Module 6: Middle Childhood
Why are girls are often taller than boys at the end of middle childhood?
The prepubescent growth spurt
Define: Identity
qualities that do not change even if the object is altered in some way.
Children in middle childhood tend to (fatten up/slim down) and (drop/gain) muscle strength and lung capacity making it possible to engage in strenuous physical activity for long periods of time.
slim down; gain
Define: Long-term memory
(AKA: Knowledge base) Organizing information in a meaningful way for later retrieval.
Which of the following are some long-term consequences that children may exhibit in roughly the first year following divorce? - Feeling more anxious in their own love relationships - Grief over losses suffered - Economic/Occupational Status - Improved Relationships with the Custodial Parent - Adjusting to Transitions - Greater emotional independence in sons - Reduced Standard of Living
- Economic/Occupational Status - Improved Relationships with the Custodial Parent - Greater emotional independence in sons - Feeling more anxious in their own love relationships
What causes ASD?
There is no single cause of ASD and the causes of these disorders are to a large extent, unknown.
What are the 2 parts of the brain that may be implicated in ADHD?
1. Frontal lobe 2. Prefrontal cortex
What is the most commonly recommended treatment for ADHD?
1. Medication (stimulants) 2. Structuring the classroom environment to keep distractions at a minimum 3. Tutoring 4. Teaching parents how to set limits and encourage age-appropriate behavior 5. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Who will tell the following jokes? 1. Tell no jokes 2. Punch line jokes 3. Slapstick jokes 4. Literal jokes 5. Knock Knock jokes
1. Preschool 2. Middle school 3. Preschool 4. Preschool 5. Middle school
What are the 3 levels of memory that come from the information processing theory?
1. Sensory memory 2. Working memory 3. Long-Term memory
Lareau and Horvat offer 3 cases of African-American parents who were each concerned about discrimination in the schools because their children had white, middle-class teachers. What are the 3 cases?
1. The Williams family 2. The Irving family 3. Ms. Caldron
20/20 vision occurs at age ____.
4
What is the "sanctity state"?
A state in which the child is contemplative, quiet, or prayerful.
Define: Aptitude tests
A test that is designed to measure a student's ability to learn OR to determine if a person has potential in a particular program. (a form of intelligence tests)
Define: Achievement tests
A test used to measure what a child has already learned.
Sensory register is what form of memory? A. Crammed memory B. Sensory memory C. Long-Term memory D. Working memory
B. Sensory memory
Knowledge base is what form of memory? A. Crammed memory B. Sensory memory C. Long-Term memory D. Working memory
C. Long-Term memory
Define: Analytical (AKA as?) (The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence)
Componential Includes the ability to solve problems of logic, verbal comprehension, vocabulary, and spatial abilities.
What type of children are either strongly liked or disliked?
Controversial children
Jonathan's parents divorced 2 years ago. Which of the following is likely true of his current situation? A. He has a poor relationship with the custodial parent. B. He likely lives in a poverty-sticken household. C. He has a reduced chance of depression compared to children his age that have intact families. D. He has greater emotional independence.
D. He has greater emotional independence.
Kyle just had his 7th birthday. Which of the following is true of Kyle's brain? A. Kyle's brain is fully developed. B. Myelination in Kyle's brain has stopped. C. Kyle's prefrontal cortex is completely developed. D. Kyle's brain is nearly the size it will be when he is an adult.
D. Kyle's brain is nearly the size it will be when he is an adult.
Short-term memory is what form of memory? A. Crammed memory B. Sensory memory C. Long-Term memory D. Working memory
D. Working memory
What type of learning disability is characterized by a child reversing letters, having difficulty reading from left to right, or having problems associating letters with sounds?
Dyslexia
What type of learning disability is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities?
Dyslexia
________________ and ______________ of a child can be the first step in helping to provide that child with the type of instruction and resources needed.
Evaluation and diagnosis
(T/F): In middle childhood, only few boys and some girls experience a prepubescent growth spurt.
False; many girls and boys
(T/F): Rehearsal can help us maintain information in your long-term memory.
False; working For rehersal to help us maintain info in our long-term memory, we must rely on more than simple rehearsal.
(T/F): Divorce can be negative if fighting between mom and dade includes the child because the child's self-esteem may suffer.
