Module5: Lower Plants

Approximately how long ago did green algae and the land plants share a common ancestor?

1 billion years ago

In this moss life cycle, the male gametophyte generation is indicated by the letter ___, while the female gametophyte generation is indicated by the letter ___

A B

Using this diagram of the life cycle of a land plant, match each letter to the process it represents.

A- fertilization B- meiosis C- mitosis

In this diagram of a fern life cycle, match structures to the letters that indicate them. Instructions

A- sporangium B- sorus C- archegonium D- anteridium

characteristics of all (with a few exceptions, such as parasitic plants) land plants

Ability to photosynthesize Diploid embryos Multicellular haploid and diploid generations

Select all true statements about lycophytes.

Despite resembling true mosses, lycophytes have vascular tissues. In lycophytes, the sporophyte generation is dominant.

all known horsetails are members of the same genus, ___

Equisetum

In this plant life cycle, the ___ generation is represented by letter A, while the ___ generation is represented by letter B

Gametophyte/haploid sporophyte/diploid

Select all features of liverworts.

Gametophytes have rhizoids. They may be leafy or lobed.

Which phyla are included within the bryophyte clade?

Hepaticophyta (liverworts) Bryophyta (mosses) Anthocerotophyta (hornworts)

Choose all features that confined the green algal ancestors of plants to water.

Higher levels of UV light on land Less water availability in a terrestrial environment

Features that confined the green algal ancestors of plants to water

Less water availability in a terrestrial environment Higher levels of UV light on land

Which of the following distinguish land plants from the clade of green algae known as charophytes

Multicellular sporophytes Multicellular gametophytes Diploid embryos

Select all true statements about hornworts

Of all bryophytes, their sporophytes are most similar to those of vascular plants. Their gametophytes are photosynthetic. Their sporophytes have stomata.

Select all features of fern sporophytes.

Photosynthetic Vascular Multicellular

features of the alga ancestor of land plants

Photosynthetic Lived in freshwater

Select all structures produced by mosses.

Sporangia Rhizoids

Select all adaptations of land plants that distinguish them from their algal relatives.

The presence of a waxy cuticle on air-exposed surfaces The presence of specialized water transporting tissues The presence of stomata for gas exchange

Select all functions of roots.

Transport of water Plant support

A major adaptation to a terrestrial lifestyle in land plants is

a cuticle on exposed surfaces

In mosses and ferns, the haploid (gametophyte) generation occupies

a larger portion of the life cycle than it does in seed plants

In bryophytes, sperm and egg unite to produce

a sporophyte that grows upright from a ground-dwelling gametophyte

The lycophytes are the sister group to

all other vascular plants.

The adaptation of plants to terrestrial environment required

better water loss management

All of the following are examples of vascular plants except

bryophytes

The ____ , also known as nontracheophytes, are the closest living descendants of the first land plants.

bryophytes

The closest living descendants of the first land plants are the

bryophytes

Together, the Hepaticophyta, Bryophyta, and Anthocerotophyta make up what clade?

bryophytes

What extant organisms are the closest known relatives to the land plants

charophytes

Xylem and phloem

conduct minerals and sucrose, respectively

Unlike other land plants, tracheophytes have a specialized tissue that

conducts water and food

All vascular plant sporophytes have a waxy ___ and pores called ___ to help prevent water loss.

cuticle stomata

Hornwort gametophytes are typically provided with nitrogen by their symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing

cyanobacteria

A common feature of whisk ferns and horsetails is that they both have sperm with ___ ; for that reason, those plants require free water for ___.

flagella fertilization

Land plants evolved from

freshwater green algae

The leaves of ferns are called

fronds

Although some lycophytes have photosynthetic gametophytes, the gametophytes of other lycophyte species may grow below ground and obtain nourishment from a symbiotic relationship with soil ___.

fungi

Plant gametes (eggs and sperm) are produced in multicellular structures within gametophytes, called

gametangia

The gametophytes of plants contain multicellular structures called ___ , which produce gametes.

