Morphology and Syntax

Regular past tense verbs

(1) Add an "ed" ending (2)Pattern recognition

Irregular past tense verbs

(1) No patterns (2) Memorize (3)Age 2 to 9

Interrogative Pronouns

-W question words -Ex: who, whose, whom, why, what, which

Deixis (more than pronouns)

-Words selected based on where you physically are in space. "Pointing words." -early pronouns (I/you, mine/yours) -demonstrative -spatial terms (here, there) -movement verbs (some/go) -temporal terms (yesterday)

Relative Pronouns

-used to join parts of a sentence and create a complex sentence -create cohesion and reduce noun redundancy -Ex: that, what, who, which, whatever, whichever, whose

Indefinite Pronouns

Do NOT have an antecedent preceding to define them. -Ex: it, this/that, something, everything

Contractions

I'm, It's vs. I am and It is.

Modal auxiliary:

Never are inflicted i) Easier to acquire because they never change ii)Ex: can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must

What is tense and agreement used for with kids?

Productivity of tense and agreement morphemes has been shown to have good diagnostic accuracy differentiating children with specific language impairment from their typically developing peers

Demonstrative Pronouns

Similar to indefinite, but used for different reasons -Ex: this/that, these/those

List six inflectional morphemes and their roles in word production.

a) -s: plural b) -'s: possessive c) -ing: progressive d) -ed: past tense e) -er: comparative f)-est: superlative

Bound vs. Free morphemes

a) Bound morphemes: chunks of word that can't stand alone b) Free morphemes: words that can stand alone

List at least four derivational morphemes and their roles in word production.

a)Cat catting around (noun to verb) b)KindNESS c)DevelopMENT d)ModernIZE

Non-modal auxiliary:

are inflicted i) Ex: be, have, do ii)"I am," "he is," "they are"

Metalinguistic verbs:

assess, conclude, imply, predict, argues, said, explained

Auxiliary be:

be is a helping verb i) Ex: (1) He is racing (2) They are racing (3) We were racing

Copular be:

be is the main verb i) Ex: (1)He is a dog

Derivational morphemes

create NEW words - often changing the class of the word (1) Lexical function (have concrete meaning) (2) May cause a word class change (3) Some meaning change (4) Never required by the rules of grammar

Describe the four types of conjunctions and give an example of each.

i) Coordinating conjunctions - FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) ii) Coordinating (conjunctive) adverbs - cause/effect, comparison, sequence, contrast (however, therefore, moreover, thus, besides, comparatively, likewise, consequently) iii) Subordinating conjunctions - create complex sentences (after, although, as, because, if, for, like, once, since, that, in that, unless, when, where, while) iv)Relative pronouns- refer to people or animals, answer the questions; which one, how many, what kind (that, who, whom, whoever, whose)

Describe four types of prepositions and give an example of each.

i) Location - in/out, on/off, above/below, over/under, beneath, beyond, between ii) Direction - through/around, toward/away from, about/exact iii) Time - during, at (at 3:00, at noon, at bedtime), until, in (in the summer, in 2025), on (on Thursday) iv)Condition - according to, in spite of, by means of, aside from, instead of, prior to

Metacognitive verbs:

knows, believes, remembers *Both develop later, high school/college

Uninflected verb:

not undergoing changes to express grammatical functions or attributes. No affixes

Inflectional morphemes

playing around with relationships in a sentence - they subtly change meaning, but DON'T create new words (1) Grammatical function (2) No word or class change (3) Often required by rules of grammar (4)Small or no meaning change