Module 4 video notes

Irritant- R - S^R^-

"Reinforcement by Relief" is broken down by the... (chart)

Effect on behavior

(Function)- Does it make a behavior more or less likely to happen now, or in the future?

Physical aspects

(Topography)- what it looks, sounds, smells, tastes or feels like are called...

Contingencies

A behavior plan specifies...

Positive reinforcement

A consequence, where there is a change in the behaver's environment after a particular response

Consequence, target behavior

A contingency states what the _____ should be when the _____ _____ happens

Socially mediated because the laughter and comments from the behaver's co-worker cannot occur if the co-worker is not there

A coworker tells another coworker two jokes and the co worker she tells them to, laughs. What type of reinforcement is this? Why?

Operational definition

A description of a target behavior that indicates what the response looks like (topography of response), when we will begin/end measurement, and what responses will be counted as "correct" or "incorrect" (2 words)

Aversive

A general term in ABA for something "bad" or "unpleasant"

Aversive

A general term in ABA for something unpleasant or non-preferred

C. Events or conditions that can affect the person's behavior

A person's environment includes: A. Everything they do, think, or feel B. Only the physical events around a person C. Events or conditions that can affect the person's behavior

Consequence

A reinforcer is a type of:

Effect

A reinforcer is defined by its _____ on the behavior

Repertoire

A set of behaviors that a person can do with relative ease

Repertoire

A set of behaviors that a person can do with relative ease is the definition of:

Response

A single instance of behavior

Negative reinforcement

A stimulus is removed or reduced after a behavior, and this results in the behavior happening more often in the future

Consequence

A stimulus that always comes after the response

Antecedent

A stimulus that always comes before the response

Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence

A-B-C stands for (3 words)

Positive

Added to the environment

Environment

All the stimuli (events) and conditions that can affect behavior

Before a response or after a response

An "environmental change that can affect behavior" can happen...

Stimulus

An environment change that can affect behavior

Measurable

Behavior can be counted or timed and is therefore

Observable

Behavior can be sensed (seen, heard, smelled, felt) and is therefore _________

Increased, maintained

Behavior is either ____ or _____ by reinforcement

Clearly defined, observable, and measurable

Behavior is...

Movement

Behavior must be an action and therefore requires _________

Public

Behavior plans will typically focus on behavior that can be observed and measured by more than one person. This is what type of behavior?

Public

Behavior that can be observed by more than one person (sometimes requires special instruments)

Private

Behavior that can only be observed by the individual doing the behavior. AKA single observer behavior

Operant

Behavior that has an effect on the environment

The food is delivered immediately after the "click" sound

Clicker training (click-food, click-food) only works if...

Click-food; click-food; click-food

Clicker training with food for animals can look like...

Environment

Consisted of all the stimuli (events) and conditions which can affect behavior, everything a person can experience that is happening around them

Objective, clear, and complete

Definitions of environmental events should also be (3 things)

Contingency

Dependency between events. Can often be stated as an "if/then" or "when/then" statement

Operational definitions

Descriptions of target behaviors

Effect on other stimuli

Does the stimulus change the effect of other stimuli? ( eat chips before Coke, vs a sundae before Coke

Stimuli

Events

Pairing because you are pairing the sticker with the candy and the sticker becomes the reinforcer

Every time the child emits the correct response, the teacher gives the child a sticker along with a piece of candy. This is an example of: Why?

The sticker

Every time the child emits the correct response, the teacher gives the child a sticker along with a piece of candy. What is the conditioned reinforcer?

The piece of candy

Every time the child emits the correct response, the teacher gives the child a sticker along with a piece of candy. What is the unconditioned reinforcer?

More likely to tell jokes (especially when Giulia is around)

Example # 1 of positive reinforcement for Mario is the behaver Giulia is talking to Vincente and ignoring Mario Mario cracks a joke Giulia turns around, laughs, and says, "You're funny, Mario!" In the future, Mario is now ....

Response= Mario tells a joke Consequence: Giulia saying, "You are funny" is added to Mario's environment following his response (the joke) Effect on future responding: Mario now tells jokes more often

Example #1 of positive reinforcement (Mario) what is the response, consequence, and effect on future responding?

Yes this is an example of reinforcement because the self-hitting has increased

Example #2 of positive reinforcement Nathan is the behaver Nathan frequently hits himself Nathan's caregivers quickly scold him Over the past few weeks, Nathan self-hitting has increased Is this an example of reinforcement?

