Morphology Flash Cards

EXOCENTRIC

Definition: Of or relating to a group of syntactically related words, none of which is functionally equivalent to the function of the whole group Example: John slept. Contrasted with endocentric. Extra information: The definition of exocentric is two or more parts of a phrase that are different parts of speech and, when combined, form another part of speech which is different from all of the parts. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/exocentric

SUPERLATIVE

Definition: Of, relating to, or constituting the degree of grammatical comparison that denotes an extreme or unsurpassed level or extent Example: The superlative form of "nice" is "nicest"; the superlative form of "bad" is "worst"; the superlative form of "interesting" is "most interesting." Extra information: the superlative degree of comparison in a language and superlative form of an adjective or adverb http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/superlative?show=0&t=1414539321

TERMINATION

Definition: The end of a word, as a suffix, inflectional ending, or final morpheme Example: the termination of a lease Extra information: 1400-50; late Middle English terminacion < Latin terminātiōn- (stem of terminātiō) decision. See terminate, -ion http://www.thefreedictionary.com/TERMINATION

SUPERFIXES

Definition: a morpheme consisting of a pattern of stress, intonation, or juncture features that are associated with the syllables of a word or phrase (as the distinctive stress patterns of the noun subject and the verb subject) Example: between the noun conduct and the verb conduct Extra information: from super- + -fix, on the model of prefix, suffix http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/superfixes

PROVERBS

Definition: is a simple and concrete saying, popularly known and repeated, that expresses a truth based on common sense or the practical experience of humanity Example: A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. Extra information: They are often metaphorical. A proverb that describes a basic rule of conduct may also be known as a maxim. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proverb

SYNOPSIS

Definition: A brief outline or general view, as of a subject or written work; an abstract or a summary. Example: Students will write a synopsis abuot their lifes Extra information: 1610s, from Late Latin synopsis "a synopsis," from Greek synopsis "general view," from a stem of synoran "to see altogether, all at once," from syn- "together" (see syn- ) + horan "to see, view" (see warrant ). http://www.thefreedictionary.com/SYNOPSIS

COMPARISON

Definition: A consideration or estimate of the similarities or dissimilarities between two things or people Example: They drew a comparison between Gandhi's teaching and that of other teachers Extra information: Comparison is a feature in the grammar of some languages, whereby adjectives and adverbs are inflected or modified to produce forms which indicate the relative degree of the designated properties http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles/comparison?q=COMPARISON

IDIOMS

Definition: A group of words whose meaning cannot be predicted from the meanings of the constituent words Example: It was raining cats and dogs Extra information: Linguistic usage that is grammatical and natural to native speakers of a language http://www.wordreference.com/definition/idioms

MONOGRAPH

Definition: A monograph is a specialist work of writing on a single subject or an aspect of a subject, usually by a single author Example: a series of monographs on music in late medieval and Renaissance cities Extra information: A detailed written study of a single specialized subject or an aspect of it http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph

PHONE:

Definition: A phone is an unanalyzed sound of a language. It is the smallest identifiable unit found in a stream of speech that is able to be transcribed with an IPA symbol Example: A phone is a 'unit sound' of a language in the sense Extra information: A morpheme is manifested as one or more morphs (surface forms) in different environments. These morphs are called allomorphs http://www01.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOflinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhone.htm

PHONEME

Definition: A phoneme is a minimally distinctive set of sounds in a language; sound sequences which differ in a single phoneme can constitute different words. Example: p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat Extra information: late 19th century: from French phonème, from Greek phōnēma 'sound, speech', from phōnein 'speak'. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles_americano/phoneme?q=PHONEME

PREFIX

Definition: A prefix is a morpheme which is added before a root morpheme in the formation of a word. Example: The prefix un- attaches to the front of the stem selfish to form the word unselfish. Extra information: Grammar . an affix placed before a word, base, or another prefix to modify a term's meaning, as by making the term negative, as un- in unkind, by signaling repetition, as re- in reinvent, or by indicating support, as pro- in proabolition. http://www1.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOflinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPrefix.htm

PATTERN

Definition: A set of linguistic items that form mutually exclusive choices in particular syntactic roles: Example: English determiners form a paradigm: we can say "a book" or "his book" but not "a his book Extra information: Origin ate 15th century: via late Latin from Greek paradeigma, from paradeiknunai 'show side by side', from para- 'beside' + deiknunai 'to show'. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles_americano/paradigm?q=PARADIGM

DIPHTHONG

Definition: A sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves towards another (as in coin, loud, and side). Often contrasted with monophthong, triphthong. Example: The language has a musical quality and employs a great number of diphthongs and other vowel combinations. Extra information: Etymology: 15th Century: from Late Latin diphthongus, from Greek diphthongos, from di-1 + phthongos sound http://www.wordreference.com/definition/diphthong