True
(T/F): Divorce isn't as bad as they claim it to be. The exaggeration of the negative consequences of divorce has left the majority of those who do well hidden and subjected them to unnecessary stigma and social disapproval.
True
(T/F): Genuine interest, an appreciation of the process of learning, and valuing others are important components of success in the workplace that are not part of the hidden curriculum in today's schools.
True
(T/F): Peer relationships can be challenging as well as supportive.
True
Define: Classification
Finding new ways to arrange, categorize, or creating classes of information.
(T/F): Some negative consequences of divorce are a result of financial hardship rather than the actual separation of the parents.
True
Who suggested that there are 9 domains of intelligence? What is the name of this theory?
Howard Gardner The theory of multiple intelligences
One feature of concrete operational thought is the understanding that objects have an _________.
Identity
Where do we want information to ultimately be stored if we want to remember it?
Long-term memory
(Middle/Early) childhood children will enjoy telling jokes with punch lines and understand them.
Middle
What type of children are left behind and not seen?
Neglected children
Many children with ASD are not identified until they when?
When they reach school age
How can we store something in our long-term memory?
Storage must be done in a meaningful or effective way. In other words, if you simply try to repeat something several times you may only be able to remember the sound of the word rather than the meaning of the concept.
Define: Hidden curriculum
The cultural values, concepts, behaviors and roles that are part of the school experience but are not part of the formal curriculum
What is an example for the concept of reciprocity?
The example where a tall beaker filled with 8 ounces of water was "more" than a short, wide bowl filled with 8 ounces of water.
Parents who have (lower/higher) levels of income, occupational status, and other qualities favored in society have family capital.
higher
What state is the following exmple? Children in this state may enjoy special privileges such as going home early or being exempt from certain school rules in the mother's presence, or it can be difficult if the parent is there to discuss trouble at school with a staff member.
home state
In the beginning of early childhood, a child may have one rude friend, and another rude friend, and a third rude friend. The child uses _____________________ to conclude that all friends are rude.
inductive reasoning
The pre-conventional moral development covers what stages of Kohlberg's moral development?
1 & 2
The mass of an object does not change by rearranging it. A piece of chalk is still chalk even when the piece is broken in two. This is an example of? A. Conservation B. Reversibility C. Reciprocity D. Identity
D. Identity
Define: Creative (AKA as?) (The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence)
Experiential The ability to apply newly found skills to novel situations.
(T/F): Being sexually abused as a child has no impact on self-concept.
False; it has a powerful impact
(Girls/Boys) are more likely to be victims of incest. (Girls/Boys) are more likely to be abused by someone outside the family.
Girs Boys
Define: False self-training
Holding a child to adult standards while denying the child's developmental needs
What type of children are tough and unfriendly towards others?
Popular-antisocial children
Define: Inductive reasoning
Thinking that the world reflects one's own personal experience.
A child who has trouble solving hypothetical and abstract problems is in what stage of Piaget's cognitive development?
concrete operational stage
What is the difference between a (1) learning disability, (2) mental disability, and (3) learning difficulty?
(1) A child who has problems in a specific area or with a specific task or type of activity related to education. (2) A child who is typically slow in all areas of learning. (3) A deficit in a child's ability to perform an expected academic skill.
Define: Working memory
(AKA: Short-term memory) A term describing the status of thought in memory that are currently activated.
Define: Sensory memory
(AKA: sensory register) (the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system) A form of memory that we get from our 5 senses. We do not register these senses, nor are they perceived or stored in our minds.
Which skills in the theory of multiple intelligences are able to measure a person's IQ?
(The first 3) 1. Logical-mathematical 2. Linguistic 3. Spatial
Which skills in the theory of multiple intelligences are able to measure a person's talents or abilities?
(The last 6) 4. Musical 5. Bodily-kinesthetic 6. Naturalistic 7. Interpersonal 8. Intrapersonal 9. Existential
What is said in the "Universal-Ethical-Principal Orientation" stage? What stage is this?