External because it is outside the skin

External or internal environment? A dog barking

Internal because it is "inside the skin"

External or internal environment? Dizziness and fatigue

Dead person or a stick can "do it"; you can measure how long that it was that a stick didn't get up

Failing to get up Why is this NOT an example of behavior?

Added

Fill in the blank In positive reinforcement, a stimulus is ______ Following a response

Increase

Fill in the blank In positive reinforcement, a stimulus is added following a response. This results in an ______ Or maintenance of that behavior in the future

Increases

Fill in the blank: Reinforcement is an environmental change that follows a response and _______ and maintains the future frequency of that behavior

1. Immediately after the target response (close contiguity) 2. Only after the target response has occurred (strong contiguity)

For a reinforcement procedure to work, the reinforcer must be delivered: (2 things)

An unpleasant condition MUST be present BEFORE the response occurs

For negative reinforcement to happen....

Seen, heard, touched, tasted, or smelled that object or event, has to be perceived, something that they feel

For something to count as a stimulus for a particular person at a particular time, that person has to have...

Not an action, cannot be measured, or is a broad category

Having a bad attitude Why is this NOT an example of behavior?

It ends when the person stops engaging in this activity for 30 seconds

How long after a behavior begins should a person measure the end time of that behavior?

Forcefully strikes own head with closed fist

How would you describe the operation definition example "head hitting" in the correct way in order to be specific?

B. The traffic light turning red

Identify an element of the environment A traffic light turns red. I press the brake pedal in my car A. Pressing the brake pedal in my car B. The traffic light turning red

A. The chips on the table. Because this is in the environment. Opening the chips and eating the chips are behaviors

Identify the environment A bag of chips is on the table. I open the chips and eat them. A. The chips on the table B. Opening the chips C. Eating the chips Why?

Follows

If an aversive condition ____ a response (as a consequence), it is punishing (example: if you do something and it causes pain, then that means it hurts)

Before

If an aversive condition happens _____ a behavior (an antecedent), the person is likely to do something to escape or avoid it

Target response= Mom gives cookie Negative reinforcement= Screams stop

If the antecedent aversive is "Child screams", what is the target response and negative reinforcement?

Target response= Rub the painful area Negative reinforcement: Pain lessens

If the antecedent aversive is "Pain in the ankle", what is the target response and negative reinforcement?

Following "X", give reinforcement

If the behavior plan says to provide a reinforcer contingent on "X" response, it means...

Aversive

If this type of condition follows a response, it typically will punish the response

Aversive

If this type of condition precedes (comes before) a response, individuals are likely to do something to avoid or escape it

Change in some way

If you change some aspect(s) of the environment where a particular behavior happens, that behavior is likely to...

Who is the behaver, and what behavior (of that person) are we talking about?

If you combine rule #1 and rule #2 of behavior analysis, you will ALWAYS begin by asking:

"The skin is not that important as a boundary."

In 1963, what quote did B.F. Skinner say in regards to the environment?

Taken away

In ABA negative (-) means....

Added

In ABA, positive (+) means ....

A reinforcer must be delivered

In contingency, if "X" occurs, then...

They can cause externally observable behaviors, even though there is nothing obvious happening in the "external" environment

In reference to the questions How do you feel? Tired or rested? In pain (e.g. headache, nauseous)? Is your heart racing? Pre-seizure auras; voices in one's head... what can these questions cause?

Reinforcer

Is a consequence that increased or maintained a particular behavior in the future

It depends on who or what is doing the behavior

Is opening a door an example of behavior?

No, because the client may just be touching their face not engaging in self-injurious behavior.

Is saying a "client has hand to face contact a precise and complete statement for operational definitions? Yes or no? Why or why not?

Yes

Is the following an example of a stimulus? The sight of your hand flapping in front of your eyes

Yes because of taste receptors

Is the following an example of a stimulus? The taste of food on your tongue? Yes or no?

Target behavior

Is the specific Behavior you are interested in changing

Consequence

It is important to deliver the ____ quickly after the response

Define events that occur in the environment

It is often necessary to operationally....

The taste of the pakoras

Jodhi is the behaver Jodhi has not eaten all day so she goes out to a restaurant and orders a full meal. When the appetizer comes, A plate of spinach pakoras, Jodhi tastes them and orders more. Now whenever she goes to this restaurant, she orders pakoras. What was the "positive" Reinforcer in the previous example?

