Module 6

In what year was the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act repealed?

"Although the Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed in 1943, its legacy continued to shape immigration control and race relations throughout the entire twentieth century. The system of immigration restriction and exclusion based on race was formally abolished in 1965."

What were the acceptable reasons for immigration into the U.S. with the 1976 Nationalization and Immigration Law and how did entry of people from Asia change?

...The 1965 law was followed by several others in quick succession: 1976 - extended the new system to Western Hemisphere (Latin America and Canada) 1978 - Worldwide limit of 290,000 per year 1980 - Refugee Act, expanded entry of refugees and changed the definition of "refugee" 1986 - Immigration Reform & Control Act, blocked undocumented immigrant and allowed employers to be penalized 1990 - increased total entry of legal immigrants to 700,000 per year, added "investor" immigrants who had $1 million, added a lottery to randomly pick 20,000 Recent Immigration from Asia Nearly 12 million people from Asia migrated to the U.S. between 1966 and today.

Which U.S. immigration law allowed more Asians into the U.S., but that was not its intent.

...took racial bias out of immigration laws country of all shades and hues - changed identity .... it was the turning point

Fong outlines 4 differences between early Japanese and Chinese immigration. Comparing early (pre 1920) Chinese with Japanese migration to the U.S., which of the following is a difference?

1) is that the japanese immigrated in large numbers to hawaii;they did not come in large numbers to the US until 1890. in 1880 only 148 japanese were livng on the US mainland. 2) japanese were only able to fully exploit an economic niche in agriculture that hte chinese had only started(pg19) early japnaese were fortuante to arrive ina an opportune tie about two thirds of them found work 3) emergence of japan as an international military power at the turn of the century (russo-japanese war 1904-1905) impressed President Roosevelt and he believed a strategy of cooperation with th Jap goverment was in the best interest of the US

In the 1840s, civil war and famine in southern China drove thousands of young men to seek their fortune in the California Gold Rush. This program traces the Chinese experience in America, from their welcome in San Francisco as "celestial men of commerce," through the Gold Rush and building of the Transcontinental Railroad, to the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act banning their entry into this country. This program rediscovers the often-overlooked role of the Chinese and tells their stories through the lives of individuals using photos, artifacts, and interviews with descendants and historians.

1840's california passed its first asian law

Fong discusses the importance of sex-ratio differences in Asian immigration before 1965. During pre 1965 immigration era, what was the sex ratio of immigrants to the U.S. from the China, Korea, and the Philippines

26:1

In 1870, Fong notes that the Chinese were about what percent of all workers in the state of California?

9%of California's population and 25% of the states work force. (pg 18)

How did early immigration by the Chinese in the 19th century start the tradition of Chinese laundry and Chinese restaurants in America?

Although most immigration from China to the United States occurred during the twentieth century, the earliest identifiable Chinese immigrants arrived in America during the 1780's. However, the discovery of gold in California in 1848 brought a large wave of Chinese. In the following three decades, about 300,000 Chinese entered the United States to work primarily as miners in gold mines, laundry and grocery operators in urban communities, farm laborers in agricultural areas, or fishermen in fishing villages in California.

A major law affecting Asian immigration was the 1934 Tydings-McDuffie Act. What did this law say as outlined in Chapter 2 in Dhingra and the powerpoint?

Anti-Filipino labor organized by white workers who did not want competition Anti-intermarriage of Filipinos with whites, by whites who feared a dilution of white racial purity. Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934

What was the "1907 Gentleman's Agreement" and what did it do?

Anti-Japanese (and anti-Asian) rioting and protests developed, so new laws were enacted. Whites demanded racial segregation in schools and housing. The "Gentlemen's Agreement" was a set of 6 diplomatic notes exchanged between the U.S. & Japanese government, 1907-1908 in which Japan agreed to restrict passports and stop immigration. However, the agreement allowed family members to join Japanese immigrants already in the U.S., 1909-1924 over 118,000 more Japanese entered as parents, children or wives of Japanese already living in the U.S. Up to 1909, most Japanese migrants had been males. After 1909, a majority were females. Many were "Picture Brides" through arranged marriages either in Japan or between Japan and the U.S. This ended with the 1920 "Ladies Agreement"

Fong cites data that between 1985 and 2000, foreign born students earned a majority of science and engineering PhDs at US universities. More significant, over 50% of the science & engineering PhD went to people from 4 Asian countries. Which of the following is NOT one of those countries?