ANTONYM

Definition: A word opposite in meaning to another word Example: An example of antonyms are light and dark. Extra information: With altered sense (as if ; from anti-) ; from Classical Greek antōnymia, a pronoun ; from anti-, equal to, instead of, opposite (see anti-) + onyma, name. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles/antonym

DISYLLABLE

Definition: A word or metrical foot consisting of two syllables. Example: However, some linguists use the term bisyllabic. Extra information: Origin late 16th century: alteration (influenced by syllable) of French disyllabe, via Latin from Greek disullabos 'of two syllables', from di- 'two' + sullabē 'syllable'. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles/disyllable?q=DISYLLABLE

LEXEME

Definition: A word or stem that is a meaningful unit in a language and coincides with the abstract unit underlying a given set of inflected forms Example: In the English language, run, runs, ran and running are forms of the same lexem Extra informatio: A lexeme belongs to a particular syntactic category, has a certain meaning (semantic value), and in inflecting languages, has a corresponding inflectional paradigm; that is, a lexeme in many languages will have many different forms http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexeme

SUFFIX

Definition: An affix added to the end of a word or stem, serving to form a new word or functioning as an inflectional ending Example: The adjective "smokeless" is formed by adding the suffix "-less" to the noun "smoke." Extra information: ew Latin suffixum, from Latin, neuter of suffixus, past participle of suffigere to fasten underneath, from sub- + figere to fasten — more at fix First Known Use: 1778 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/suffix?show=0&t=1414538916

TOKEN

Definition: An individual occurrence of a linguistic unit in speech or writing, as contrasted with the type or class of linguistic unit of which it is an instance. Contrasted with type. Example: he ad campaign features a few token minorities Extra information: In other words, speech sounds are merely the arbitrary tokens whereby linguistic exchange is carried out http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles_americano/token?q=tokens

INFLECTION

Definition: Change in pitch or tone of voice: Example: He spoke with very little inflection in his voice. Extra information: Origin 1525-35; variant spelling of inflexion < Latin inflexiōn- (stem of inflexiō) a bending. See inflect, -ion http://www.wordreference.com/definition/inflection

ENDOCENTRIC

Definition: Denoting or being a construction in which the whole has the same syntactic function as the head, for example big black dogs. Contrasted with exocentric. Example: Since the vast majority of English compounds are endocentric Extra information: A useful distinction to be made is that between endocentric and exocentric compounds, the former showing a semantic head, which is not present in the latter http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles/endocentric?q=ENDOCENTRIC+

PARADIGM

Definition: Example: Extra information:

CONJUNCTION

Definition: Grammar A word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause Example: And, but, if Extra information: This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" must be defined for each language http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles/conjunction?q=CONJUNCTION

MORPHEME

Definition: In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language. In other words, it is the smallest meaningful unit of a language Example: ed in walked Extra information: Origin late 19th century: from French morphème, from Greek morphē 'form', on the pattern of French phonème 'phoneme'. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles_americano/morpheme?q=MORPHEME

BUOND MORPHEME

Definition: In morphology, a bound morpheme is a morpheme that appears only as part of a larger word; a free or unbound morpheme is one that can stand alone. Example: A bound morpheme is very big. Extra information: A bound morpheme is also known as a bound form, and similarly a free morpheme is a free form. Many roots are free morphemes, e.g., ship- in "shipment", while others are bound http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme

SEMANTIC

Definition: Of, pertaining to, or arising from the different meanings of words or other symbols: Example: Another very important way in which a language grows is by semantic modification of existing words. Extra information: Origin mid 17th century: from French sémantique, from Greek sēmantikos 'significant', from sēmainein 'signify', from sēma 'sign'. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/SEMANTIC?s=t

PHONETICS

Definition: Phonetics is the study of human speech sounds Example: Phonetics is divided into three branches: Articulatory phonetics, Acoustic phonetics, Auditory phonetics Extra information: Phonetics is the study of the sounds of speech (i.e. the study of phones). Also, phonetical. of or pertaining to speech sounds, their production, or their transcription in written symbols. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/phonetics?s=t

GRAMMATICAL

Definition: Relating to the study of grammar or language Example: The grammatical function of a verb Extra information: The grammatical gender of nouns has been completely eliminated from English. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles_americano/grammatical

SYNTAX

Definition: The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language Example: the syntax of English Extra information: Origin late 16th century: from French syntaxe, or via late Latin from Greek suntaxis, from sun- 'together' + tassein 'arrange'. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles_americano/syntax