(very few people who operate within stage six on occasion) - a person tries to empathize with other people and to see the world from the other person's perspective before making a decision. - the idea of universal justice - ready to disobey unjust laws - doing the right thing, regardless of the personal consequences. Stage 6
Which of the following are some short-term consequences that children may exhibit in roughly the first year following divorce? - Feeling more anxious in their own love relationships - Adjusting to Transitions - Grief over losses suffered - Economic/Occupational Status - Improved Relationships with the Custodial Parent - Greater emotional independence in sons - Reduced Standard of Living
- Grief over losses suffered - Reduced Standard of Living - Adjusting to Transitions
What is said in the "Social-Contract Orientation" stage? What stage is this?
- Not everything is black/white - There are different ways of thinking about what is good and what is right. - Just because there is a law does not mean that the law is necessarily good for everyone. - The idea is to do the most good for the most people Stage 5
What are the most effective treatments for autism?
1. Behavioral intervention & teaching techniques - Used to promote the development of language and social skills. 2. Structured learning environment - Children also excel when they are in structured learning environments that accommodate the needs of children on the spectrum. (Medications that alleviate some of the symptoms, but the otehr 2 are more effective.)
Who are the two people that suggested the their own theory of intelligence?
1. Howard Gardner 2. Robert Sternberg
What are the 9 domains of intelligence stated in the theory of multiple intelligences?
1. Logical-mathematical 2. Linguistic 3. Spatial 4. Musical 5. Bodily-kinesthetic 6. Naturalistic 7. Interpersonal 8. Intrapersonal 9. Existential
What are the 6 stages of Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory?
1. Obedience-and-Punishment Orientation 2. Instrumental Orientation (self-interest) 3. Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation (conformity) 4. Law-and-Order Orientation 5. Social-Contract Orientation 6. Universal-Ethical-Principal Orientation
One of the ways to assess the quality of family life is to consider the tasks of families. What are the 5 family functions that Berger lists?
1. Providing food, clothing and shelter 2. Encouraging Learning 3. Developing self-esteem 4. Nurturing friendships with peers 5. Providing harmony and stability
The complete set of primary teeth happens at age _____.
3
The conventional moral development covers what stages of Kohlberg's moral development?
3 & 4
The post-conventional moral development covers what stages of Kohlberg's moral development?
5 & 6
Most children lose their first tooth around age ___, then continue to lose teeth for the next ___ years. In what order of teeth do children lose them? By age _____, generally all of the teeth are permanent teeth.
6; 6 first in the middle of the mouth, then they lose the teeth next to those and so on 12
The brain reaches its adult size at about age _____.
7
Many research studies suggest age _____ is the most appropriate age to begin formalized school. Why?
7 Because before age 7, children learn best through play.
The median age for sexual abuse is ____ or _____ years for both boys and girls.
8 or 9
Define: Information processing theory
A classic theory of memory that compares the way in which the mind works to computer storing, processing and retrieving information.
What is the BEST form of treatment for ADHD individuals? Why?
A combination of medication and CBT Because the medication helps with behavior change more quickly, allowing for the child to learn through CBT more quickly. The CBT then helps with longer-term behavior change so that the child can stop taking medications and deal effectively with their ADHD symptoms based on what they have learned through CBT.
Define: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
A neurological and behavioral disorder in which a person has difficulty staying on task, screening out distractions, and inhibiting behavioral outbursts.
What is pre-conventional Moral Development? The (younger/middle/older) children displayed this.
A self-centered approach to moral decision-making. younger
Define: Dyslexia
A specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin. It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities.
Define: Fast-Mapping
A word learning process in which children are able to learn words quickly because they associate new words to words that they already know
Which of the following concepts is NOT understood during middle childhood? A. Abstract thinking B. Identity C. Reversibility D. Reciprocity
A. Abstract thinking
Adrik is having difficulties in school. He is not reading well, but this seems to be because he cannot focus on the readings. Adrik also has difficulty paying attention when he is completing his math work. Which of the following learning disabilities is likely affecting Adrik? A. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder B. Generalized Learning Disorder C. Dyslexia D. Austism Spectrum Disorder
A. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Eight-year-old Orianna is figuring out that she is good at some things and bad at others. According to Erikson, if Orianna views herself as successful in most of the things that she does, she will develop a sense of ________. A. Competence B. Inferiority C. Industry D. Self-concept
A. Competence
Hoyt is 10 years old, and is a victim of sexual abuse. Which of the following is least likely? A. He is being abused by a female. B. He is a victim of incest. C. He will not have an increased chances of PTSD. D. He may suffer from sleep disturbances.