China, Taiwan, india and south korea

Why were the Chinese Americans in the U.S. during 1880-1950 called a "bachelor society"?

In 1860, the sex ratio of males to females was already 19:1. In 1890, the ratio widened to 27:1. For more than half a century, the Chinese lived in, essentially, a bachelor society where the old men always outnumbered the young. In order to sustain their population after the Chinese Exclusion Act, there was an immeasurable amount of illegal immigration. Plus, the Chinese had created an intricate system of immigration fraud known as "paper sons."

According to Table 1-1 in Fong, 85.7% of immigrants from Asia arrived after 1971. The vast majority (over 70%) of immigrants from most Asian nations came after 1971, with one major EXCEPTION. What one Asian group had less than half of its people in the U.S. immigrate after 1971 (because more arrived before 1971)?

Japan

Today, on what basis do most Asian people enter the U.S. as legal immigrants?

Most Asian immigrants enter under the Family Reunification reason that allows legal immigration. So Let's take a quick look at Marriage and Family

What type of immigrants are called sojourners?

Most Asian immigrants in the 1800s, especially the early Chinese and first groups of Japanese and Koreans, were sojourners. A sojourner is a person to plans to stay for a limited time (1-10 years) in a place, live/work temporarily, then return. Unlike the immigrant who intends to permanently relocate to a different country, a sojourner often comes without family and plans to work very hard, saving or sending back a very large percentage of earnings. They hope return to their home country with "a fortune" or a least enough $ to buy land and home, start a business and their own family, and have their home community respect savings/accomplishments.

What did the Ozawa v. U.S. court ruling of 1922 say?

Ozawa v. U.S. SUPREME court ruling of 1922 In 1914, Takao Ozawa applied for citizenship, challenging a 1906 American law that limited naturalization to "free white persons," "aliens of African nativity," and "persons of African descent." He had arrived as a student in 1894, graduated from a California high school, and attended the University of California before joining a U.S. business firm in Honolulu. After his application was denied, he appealed to the U.S. District Court (1916). The district court ruled that Ozawa was "in every way eminently qualified" for citizenship except he was not white and clearly not of African ancestry. He then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, where he presented his good character, his complete loyalty to the United States, and his adoption over 20 years' residence of English and American culture in favor of his petition. He was, "at heart . . . a true American." The Court said: Asians could not become naturalized U.S. citizens solely because of their race, irrespective of the length of residence and assimilation U.S. society.

The well-known PUSH-PULL theory of immigration has been around for over a century. While it makes common sense, it has several flaws. What is one of its flaws?

Push factors A push factor is a forceful factor, and a factor which relates to the country the person is migrating from. It is generally a problem which results in people wanting to leave. Different types of push factors inclued: Poor medical care Not enough jobs Few opportunities Primitive conditions Political fear Fear of torture and mistreatment Not being able to practice religion Loss of wealth Natural disasters (including changes in climate) Pull factors A pull factor is something concerning the country a person migrates to. It is generally a good thing that attracts people to a certain place. Chances of getting a job Better living standards Enjoyment Education Better medical care Security Family links

In what year did the United States end a system of immigration that was largely based on admitting people based on the person's race?

The 1965 Immigration and Nationalization Act marked a new era in U.S. immigration history. Until 1965, racism and a rejection of non-Whites had been at the foundation of U.S. immigration policy. The changing U.S. attitudes about race in the 1960s and the Civil Rights Movement was a major reason for the change in immigration policy. It ended quotas by country and opened free immigration for immediate relatives. Family reunification became the cornerstone of American immigration policy

Which Asian country is the largest source of foreign nurses to the U.S. (about 29% of the 49,000 foreign nurses)? As Fong notes, they are generally better educated and have higher job satisfaction than their American born counterparts?

The philippines in particular is the world leader in nursing migration. Center for Immigration Studies (1998) found there were 1,896,606 registered nurses in the US - foudn that 166,708 were foreign-born registered nurses and 49,033 of whom were form teh Philippines (29.4) generally better educated and worekd more full-timehours than us native born nurses.

The Dual Labor Market theory of immigration builds on the idea that the U.S. economy does has one labor market but two, a primary labor market, and a secondary labor market. What are characteristics of the primary labor market?