If you ask your boss for your paycheck and she says, "Great work," gives you a cookie, and then goes away, will that reinforce your behavior of "asking for paycheck"?

Just because a particular stimulus reinforces a specific response, this does not mean that it will reinforce any response. What is an example of this?

It will reinforce any response

Just because a particular stimulus reinforces a specific response, this does not mean that...

Conditioned

Learned (through the process of pairing)

Giulia said, "You're funny Mario"

Mario is the behaver Giulia is talking to Vincente and ignoring Mario Mario cracks a joke Giulia turns around, laughs, and says, "You're funny, Mario!" In the future, Mario is now more likely to tell jokes (especially when Giulia is around). What was the "positive" thing in the previous example? Why?

Sleeping, doing one's laundry, hitting another person, biting one's self

Multiple select Select all that ARE examples of behavior: Sleeping Acting stubborn Doing one's laundry Hitting another person Biting one's self Being aggressive

Having a positive attitude Exhibiting poor impulse control Lying on the floor Falling off a ledge Floating in the ocean

Multiple select Select all that are NOT examples of behavior: Having a positive attitude Exhibiting poor impulse control Lying on the floor Climbing a tree Knocking over furniture Running out the door (into the street) Falling off a ledge Jumping off a ledge Floating in the ocean

Contiguity

Nearness in time

Strengthens behavior! It is NOT bad!

Negative reinforcement does what to behavior?

"Reinforcement by Relief"

Negative reinforcement is also known as

Automatic

Occurs directly (with no other person involved)

Reinforcement

Occurs when a particular stimulus follows a response and that response is more likely or equally likely to occur in the future

Reinforcement

Occurs when an environmental change follows a response and results in an increase or maintenance of that response in the future

1. Clearly identify when that event/behavior happened 2. Be certain when that event/behavior did NOT happen

Operational definitions allow us to: (2 things)

Observable behaviors Internal states

Operational definitions describe ____ _____, NOT ____ ____ that we cannot see (2 words for each)

No; because it is not observable because of the word "intent" which is a private word that we cannot see. We cannot see "intent" in a person's head

Physical aggression includes any behavior which is intended to harm another person. Is this an observable, clear, and complete description of target behavior? Yes or no and why?

Socially mediated

Provided by another person (2 words)

Delayed

Reinforcement effects are:

Process that happens when a behavior is followed by a reinforcer or reinforcing stimulus (the thing that reinforced)

Reinforcement is the

Automatic reinforcement

Reinforcement results directly as a result of engaging in the response (2 words)

Socially mediated reinforcement

Reinforcement that is provided by another person (3 words)

You are not ALWAYS hungry, so even though food is an unconditioned reinforcer, it does not always function as a reinforcer

Reinforcers "shift", meaning something that is reinforcing right now may not be reinforcing later and vice versus. What is an example of this?

A single instance of behavior

Response is...

May or may not increase the future likelihood (frequency) of the behavior that earned the reward

Rewards are pre-determined by the giver of the reward, and they....

Stimulus-Response-Stimulus

S-R-S is a more technical way to describe A-B-C, and stands for (3 words)

Contingency

Said to exist between events when one depends upon the other. It can be written as an "if/then" or "when/then" statement

1. Telling someone what you ate for breakfast 3. Making self-disparaging remarks

Select all that are examples of behavior (Hint: must be an action by a living organism, observable, measurable 1. Telling someone what you ate for breakfast 2. Having a low self-concept 3. Making self-disparaging remarks 4. Being oppositional

All 3

Select all that are true of a stimulus Is an environmental change Can be inside or outside of the body Affects an organism through its receptors

Movies, playing basketball, tokens or stickers

Select all that may be conditioned reinforcers -Food -Movies -Water -Playing basketball - Tokens or stickers

Hearing a honk of a car horn Tasting called snowflakes falling on your tongue Hearing the air conditioner click on in your house Seeing a peer sneezing during math class

Select all that or examples of stimuli: Hearing a honk of a car horn Scratching your own arm Tasting cold snowflakes falling on your tongue Hearing the air conditioner click on in your house Crying alone in your bedroom at home Seeing a peer sneezing during math class

No; because it is not complete or clear enough. Anyone can simple touch their face with their hand without being self-injurious. It needs to be more specific like "forceful hand to face contact that was audible from a distance"

Self-injurious behavior consists of hand-to-face contact. Is this an observable, clear, and complete description of a target behavior?yes or no and why?