A. He is being abused by a female. (Most abuse is perpetrated by males, regardless of the victim's sex)
Yazmine is taking an IQ test. Which of the following skills might be measured with this test? A. Linguistic B. Musical C. Body-kinesthetic D. Interpersonal
A. Linguistic
The man should not break into the pharmacy because the pharmacist might find him and beat him. A. Pre-conventional Moral Development B. Conventional Moral Development C. Post-conventional Moral Development
A. Pre-conventional Moral Development
These individuals would think of what would happen to the man as a result of the act. A. Pre-conventional Moral Development B. Conventional Moral Development C. Post-conventional Moral Development
A. Pre-conventional Moral Development
Arjun's mom is baking a cake. He realizes that once the batter is mixed, the ingredients cannot be separated out. Which principle of concrete operational thought is Arjun using here? A. Reversibility B. Identity C. Classification D. Reciprocity
A. Reversibility
____________ is not a storage system. Instead, it is the information that we are conciously aware of. A. Short-term memory B. Metacognition C. Long-Term memory D. Sensory memory
A. Short-term memory
This is an example of what learning disability? Their brains are trying to pay attention to everything; they are trying to pay attention to too many things at once, so everything suffers.
ADHD
What type of children may act out due to feeling insecure...their fear of rejection only leads to behavior that brings further rejection from other children?
Aggressive-rejected children
What is typical treatment for dyslexia?
Altering teaching methods to accommodate the person's particular problematic area.
Childhood sexual abuse is defined as?
Any sexual contact between a child and an adult or a much older child.
What type of test scores indicate the first type of intelligence—academic, or analytical?
Aptitude
The following tests are what type of test? SAT, PSAT, MCAT, LSAT, GRE
Aptitude tests
What tests are often used at the beginning of a course of study or as part of college entrance requirements?
Aptitude tests
_____________ is a developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
What type of children are able to talk with any group, basically they are free floaters?
Average children
He should break into the store, and then everyone would think he was a good husband OR shouldn't because it is against the law. A. Pre-conventional Moral Development B. Conventional Moral Development C. Post-conventional Moral Development
B. Conventional Moral Development
These individuals would base their answers on what other people would think of the man as a result of his act. A. Pre-conventional Moral Development B. Conventional Moral Development C. Post-conventional Moral Development
B. Conventional Moral Development
In Kohlberg's studies, what mattered most in the decision making process? A. Knowledge of law B. How the child arrived at their decision C. Whether or not the child took society into consideration D. The age of the child
B. How the child arrived at their decision
Alejandro's mom has noticed that he seems overweight. What is the best strategy to help Alejandro lose the extra weight he is carrying? A. Put Alejandro on a diet. B. Increase Alejandro's activity level. C. Mom should remind Alejandro to "eat healthy" every time the family eats. D. Mom should do nothing. Children go through phases, and this is probably one of those phases.
B. Increase Alejandro's activity level.
The rule: "i before e except after c" is an example of: A. Working memory B. Metacognition C. Long-Term memory D. Sensory memory
B. Metacognition
Francisco is not really liked or disliked by his peers. Francisco would be considered a ________ child. A. Average B. Neglected C. Agressive-rejection D. Withdrawn-rejection
B. Neglected
What type of memory is the following? They are lost after a few seconds because they were immediately filtered out as irrelevant. Since the information is not perceived or stored, it is discarded quickly. A. Crammed memory B. Sensory memory C. Long-Term memory D. Working memory
B. Sensory memory
Which of the following is NOT an example that demonstrates the concept of reversibility? A. The properties of water B. The properties of eggs C. Arithmetic operations D. A pullout bed
B. The properties of eggs
A study found that those who worked with younger children were more likely to believe that learning styles are innate and wired into the brain. What are the implications of the findings in the research on learning style myths? A. Young children need to be given learning style assessments and taught in the style that they learn best in. B. This may limit young children in believing that they can only learn best in one instruction modality which is not supported by research. C. Young children should be taught about multiple intelligences instead of learning styles at a young age.
B. This may limit young children in believing that they can only learn best in one instruction modality which is not supported by research.
Pamela is taking a state achievement test. What is being measured in the test? A. Her ability to learn B. What she has already learned C. her potential in a future program D. Her intelligence
B. What she has already learned
Why have educators criticized the policy of achievement tests?