gametangia

In plants, the gametophyte produces ___ and the sporophyte produces ___

gametes spores

In plants, the haploid generation is called the ___, and the diploid generation is called the___

gametophyte sporophyte

Approximately 1 billion years ago, land plants shared a common ancestor with

green algae

The charophytes, a phylum of ___ ___ that live in freshwater, are close relatives to the ancestral alga that gave rise to all land plants

green algae

Stomata are required in land plants because they

have a cuticle

Stomata are typically absent in bryophytes except in

hornwort sporophytes

The ____ are seedless vascular plants with hollow, jointed stems.

horsetails

Choose all features of a lycophyte gametophyte.

it is free-living in most lycophytes it produces both sperm and egg cells

Scientists think that early in their evolutionary history, whisk ferns had stems, roots, and leaves. Select all organs that were subsequently lost.

leaves roots

Select all types of leaves found in vascular plants.

lycophylls euphylls

Two types of leaves are found in vascular plants: small leaves supported by a single vein called ____, and true leaves, also known as ___

lycophylls euphylls

The sister group to all other vascular plants is the

lycophytes

In plants, spores are produced within sporangia through the process of

meiosis

In plants, spore mother cells undergo

meiosis to produce haploid spores

he bryophytes are also known as ___ plants because they lack tracheids

nontracheophyte

In mosses and ferns, the gametophyte generation is

photosynthetic and free-living

Unlike bryophytes, lycophytes

produce vascular tissue

Mosses differ from other bryophytes because their gametophytes

produces structures that look like leaves and stems

Select the three clades of vascular plants that exist today.

pterophytes seed plants lycophytes

What is a common function of the waxy cuticle and stomata on the above-ground parts of tracheophyte sporophytes?

reduction of water loss

What structure functions both in support of the plant and transport of water and nutrients in tracheophytes?

roots

Current systematists think that after they diverged from other groups in the fern lineage, whisk ferns lost their ___ and their ___

roots leaves

The three clades of vascular plants are the lycophytes, the pterophytes, and the ___ plants.

seed

Liverworts reproduce through

sexual and asexual means

In bryophytes, water and nutrients are transported throughout the gametophyte by

simple conducting cells

Clusters of sporangia on ferns are called

sori

Antheridia and archegonia produce which of the following, respectively?

sperm and eggs (in this order)

In plants, meiosis occurs within what structure?

sporangia

Sori are clusters of

sporangia in ferns

In plants, meiosis produces haploid

spores

The cone-like structure on a horsetail stem produces haploid ___

spores

The ___ of bryophytes are carried away from the sporophyte by air currents, germinating into ___ if they land in a moist environment

spores gametophytes

Land plants usually produce many ___ on their leaves to allow gas exchange across the waxy cuticle on exposed surfaces.

stomata

What structure allows hornwort sporophytes to regulate gas exchange?

stomata

Which of the following are characteristics of all (with a few exceptions, such as parasitic plants) land plants?

the ability to photosynthesize multicellular haploid and diploid generations diploid embryos

An important difference that distinguishes the leaflike structures of moss gametophytes from true leaves is

the lack of vascular tissue

Which statement accurately describes members of the genus Equisetum?

they are horsetails and can be up to 3 m high

Select all true statements about whisk fern sporophytes.

they lack true leaves they are photosynthetic (green)

Select all features common to whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns.

they require free water for fertilization. they form antheridia and archegonia

The xylem of early vascular plants is characterized by the presence of a single type of conductive cell known as a(n)

tracheid

Tracheophytes are dominant in many terrestrial ecosystems because of their ability to produce

vascular tissue

Which of the following is a more effective type of water transporting cell that appeared later in the evolution of vascular plants?

vessel element

Choose all that are carried in vascular tissue.

water minerals sucrose hormones

The gametophyte of bryophytes has simple conducting cells rather than true vascular tissue for the transport of ___ and ___.

water nutrients

The sporophyte of what plant group consists of evenly forking photosynthetic stems that lack roots and leaves?

whisk ferns

Tracheophytes transport water through specialized tissue called ___

xylem

The vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals is called ____, while the vascular tissue that conducts sucrose and hormones is called ____

xylem phloem

2 types of vascular tissue

xylem and phloem