The primary labor market is a market that generally consists of high-wage paying jobs, social security, and longer-lasting careers, but others define it as jobs that "require formal education", but in addition to white collar jobs like teaching, accounting, and the law, it also includes the skilled trades like being a plumber or a photocopy repair technician.[1] It is contrasted by the secondary labor market, which usually consists of low-wage paying jobs, limited mobility within jobs, and temporary careers. The primary and secondary labor markets are intended for division of the standard of jobs within labor (heavy work) services.

What is the central idea in the "Social Network" immigration theory?

The sociology of immigration involves the sociological analysis of immigration, particularly with respect to race and ethnicity, social structure, and political policy. Important concepts include assimilation, enculturation, marginalization, multiculturalism, postcolonialism, transnationalism and social cohesion.

Of South Asians who immigrated in the period 1904-1911, 80-90% were of one religious group, what was it?

What is today India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka were all part of the British colony of India until 1947. A small number of Indians, from the providence of Punjab (Northwest corner of India) who were mostly of the minority Sikh religion migrated before 1910. Most were male laborers. Harsh conditions in India contributed to migration, and some (15% of early migrants) migrated first to Canada before entering the U.S. A majority went to California with its excellent farm land and relative shortage of people. Soon, South Asians too faced anti-Asian (now anti-Hindu even if they were not Hindus) protests and discrimination in California.

One of the most famous people in the history of California was Mr. Leyland Stanford. He was the governor of California in 1861, builder of the railroad and industrialist, U.S. Senator, and founder of Stanford University. What were his views on immigration from Asia?

] Anti-Chinese sentiment became an official political issue over time. Stanford, as governor, ostensibly supported the prevailing mood in the state, which lobbied for the restriction of Chinese immigration. In a message to the legislature in January 1862, Stanford said, "The presence of numbers of that degraded and distinct people would exercise a deleterious effect upon the superior race."[23] His statement was initially received with widespread enthusiasm, and Stanford was lauded as a defender of the white race. Public opinion shifted when it was revealed that Stanford's Central Pacific Railroad had recruited and imported thousands of Chinese laborers to construct the railway track.[23] Keep them under control!

According to Fong (Chapter 1), how did global restructuring after the 1970s influence Asian migration to the U.S.?

gradual movement of industrial manufacturing away from developed nations such as the US toless develoepd (pg 31)

Filipino and Asian Indians who came to the U.S. in the 1965 to 1975 era tended to have what type of occupation?

labor

The video clip on Asian immigrant in the 1970s showcases Jerry Yang. What was his experience immigrating?

lines and lines of people in immigration all people coming - had everything they ever owned. scene out of a movie - never felt like he didn't belong

The video "Golden Mountain" gives you many aspects of the life of Mr. Yung Wing, the Yale educated Chinese man who greatly assimilated to American society. He became a Christian and a U.S. citizen very early, married a white woman, and lived in New England. What was his role when a wave of hateful anti-Chinese hysteria swept across the U.S. in the late 1870s-early 1880s?

when foreign relations shifted, Yung and the students were just as vulnerable and threatened as any of their fellow immigrants. The event that officially ended the Mission was when the first prospective group of Annapolis and West Point attendees was refused entrance. Deeply offended, the Chinese government withdrew support for the Mission and ordered the students and Yung to return to China. The moment reflected the era's broader and evolving histories of discrimination: the students were refused entrance due to the US government's break from the Burlingame-Seward Treaty, the most overt of its series of moves toward the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act. (The treaty contained several agreements that reinforced equality between the two nations; for example, it contained a provision that citizens of each country have reciprocal access to education and schooling when living within the other's borders.) As Yung put it: The race prejudice against the Chinese was so rampant and rank that not only my application for the students to gain entrance to Annapolis and West Point was treated with cold indifference and scornful hauteur, but the Burlingame Treaty of 1868 was, without the least provocation, and contrary to all diplomatic precedents and common decency, trampled underfoot unceremoniously and wantonly, and set aside as though no such treaty had ever existed, in order to make way for those acts of congressional discrimination against Chinese immigration which were pressed for immediate enactment. - See more at: http://connecticuthistory.org/yung-wing-the-chinese-educational-mission-and-transnational-connecticut/#sthash.BBUmYDj0.dpuf