Because they believe that these tests are focusing too much on testing as the only indication of performance levels.
Match the following based on Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence. Book smarts Street smarts Art Smarts Creative (Experimental) Analytical Intelligence (Componential) Practical Intelligence (Contextual)
Book smarts: Analytical Intelligence Street smarts: Practical Intelligence Art Smarts: Creative
How may an autistic child respond to a question?
By repeating the question or might rarely speak.
Sophia is trying to learn material for an exam. Which component of memory will store the information she is learning? A. Working memory B. Metacognition C. Long-Term memory D. Sensory memory
C. Long-Term memory
What type of memory is the following? Things that we know of or can remember if asked. A. Crammed memory B. Sensory memory C. Long-Term memory D. Working memory
C. Long-Term memory
What type of memory is the following? This level of memory has an unlimited capacity and stores information for days, months or years. A. Crammed memory B. Sensory memory C. Long-Term memory D. Working memory
C. Long-Term memory
The man should break into the store because, even if it is against the law, the wife needs the drug and her life is more important than the consequences the man might face for breaking the law. OR the man should not violate the principle of the right of property because this rule is essential for social order. A. Pre-conventional Moral Development B. Conventional Moral Development C. Post-conventional Moral Development
C. Post-conventional Moral Development
These individuals would answer based on the fact that the Heinz dilemma has different levels of right and wrong. A. Pre-conventional Moral Development B. Conventional Moral Development C. Post-conventional Moral Development
C. Post-conventional Moral Development
Which of the following is NOT a helpful technique for organizing information for effective storage and later retrieval? A. Writing keywords B. Thinking of examples to illustrate something's meaning C. Repeating something over and over D. Considering ways that concepts are related
C. Repeating something over and over
Define: Controversial children
Children who are either strongly liked or disliked by quite a few peers
Define: Withdrawn-rejected children
Children who are excluded because they are shy and withdrawn
Define: Aggressive-rejected children
Children who are ostracized because they are aggressive, loud, and confrontational
Define: Popular-prosocial children
Children who are popular because they are nice and have good social skills
Define: Popular-antisocial children
Children who gain popularity by acting tough or spreading rumors about others
Define: Average children
Children who receive an average number of positive and negative nominations from their peers
Define: Neglected children
Children who tend to go unnoticed but are not especially liked or disliked by their peers
Define: Practical (AKA as?) (The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence)
Contextual The ability to use common sense and to know what is called for in a situation.
Jenamin was diagnosed with dyslexia early in her fifth grade school year. Even though she had dyslexia, she was a good reader then. Now, at the end of the school year, her reading scores are lagging far behind those of the other students. Which explanation makes the most sense given this scenario. A. Jenamin's parents may not be supportive. B. Jenamin may be assigned reading that is too difficult for her, giving her recent diagnosis C. Jenamin's teachers may not trust the diagnosis. D. Jenamin's teachers may be interpreting difficulties with reading material as due to the dyslexia, so they may not work with her as much as the teachers in her earlier grades did.
D. Jenamin's teachers may be interpreting difficulties with reading material as due to the dyslexia, so they may not work with her as much as the teachers in her earlier grades did.
Jess is in school. He is walking slowly from music class back to his room and waves at his friend Ovid. What state is Jess in? A. Home state B. Sanctity state C. Student state D. Street corner state
D. Street corner state
What type of memory is the following? All of the things on your mind at this moment are part of your _________ memory. A. Crammed memory B. Sensory memory C. Long-Term memory D. Working memory
D. Working memory
What type of memory is the following? Meaningful information will move from sensory memory into our ________ memory. A. Crammed memory B. Sensory memory C. Long-Term memory D. Working memory
D. Working memory
What type of memory is the following? This memory consists of information that we are immediately and consciously aware of. A. Crammed memory B. Sensory memory C. Long-Term memory D. Working memory
D. Working memory
(T/F): Passively reading a text is usually adequate and should be thought of as the final step in learning material.
False inadequate; first step
(T/F): Around 75-80% of children and adults who experience divorce suffer long term effects.
False; do not suffer
(T/F): Autistic disorders are found in some racial and ethnic groups and are more common in boys than in girls.
