Morphology 2 word formation
Compound head
= right side of the word or word ending.
Endocentric compounds
A compound with a head: which forms meaning and syntactic category.
exocentric compounds
A compound without a head. No elements form meaning.
Clipping
A new word created by shortening an existing one, e.g. phone.
back formation
A verb is created from an existing noun by removing a suffix
Eponyms
Also include trademarks such as Band-Aid dumpster superglue post it note
Word Borrowing
Also known as loanwords taking directly from another language equals direct panelling
Zero derivational conversion
Assigning a pre-existing word to a new word class for example butter is a noun. Noticed the word class change I like to butter my bread. In the sentence butter has change to the verb
Miscast back formation
Bikini back formed to monokini a one piece bathing suit
back formation
Creation of a new word by incorrectly removing an affix or what was thought to be an affix
Acronyms
Derived From one or more successive words which are pronounced as words
Word blend examples
Flexi time from flexible plus time Advertorial From Advertisemeant plus editorial Bennifer From Ben Affleck plus Jennifer Gardner
Clipping examples
Hamburger clipped to burger Fanatic clipped to fan Jonathan clipped to John Samantha clipped to Sam
Compound
Has a head and a modifier
Compound words
Have no real pattern for spelling. One word. Two seperate words or a hyphen.
exocentric compounds
I compound that lacks a head for example ladybird is not a lady or a bird Rocky Road not a rock or a road
Word blend examples
Louie plus Sally equals lousal motor plus pedal equals moped, breath plus analyser equals breathalyser
Modifier
Modifies the head of the compound
word formation
Morphological process, derivations words affixes.
Coined words
Most invented words are usually attached to an object or concept.
Acronym Examples
NASA. National Aeronautics and space agency Scuba self contained underwater breathing apparatus
Alphabetic abbreviations
NBL National basketball league NASCAR National Association for stockcar auto racing QLD Queensland VICS Victoria
Neologisms
New words created or coined if you will, a new word introduced onto a language which is accepted into a speech community. The coined word follows word formatiob patterns.
back formation
Not exact science
Compound morphology
Noun plus an adjective equals an adjective. Headstrong. Verb plus noun equals noun. Pickpocket. Noun plus noun equals noun. Girlfriend Adjective plus adjective equals adjective icy cold, red hot.
Word borrowing
Often occurs during language contact
Backformation
Old noun to verb back formations Peddler back formed to peddle Hawker back formed to hawk. Stoked back formed to stoke. Editor back formed to edit. Pease back formed to pea.
Word Coinage example
Podcast nylon Kleenex thermometer
hypocorism
Reduce longer words to a single syllable and then add ie or y. Tele fronted television Aussie from Australian Hanky from handkerchief
Miscast back formation examples
Resurrection backcast to resurrect. Pre emption back formed to pre-empt Television back formed to televis
Blends
Similar to compounding however take the beginning of one word join in to the end of another word
Blends examples
Smog derived from smoke plus fog Motel derived from motor plus hotel Twirl derive from twist Whirl
Modifier head compound example
The head in headstrong is strong. And the modifier is strong.
Hints to analysing compounds
The head will tell you what the word is, neutronbomb. Bomb is the head of neutronbomb.
word coinage
The invention of a new word that then becomes a part of the lexicon
Compounds
Two or more words combined to form a new word.
Backformation
making a new word by omitting what appears to be a morpheme (usually a suffix or prefix) but actually isn't
Eponyms
terms coined from the names of people