The student answers the question correctly

Short answer. Student is the behaver The teacher asks the student a question during class. The student answers correctly. The teacher gives her a gold star sticker. What is the target behavior?

Magnification

Something is more/bigger

Attenuation

Something is smaller/less

Onset

Something that is seen and present

Pairing

Stimuli become conditioned reinforcer's through learning by a process called

Rewards

Stimuli that are pre-determined by the giver and may or may not increase the likelihood of behavior

Unconditioned reinforcers

Stimuli that function (act) as reinforcers (strengthen behavior) without prior learning (2 words)

Conditioned reinforcers

Stimuli that function (act) as reinforcers only after learning, through the process of pairing (2 words)

Conditioned reinforcers

Stimuli that function as reinforcers only after learning, through the process of pairing is called:

A. Positive reinforcement (added) because just because his mom yelled at him and he stopped crying, his mom's attention was ADDED to his environment and the kicking behavior was strengthened, meaning more likely to occur in the future

Story of Sean (the behaver), mom on phone, and his table-kicking Shawn immediately stops kicking the table when his mom yells at him Over time, however, Sean kicks more often The increase in Sean's kicking in the future is an example of: A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Neither A nor B (it is NOT an example of reinforcement And why?

Negative reinforcement because the kicking stops. The aversive irritant (the kicking of the table) is terminated aka removed

Story of Sean's mom (the new behaver), mom on phone, and his table-kicking Mom yells at Sean when he kicks the table and Sean immediately stops kicking Mom's "yelling" at Sean increases in the future The increase in Mom's "yelling" in the future is an example of: A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Neither A nor B (it is NOT an example of reinforcement And why?

Attention

Striking your face for mom/dad to come over to you is when you strike your face for...

Escape

Striking your face when you want to get out of doing a task is called an...

The delivery of the gold star sticker

Student is the behaver The teacher asked the student a question during class. The student answers correctly. The teacher gives her a gold star sticker. What is the consequence?

Negative

Subtracted, removed or taken away from the environment

Assessment, analysis, and intervention

Target behavior is the focus of (3 things)

The child puts his book in his backpack

Teacher says, "Put your book in your backpack" to a child in her class. The target behavior is...

The learner says their name

The RBT says to the learner, "What is your name?" The target behavior is...

Unsure, need more info because if the child's cleaning up behavior increases or maintains in the future, then watching videos on the iPhone did function as a reinforcer

The RBT told the child to clean up her toys then gave her an iPhone to watch videos afterward. Was watching videos on an iPhone a reinforcer? Yes, no, or unsure, need more info? And why?

Behavior

The activity of a living organism that includes everything that people do

Positive reinforcement

The addition of a stimulus following a response that results in an increased likelihood of that response in the future (2 words)

C. None; this was not an example of reinforcement because the phone was dead and could not be given to the child. There is no information on whether any behavior was increased or maintained so this is not an example of reinforcement

The child is asked to clean up her toys. The child does it and the mother says "good job!" And hands her a cell phone to use. However, the cell phone is dead. The mom says "I'm sorry". What type of reinforcement was shown? A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. None; this was not an example of reinforcement Why?

Outside, inside, the skin of the organism

The environment is both ____ and ____ the... (5 words)

Negative reinforcement because the hammer was removed. Removed= negative

The mother is the behaver The child uses a hammer first to hammer in objects in a game, but then she uses the hammer for outside of the game by banging the furniture. Mom takes away the hammer. In the future, the mother continues to remove the hammer when the child bangs on furniture. What type of reinforcement is this? Why?

Pairing

The process by which stimuli become conditioned reinforcers through learning

A person's behavior is changed by changes in the environment

The relationship between behavior and environment is key in behavior analysis because...

Negative reinforcement

The removal of a stimulus following a response that results in an increased likelihood of that response in the future (2 words)

Target behavior

The specific behavior you are interested in changing. It is the focus of assessment, analysis, and intervention (2 words)

B. Negative reinforcement because the shot decreasing the back pain is removing the pain and to remove something is referred to as negative reinforcement

The story of the back pain and the shot You are the behaver Going to the doctor is the behavior Getting the shot decreases back pain If reinforcement was provided, which type? A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Not reinforcement Why?

Bad/non-preferred

The term "aversive" in ABA often refers to something:

The environment and behavior

There is a direct link between...