False; found in all racial and ethnic groups
(T/F): Dieting is the solution to childhood obesity.
False; increasing a child's activity level is most helpful. Exercise reduces stress and being an overweight child, subjected to the ridicule of others can certainly be stressful.
(T/F): An autistic person does not have difficulty reading social cues.
False; they do
(T/F): Diagnosis and labeling do not have social implications.
False; they do
(T/F): Autistic children do not care much about routines and patterns.
False; they do and if routines are altered, one may become upset
(T/F): A person with autism has a high interest in learning language.
False; they lack interest
Define: Intrapersonal (The theory of multiple intelligences)
Having the ability of understanding your own self, mood, motivation, temperament, realistic knowledge of strengths, and weaknesses
Define: Interpersonal (The theory of multiple intelligences)
Having the ability to understand the emotion, mood, motivation of others; able to communicate effectively
Define: Existential (The theory of multiple intelligences)
Having the concern about and understanding of life's larger questions, meaning of life, or spiritual matters
Define: Naturalistic (The theory of multiple intelligences)
Having the knowledge of plants, animals, minerals, climate, weather
What did Lawrence Kohlberg do/what was he interested in?
He was interested in finding out how our moral reasoning changes as we get older.
What is this an example of? Teachers, counselors, and other students specify and make known what is considered appropriate for girls and boys. Students learn a ranking system of occupations and social classes as well.
Hidden curriculum
__________________- is an "academic boot camp" in which students are prepared for their future student role-that of complying with an adult imposed structure and routine designed to produce docile, obedient, children who do not question meaningless tasks that will become so much of their future lives as students.
Kindergarten
Who conducted the Heinz dilemma test? What is the test? What did he want to know at the end of the test?
Lawrence Kohlberg He read a story about a man who is trying to obtain an expensive drug that his wife needs in order to treat her cancer. The man has no money and no one will loan him the money he requires. He begs the pharmacist to reduce the price, but the pharmacist refuses. So, the man decides to break into the pharmacy to steal the drug. Kohlberg wanted to know what the boys thought made something right or wrong.
What is deciduous teeth?
Milk teeth, baby teeth, primary teeth, and temporary teeth
What career goes with Gardner's multiple intelligences? Musical Visual-spatial Verbal-linguistic Logical-mathematical Bodily-kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist Politician State park ranger Professional athlete Speech pathologist Journalist Architect Psychologist Accountant
Musical: Speech pathologist Visual-spatial: Architect Verbal-linguistic: Journalist Logical-mathematical: Accountant Bodily-kinesthetic: Professional athlete Interpersonal: Politician Intrapersonal: Psychologist Naturalist: State park ranger
What type of children do well in school and are cooperative and friendly?
Popular-prosocial children
(Pre/Middle) school years might be a good time to learn a second language (being able to understand and speak the language). (Pre/Middle) school years might be a good time to be taught a second language (using the rules of grammar).
Pre; Middle
What are the pros and cons of labeling a child with a learning disability?
Pros -Helping the child learn more effectively Cons: - Misdiagnosage - Interpreting a child's actions through a diagnostic label - Self-fulfilling prophecy - Child's "problem" can be outgrown but child will still have the label as an adult
Who suggested that there are 3 types of intelligences? What is the name of this theory? Why did he make this theory?
Robert Sternberg The triarchic theory of intelligence Because he was concerned that there was too much emphasis placed on aptitude tests and believed that there were other qualities necessary for success in a higher education and in the world of work.
Define: Concrete
Something that is tangible; something that can be seen, touched, or experienced directly.
What stages of Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory is this? Heinz should steal the medicine because everyone has a right to choose life, regardless of the law. OR Heinz should not steal the medicine because the scientist has a right to fair compensation. Even if his wife is sick, it does not make his actions right.
Stage five (social contract orientation)
What stages of Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory is this? Heinz should not steal the medicine because the law prohibits stealing, making it illegal. OR Heinz should steal the drug for his wife but also take the prescribed punishment for the crime as well as paying the druggist what he is owed. Criminals cannot just run around without regard for the law; actions have consequences.
Stage four (law-and-order)
What stages of Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory is this? Heinz should not steal the medicine because he will consequently be put in prison which will mean he is a bad person. OR Heinz should steal the medicine because it is only worth $200 and not how much the druggist wanted for it; Heinz had even offered to pay for it and was not stealing anything else.
