue osmolarity to 700 mOsm L-1. B. Pumping in salts to keep tissues at 500 mOsm L-1. C. Pumping out salts to keep tissues at 500 mOsm L-1. D. Pumping out salts to change its tissue osmolarity to 700 mOsm L-1. E. None of the above.
C
Nitrifying bacteria can have a strong impact on the nutrient content of soils because: A. they add to the total pool of N by converting N2 to NH3 B. they convert biologically available N into inert N2 C. they transform biologically available N to a form that that washes out of soil easily D. they can outcompete plants for the biologically available N E. None of the above
C
The difference between positive pressure ventilation (PPV) and negative pressure ventilation (NPV) is that: A. in PPV, organisms exchange gases only during inhalation; in NPV, organisms exchange gasses only during exhalation B. in PPV, respiration is coupled to a circulatory system; in NPV, respiration occurs through direct gas exchange with tissues C. PPV occurs when air is pushed into the respiratory organ; NPV occurs when air is pulled into the respiratory organ D. PPV occurs only in animals with gills or tracheae, NPV occurs only in animals with lungs
C
Compared to plants from other environments, the cells of many desert plants contain high concentrations of solutes. This helps them survive in their arid surroundings because the high solute concentrations create relatively [blank], which helps retain water and prevent reverse flow of water from roots to soil. A. low pressure potentials B. high pressure potentials C. high solute potentials D. low solute potentials
D
The alternative pathways of photosynthesis using the C4 or CAM systems are said to be compromises. Why? A. C4 plants allow less water loss, but CAM plants allow more water loss. B. C4 compromises on water loss and CAM compromises on photorespiration. C. CAM plants allow more water loss, while C4 plants allow less CO2 into the plant. D. Both minimize photorespiration but expend more ATP during carbon fixation. E. Each one minimizes both water loss and rate of photosynthesis
D
What forces are responsible for capillarity? A. high pressure potentials created by the entry of ions and water during the night, when transpiration rates are low, followed by an influx of water B. cohesion of water molecules in a continuous flow from leaf to root C. gravity and wall pressure (from the sides of xylem cells) D. adhesion of water molecules to the sides of xylem cells, cohesion of water molecules to each other, and surface tension
D
Which of the following best describes the energy requirements for movement of sugar through phloem? A. Energy is required for production of glucose from carbon dioxide; movement of sugar through phloem does not require additional input of energy B. Water is actively pumped into phloem to dilute the high sugar concentration and create turgor pressure required for bulk flow C. Sugar moves between sieve tube cells as a result of ATP-driven transporters D. ATP pumps and cotransport are required for loading companion cells at the sugar source E. All of the above except A
D
Which of the following is NOT a reason that an animal's gut is a favorable habitat for mutualistic microorganisms? A. Constant temperature B. Ready supply of nutrients C. Inhospitable conditions for many micro-competitors D. Easy access to bloodstream
D
Fick's law of diffusion describes the rate of diffusion across a respiratory surface. rate of diffusion = k * A * (P2-P1)/D where k is a diffusion constant (dependent on the gas and T) A is surface area P is partial pressure in either side (1, 2) of the surface D is depth of surface The structures of respiratory organs have been evolutionarily selected to maximize gas exchange. What aspect(s) of respiratory organ structure are most likely to be MAXIMIZED/LARGEST to increase the rate of diffusion?
area for gas exchange, partial pressure difference
Plants have been subjected to strong selection for increasing access to nitrogen. List three adaptations that increase plant access to nitrogen.
association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (legumes), assosiation with fungi (mycorrhizae), parasitism, carnivory
Rank the velocity of blood in each of the following types of vessels from SLOWEST to FASTEST. A. veins B. arteries C. capillaries
capillaries < veins < arteries
In turtles and crocodilians, what is the adaptive advantage of the bypass vessel which directs blood returning from the systemic circuit back to the systemic circuit without flowing through the lungs for gas exchange?
directs blood back to body tissues when underwater without wasting time/energy through pulmonary circuit