1) Clear 2) Objective 3) Precise and Complete

Three criteria for operational definitions (5 words)

1) Involves movement (action of a living organism) 2) Observable 3) Measurable

Three defining characteristics of behavior (4 words)

True because they need to be aware of what to look out for and what is an example and what is not an example of operational definitions

True or false: during training, caregivers should be given clear examples and non-examples of operational definitions. Why true or why false

1) Antecedents 2) Consequences

Two broad categories of stimuli in relation to time (2 words)

Unconditioned

Unlearned (without prior learning)

Nathan's caregivers scold him and that means that the scolding is added to Nathan's environment following his response (hitting himself)

Was anything added following the response to Nathan?

Topography

What a behavior looks or sounds like. The form of the response

1.You are thirsty so you ask Bob the waiter for water and he brings you water 2. You are too warm so you ask Bob to open a window; he does and you get cool air 3. You have an itch on your back and you ask your spouse to scratch it

What are examples of Socially mediated reinforcement that was used in the video? (3 of them)

1. You are thirsty so you go get water from a water fountain 2. You are hot so you open a window and get cool air 3. Do you have an itch on your back and you get a back scratcher for yourself

What are examples of automatic reinforcement as used in the video? (4 of them)

Praise, tokens, money, games, task completion, etc

What are examples of learned reinforcers?

Stimuli that become reinforcing through learning

What are learned reinforcers?

"Property destruction, social skills, self-injurious behavior (SIB)

What are other categories often seen in behavior programs besides "assaultive behavior"? (3)

Food, water, air, physical contact, pain reduction or elimination

What are some stimuli examples that function as unlearned reinforcers that are reinforcers without prior learning?

1. Identify the behaver 2. Identify which behavior of that individual we are talking about

What are the first 2 rules of doing behavior analysis?

Reinforcement and punishment

What are the two main types of consequences?

Assaultive behavior

What category behavior term would be best to write if a client does the following: Punch (closed fist), slap (open hand), kick, bite, or scratch another person?

What the response looks like (topography of response), when measurement will begin and end, up what responses will be counted as "correct" or "incorrect"

What do operational definitions indicate? (3 things)

It is your external environment. Which is everything around you; computer, hearing the teacher's voice, looking around the room you're in, and sounds from outside

What does Outside "the skin" mean?

S= stimulus R= reinforcer += positive reinforcement (added)

What does SR^+ stand for?

Readable language, no ambiguity, no judgement is needed, no guesses on intent (stating if the behavior is happening yes or no)

What does clear mean for operational definitions?

It is your internal environment. Which focuses on the questions, How do you feel? Tired or rested? In pain (e.g. headache, nauseous)? Is your heart racing? Pre-seizure auras; voices in one's head

What does inside "the skin" mean?

An adversive antecedent

What does irritant mean in negative reinforcement?

Observable characterisitics ( you can see it happening)

What does objective mean for operational definitions?

Boundaries of the behavior; what is it, what is it not, intensity/ severity, context

What does precise answer complete mean for operational definitions?

A conditioner reinforcer without the need for the food

What does the "click" sound function as?

The escape response

What does the R mean in negative reinforcement?

The irritant is removed or reduced

What does the S^R^- mean in negative reinforcement

S-R-S, Stimulus-Response-Stimulus

What is Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence (ABC) also known as? And what do the letters stand for?

Nathan now hits himself more often

What is Nathan's effect on future responding?

Identify who is doing the behavior of interest

What is Rule #1 in behavior analysis to ALWAYS ALWAYS ALWAYS first.....

Clearly define exactly what behavior you are talking about

What is Rule #2 in behavior analysis?

A stimulus that typically follows a response immediately, or nearly immediately in time

What is a consequence?

When a response is linked to an environmental condition

What is a functional response definition?

Open hand contact with face that is audible from a distance of 6 feet

What is a good example of operational definitions that would be a precise and clear statement as to what behavior the client is engaging in?

A change in the environment that can affect behavior

What is a stimulus?

A type of stimuli that always comes BEFORE the response

What is an antecedent of a stimuli related to response to time?

Aversive= pain When you are in pain and you engage in an escape response and the irritant is removed, it means the pain goes away. This all equals strengthened behavior

What is an easy way to learn the chart of negative reinforcement in terms of an aversive antecedent, the escape response, and the irritant is removed or reduced?