Stage one (obedience)
What stages of Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory is this? Heinz should steal the medicine, because saving a human life is a more fundamental value than the property rights of another person. OR Heinz should not steal the medicine, because others may need the medicine just as badly, and their lives are equally significant.
Stage six (universal human ethics)
What stages of Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory is this? Heinz should steal the medicine because his wife expects it; he wants to be a good husband. OR Heinz should not steal the drug because stealing is bad and he is not a criminal; he has tried to do everything he can without breaking the law, you cannot blame him.
Stage three (conformity)
What stages of Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory is this? Heinz should steal the medicine because he will be much happier if he saves his wife, even if he will have to serve a prison sentence. OR Heinz should not steal the medicine because prison is an awful place, and he would more likely languish in a jail cell than over his wife's death.
Stage two (self-interest)
Define: Logical-mathematical (The theory of multiple intelligences)
The ability to solve mathematical problems, problems of logic, and numerical patterns
Define: Musical (The theory of multiple intelligences)
The ability to understand patterns in music, hear pitches, recognize rhythms and melodies
Define: Metacognition
The ability to understand the best way to figure out a problem.
Define: Bodily-kinesthetic (The theory of multiple intelligences)
The abilty of motor coordination, grace of movement, agility, and strength
What is said in the "Instrumental Orientation" stage?
The focus is more "what's in it for me" Here the mentality is self-interest driven. Stage 2
What is said in the "Law-and-Order Orientation" stage? What stage is this?
The focus is on maintaining social order. Stage 4
What is said in the "Obedience-and-Punishment Orientation" stage? What stage is this?
The focus is on the direct consequences of their actions. Their main concern is avoiding punishment and being obedient. Stage 1
What is said in the "Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation" stage? What stage is this?
The focus is on what society deems okay or good in order to gain approval from others. Stage 3
What is Post-conventional Moral Development? The (younger/middle/older) children displayed this.
The person's judgment is based on a concern for others, for society as a whole, or for an ethical standard rather than a legal standard. It goes beyond convention or what other people think to a higher, universal ethical principle of conduct that may or may not be reflected in the law. older
What is the "street corner state"?
The state in which the child is playful, energetic, excited, and expresses personal opinions, feelings, and beliefs
What is the "student state"?
The state in which the student focuses on a task or tries to stay focused on a task, is passive, compliant, and often frustrated
What is the "home state"?
The state that occurs when parents or siblings visit the school.
Define: Self-fulfilling prophecy
The tendency to act in a way that makes what you predict will happen come true.
Define: Reciprocity
The understanding that changing one quality of an object can be compensated for by changes in another quality of that object.
Define: Reversibility
The understanding that some things that have been changed can be returned to their original state.
Define: Spatial (The theory of multiple intelligences)
The visual accuracy, ability to read maps, understand space and distance
Define: Linguistic (The theory of multiple intelligences)
The vocabulary, reading comprehension, and function of language
Freud believed that in the latency stage, all development and stimulation is repressed and comes from?
These secondary sources can include education, forming various social relationships, and hobbies.
What is Conventional Moral Development? The (younger/middle/older) children displayed this.
Thinking about what other people think is usually a function of socially accepted morality; looks at society's standards middle
Describe the Irving family case.
This middle class, African-American couple was concerned that the school was discriminating against black students. They fought against it without using direct confrontation by staying actively involved in their daughter's schooling and making frequent visits to the school so make sure that discrimination could not occur. They also talked with other African-American teachers and parents about their concerns.
Describe the Ms. Caldron case.
This poor, single-parent was concerned about discrimination in the school. She was a recovering drug addict receiving welfare. She did not discuss her concerns with other parents because she did not know the other parents and did not monitor her child's progress or get involved with the school. She felt that her concerns would not receive attention. She requested spelling lists from the teacher on several occasions but did not receive them. The teacher complained that Ms. Caldron did not sign forms that were sent home for her signature.
Describe the Williams family case.
This working-class, African-American couple, a minister and a hair stylist, voiced direct complaints about discrimination in the schools. Their claims were thought to undermine the authority of the school and as a result, their daughter was kept in a lower reading class. However, her grade was boosted to "avoid a scene" and the parents were not told of this grade change.
