Modules 5-8 Psych

episodic memory

personal experiences and events

cerebellum (implicit memory)

plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning

constancy

the tendency to perceive certain objects in the same way regardless of changing angle, distance, or lighting

continuity grouping

we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones

Interposition

if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer

Sonja was administered an intelligence test to determine the level of her mental functioning. Her Wechsler score was 2 standard deviations below the norm. Her score was:

70

perceptual set

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

Research findings suggest that the best advice to give people who want to avoid belief perseverance is:

Consider the opposite

Heuristic

A(n) _____ is a simple thinking strategy for solving a problem quickly and efficiently.

intuition

An effortless, immediate, and automatic thought or feeling is known as:

The text suggests that the most famous experiments in all of psychology are those of _____, who discovered classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

Who is MOST likely to be criticized for extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of talents?

Howard Gardner

Huma's 2-year-old son was just administered an intelligence test. Huma is very worried because his score was 100, which she was told is the average score for toddlers. Should Huma worry about her son's chance of going on to an elite college?

She should not worry because intelligence tests administered before age 3 only minimally predict future aptitude.

The eminent psychologist _____ became known for shaping rat and pigeon behaviors by delivering rewards as the animals more closely approximated a desired behavior.

Skinner

is a self-fulfilling concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

Stereotype threat

When a skydiving accident caused a brain injury, Nadeen became unable to make sense of other people's speech. It is likely that they suffered damage to:

Wernicke's area.

According to the principle of belief perseverance, when faced with evidence supporting one's point of view on a controversial issue, one would MOST likely:

assume it is correct.

"Express as a mixed numeral: 39/8" is a problem found in a fifth-grade arithmetic textbook. This problem is BEST solved through:

an algorithm.

Students are most likely to develop a growth mind-set that results in a focus on learning when they believe that intelligence is

changeable.

In her research, Professor Kyoto seeks to identify mental biases that are likely to impede effective problem solving. Her research is MOST likely in the area of _____ psychology.

cognitive

Baby boomers, generation X, and millennials refer to groups of people born within several years of each other; that is, they refer to:

cohorts.

classically conditioned memory

conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli like fears

Business managers are often overly confident of their own hiring ability because they are more likely to monitor the successes of people they hired than the achievements of those they rejected. This illustrates that overconfidence may be facilitated by

confirmation bias.

selective attention

consciously focus on certain stimuli while filtering out other stimuli

A person who can effectively identify the best possible answers to multiple-choice test questions BEST illustrates:

convergent thinking.

Raul is very skilled at taking aptitude tests and finding solutions to mathematics and science problems. Raul's skills illustrate:

convergent thinking.

Students who have spent time living abroad and experiencing other cultures are more adept at:

creative problem solving.

Maggie, a graduate student at a local university, is interested in the impact specific educational legislation on intelligence. As a result of this, she gives an intelligence test to people in different age groups from 15 to 45. Maggie is conducting a(n) _____ study.

cross-sectional

Research suggests that, during early and middle adulthood

crystallized intelligence increases and fluid intelligence decreases

habituation

decreased responding of our brain to repeated stimuli

monocular cues

depth cues available to either eye alone

Whenever Arlo reminded himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he became less creative in his musical performance. This BEST illustrates that creativity may be inhibited by:

extrinsic motivation.

Some memories of an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as _____ memories.

flashbulb

A person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly is called _____ intelligence.

fluid

Leslie is in the tenth grade and is currently taking calculus. She is doing very well and has even earned an A in the class. Leslie is MOST likely in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

formal operational

In writing survey questions, political pollsters who want to gather evidence of people's support for particular viewpoints are especially likely to understand the impact of

framing.

Between the ages of 3 and 6 years, the number of neural connections increases MOST dramatically in the _____ lobe.

frontal

proximity grouping

group nearby figures together

According to the textbook, modern researchers would likely conclude that children who are able to resist eating lollipops even when exposed to them for long periods of time:

had high levels of emotional intelligence.

The extent to which differences in intelligence test scores among a group of people are attributable to genetic factors is called the _____ of intelligence.

heritability

When solving a multiple-choice question, eliminate options that are obviously incorrect, and eliminate options that contain absolute terms such as all or every. These rules of thumb are known as:

heuristics.

encoding memory

initial process of getting information in the brain

What is memory?

internal record of experience, it's a constructive process; we organize and shape information as we process, store, and retrieve memories.

The similarity between intelligence scores of fraternal twins reared together is:

less than identical twins reared apart.

procedral memory

motor skills and habits

linear perspective

parallel lines appear to converge with distance

The employees were not surprised when Sharon was promoted to senior director of the organization. She has demonstrated her ability to motivate the team, delegate to the appropriate people, and promote herself. This BEST illustrates Sternberg's concept of _____ intelligence.

practical

Priming

prior exposure to stimuli affects processing of new information even when you don't have any conscious memory of the initial learning and storage

basal ganglia (implicit memory)

procedural memories for skills

For many people, Christmas is to holiday as _____ is to _____.

prototype; concept

Those who emphasize the importance of the g factor would be MOST likely to encourage:

quantifying intelligence with a single numerical score.

In the English language, adjectives are typically placed before nouns (for example, "green car"). This illustrates an English language rule of:

semantics.

According to Jean Piaget, object permanence and stranger anxiety are the developmental phenomena that occur during the _____ stage of cognitive development.

sensorimotor

light and shadow (monocular cue)

shading produces a sense of depth consistent with our assumption that light comes from above

Biological evidence for the existence of emotional intelligence is provided by the fact that:

some specific kinds of brain damage are associated with loss of emotional intelligence.

feature detectors

specialized cells that respond only to certain stimuli

closure grouping

we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object

Glenn has a cockatiel that he has trained to discriminate between pictures of dogs and cats. He shows the cockatiel a picture of a dog and the bird pecks at a dog symbol on the cage. Glenn shows him a picture of a cat and the bird pecks at a cat symbol. The bird is showing:

that it can form concepts.

"You always clam up when I ask you what's wrong," Iris tells her partner. Iris is probably making this frequency judgment because she can remember a few times that her partner would not tell her what was bothering them. Iris is demonstrating:

the availability heuristic.

Edward L. Thorndike's research with cats demonstrated that behavior changes because of its consequences. Favorable consequences lead to the behavior being repeated, whereas unfavorable consequences make the behavior less likely. Thorndike called this:

the law of effect.

figure-ground

the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).

Sultan, a chimpanzee studied by Wolfgang Köhler, displayed evidence for animal cognition. He was given a short stick that could not reach a banana but then seemed to have an Aha! experience. He used the short stick:

to pull in a longer stick, which he used to reach the banana.