Turning a light switch dimmer down but not all the way off

What is an example of attenuation?

If you put the peg in the hole, then you get a token

What is an example of contingency that was used in the video?

Forcefully strikes own head with a closed fist when a demand is placed and/or during a task

What is an example of functional response definition?

Turning a light switch dimmer up

What is an example of magnification?

Depression; it means feeling sad, being upset, not wanting to participate in things, not being hungry or being hungry all the time, sleeping a lot and being tired, obsessing on death It is non-operational because you can NOT clearly observe this behavior. You do not know if someone is feeling sad or is hungry or tired or is obsessing about death

What is an example of non-operational definition that is discussed in the video? What does this word mean and why is it a non-operational definition?

Onset= when you turn a light switch on Offset: when you turn a light switch off

What is an example of onset and offset of a stimulus?

Depression; engaging in daily episodes of crying for more than five minutes, declining to participate in preferred activities when offered, staying in bed for more than 12 hours a day, eating less than 500 calories or more than 3500 calories per day, talking about thoughts of suicide It is operational because for example "talking about thoughts of suicide" is not counting their thoughts, but it is counting the person saying that they have suicidal thoughts as opposed to non-operational that says "obsessing over death" which cannot be counted, you can't count the # of "obsessing", but you can count the # of times a person says "I'm thinking about killing myself"

What is an example of operational definition discussed in the video? Why is it operational and not non-operational?

Vocalizing above conversational level that is audible through a closed door

What is an example of operational definition?

Praise presenter along with an edible item

What is an example of two stimuli that are presented together closely in time when using conditioning reinforcers that was used in the video?

1. Clear 2. Objective 3. Precise and Complete

What is the 3 criteria for operational definitions?

A B C (Antecedent -> Behavior -> Consequence)

What is the acronym for the two types of stimuli that relate to the time of the reaponse? And what does it stand for?

A type of stimuli that always comes AFTER the response

What is the consequence of a stimuli related to response in time?

Response:flip up a light switch on the wall Consequence: The room lights up

What is the first example of a Response in the video? Consequence?

Response: I hold open a door for a stranger Consequence: Stranger says "Thanks"

What is the second example of a Response in the video? Consequence?

S^R+

What is the symbol for positive reinforcement?

Response: I open my umbrella and hold it over me Consequence: Rain stops hitting my head

What is the third example of a Response in the video? Consequence?

1. The unpleasant condition is happening 2. The person responds 3. The unpleasant condition is lessened or terminated altogether 4. In the future when the unpleasant adversive irritant happens again, a similar response is now much more likely to occur 5. It was negatively reinforced by the termination or lessening of the adversive condition

What is the time line for negative reinforcement? (5 things)

Delayed

What type of effect does a reinforcement have?

Socially Mediated Reinforcement

When another person provides the reinforcer it is called:

Two stimuli are presented together closely in time

When conditioning reinforcers, it is important that...

When a stimulus that has no particular effect (like a clicking sound) is presented to the behaver simultaneously ( or nearly so) with an unconditioned reinforcer (like food)

When does pairing occur?

ONLY if we clearly define and describe specific, observable responses that would fall into the category

When may you use category behavior terms?

Offset

When something is NOT seen and is out of sight

Automatic reinforcement

When the completion of the response is the reinforcer it is called:

D. Opening a door to go outside

Which of the following is a good example of a target behavior? A. Depression over a bad test score B. Impulse control in the store C. Increased self-concept D. Opening a door to go outside

Mentally practicing multiplication(because it is a behavior)

Which of these is NOT part of the behaving organism's environment? A. An inflamed tooth B. Mentally practicing multiplication C. Hormonal changes D. The ambient temperature of your room And why?

A. The spicy taste of a hot pepper( the others are behaviors)

Which of these is part of a behaving organism's environment A. The spicy taste of a hot pepper B. Watching a traffic light turn green C. Trying not to scratch a mosquito bite D. Reading a book alone in a room Why?

The client

Who is the behaver?

Punisher

You are eating a bag of potato chips and you ate half of the bag already and someone keeps giving you more and more and your mouth is very salty, you want a drink, and your mouth is starting to hurt and you don't want to keep eating them anymore. So the potato chip at this point may no longer serve as a reinforcer but a ...

Socially Mediated Negative Reinforcement

You have an itch on your back and ask your spouse to scratch it. What is this an example of?

Stimulus

You have to differentiate between a response and a _____