One significant reason in which children are able to learn and remember things more easily is that they continue to?
To have more experiences on which to tie new information. New experiences are similar to old ones or remind the child of something else about which they know.
(T/F): Divorce has a strong, negative impact on the child and that single-parent families are deficient in some way.
True
(T/F): Harmony and stability can be achieved in many family forms and when it is disrupted, either through divorce, or efforts to blend families, or any other circumstances, the child suffers.
True
(T/F): Intense sensitivity to touch or visual stimulation can annoy an autistic person.
True
(T/F): It should be recognized that the distinction between abnormal and normal behavior is not always clear; some abnormal behavior in children is fairly common.
True
(T/F): Sometimes autistic children learn more difficult words before simple words or can complete complicated tasks before they are able to complete easier ones.
True
(T/F): Teachers often complain that they have difficulty getting parents to participate in their child's education and devise a variety of techniques to keep parents in touch with daily and overall progress.
True
(T/F): What is considered smart varies culturally.
True
What type of children are easy targets for bullies because they are unlikely to retaliate when belittled?
Withdrawn-rejected children
Children who are __________________ are more likely to have sleep disturbances.
being abused
A child in the _____________ stage of Piaget's cognitive development is able to make use of logical principles in solving problems involving the physical world.
concrete operational
A child who uses logic to solve problems tied to their own direct experience is in what stage of Piaget's cognitive development?
concrete operational stage
What stage of Piaget's cognitive development is this an example of? Eddie understands the principles of cause and effect, size, and distance.
concrete operational stage
The prepubescent growth spurt tends to happen earlier in (boys/girls) at around ages ____ to _____ than it does in (boys/girls) at around ages ____ to _____.
girls (ages: 9-10) boys (ages: 11-12)
Although rates of sexual abuse are higher for (Girls/Boys) than for (Girls/Boys), (Girls/Boys) may be less likely to report abuse because of the cultural expectation that boys should be able to take care of themselves and because of the stigma attached to homosexual encounters.
girls; boys; boys
Many psychological theorists, including Piaget, believe that classification involves a ___________ structure, such that information is organized from very ________ categories to very __________ items.
hierarchical; broad; specific
In middle childhood, children experience a vocabulary growth (called ______________); however, this differs from that of preschoolers because it is facilitated by being able to associate new words with those already known (called ______________) and because it is accompanied by a more sophisticated understanding of the meanings of a word.
language explosion; fast-mapping
Most boys and girls are sexually abused by what sex?
male
One thing that Kohlberg never fully addressed was his use of nearly all (female/male) samples. (female/male) = justice oriented (female/male) = compassion oriented (females/male) tend to be in lower stages than men because of their compassion orientation.
male male female females
Parents who do not have the qualities of a higher SES family may find it (less/more) difficult to be effectively involved.
more
Autistic children often have (rich/poor) social skills and are often (able/unable) to communicate with others or empathize with others emotionally.
poor; unable
According to Piaget, children who are in the ____________ stage of development in which they learn to think symbolically about the world.
preoperational (early childhood)
What state is the following exmple? A very brief part of the day is spent in this state.
sanctity state
As children's experiences and vocabularies grow, they build __________ and are able to classify objects in many different ways.
schema
Teachers are most receptive to support, praise and agreement coming from parents who were most (similar/dissimilar) in race and social class with the teachers.
similar
Growth rates generally (slow down/speed up) during middle childhood.
slow down
During middle childhood, physical growth (slows down/speeds up). One result of the slower rate of growth is an improvement in what?
slows down motor skills
Erikson believes that children's greatest source of personality development comes from their?
social relationships
What state is the following exmple? Children try to maximize this by going slowly to assemblies or when getting a hall pass-always eager to say 'hello' to a friend or to wave if one of their classmates is in another room. This is the state in which friends talk and play.
street corner state
What state is the following exmple? This state is one in which the student focuses on a task or tries to stay focused on a task, is passive, compliant, and often frustrated. Long pauses before getting out the next book or finding materials sometimes indicate that frustration.
student state
The custodial parent is usally?
the mother
One of the reasons that children can classify objects in so many ways is that they have acquired a ____________ to do so.
vocabulary
Something will be stored as ____________ memory if we must remember it for something like a history test that we will be taking in 5 minutes.
working memory