TERMINOLOGY

Definition: The body of terms used with a particular technical application in a subject of study, theory, profession, etc. Example: "multilingual terminology" and "bilingual terminology" Extra information: the special words or phrases that are used in a particular field http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/terminology?show=0&t=1414540982

PHONOLOGY

Definition: The branch of linguistics that deals with systems of sounds (including or excluding phonetics), especially in a particular language Example: phonologi is very interesting and usefull Extra information: The word phonology (as in the phonology of English) can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given language http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology

EPENTHESIS

Definition: The insertion of a sound in the middle of a word, as in Middle English thunder from Old English thunor. Example: The b in thimble Extra information: This epenthesis often shows up even when Sicilians speak Italian. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles/epenthesis

RHYTHM

Definition: The measured flow of words and phrases in verse or prose as determined by the relation of long and short or stressed and unstressed syllables. Example: every word has its own rhythm Extra information: This general meaning of regular recurrence or pattern in time can apply to a wide variety of cyclical natural phenomena having a periodicity or frequency of anything from microseconds to millions of years http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles_americano/rhythm

ADJECTIVE

Definition: The part of speech that modifies a noun or other substantive by limiting, qualifying, or specifying and distinguished in English morphologically by one of several suffixes, or syntactically by position directly preceding a noun or nominal phrase. Example: Red, tall, better and fast are all examples of adjectives. Extra information: Adjectives are one of the traditional eight English parts of speech, although linguists today distinguish adjectives from words such as determiners that formerly were considered to be adjectives. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/acronym

MORPHOLOGY

Definition: The patterns of word formation in a particular language, including inflection, derivation, and composition Example: Morphology is a very interesting and useful subject Extra information: the study and description of such patterns.and the study of the behavior and combination of morphemes. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/MORPHOLOGY?s=t

SOCIOLINGUISTIC

Definition: The study of language in relation to social factors, including differences of regional, class, and occupational dialect, gender differences, and bilingualism. Example: sociolinguistic is imporlant to know because it is relly necesary Extra information: It also studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, age, etc.,

ETYMOLOGY

Definition: The study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history: Example: Etimology is a excellent subject Extra information: Based on a rough study of etymology, these words for big numbers were popularized in 17th-century France and were based on the 14th-century coinage of 'million.' http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles/etymology

SYNTHESIS

Definition: The use of inflected forms rather than word order to express grammatical structure. Example: The decision to test empirically the impact of methodology on research results does not relieve the synthesist of all evaluation responsibilities Extra information: the frequent and systematic use of inflected forms as a characteristic device of a language http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/synthesis

SYNCHRONY

Definition: a synchronic approach to language study Example: a small percentage flowers in synchrony, over hundreds of square kilometers, every few decades. Extra information: The state of operating or developing according to the same time scale as something else http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles_americano/synchrony?q=SYNCHRONY

AFFIX

Definition: an additional element placed at the beginning or end of a root, stem, or word, or in the body of a word, to modify its meaning. Example: Affixed in the presence of two directors. Extra information: An affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word. Affixes may be derivational, like English -ness and pre-, or inflectional, like English plural -s and past tense -ed. http://oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles_americano/affix?q=affix

PREPOSITION

Definition: any member of a class of words found in many languages that are Used before nouns, pronouns, or other substantives to form phrases functioning as modifiers of verbs, nouns, or adjectives, and that typically express a spatial, temporal, or other relationship, as in, on, by, to, since. Example: she arrived after dinner Extra information: A preposition is one of a finite set of words (e.g. at, from, by) which in English must usually be followed by a noun or its equivalent. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles_americano/preposition?q=PREPOSITION

ALLOMORPH

Definition: any of two or more actual representations of a morpheme, such as the plural endings /s/ (as in bats), /z/ (as in bugs), and /ɪz/ (as in buses) Example: The final (s) and (z) sounds of bets and beds are allomorphs Extra information: Origin from allo- 'other, different' + morpheme. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles/allomorph

SYNTACTIC

Definition: consisting of or noting morphemes that are combined in the same order as they would be if they were separate words in a corresponding construction: Example: The wordblackberry, which consists of an adjective followed by a noun, is a syntactic compound. Extra information: describable wholly with respect to the grammatical structure of an expression or the rules of well-formedness of a formal system http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/SYNTACTIC?s=t

TMESIS

Definition: he separation of parts of a compound word by an intervening word or words, heard mainly in informal speech Example: a whole nother story; shove it back any-old-where in the pile Extra information: the interpolation of one or more words between the parts of a compound word, as be thou ware for beware. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles_americano/tmesis

PROFICIENCY

Definition: the state of being proficient; skill; expertness: Example: proficiency in music. Extra information: origin 1535-45; < Latin prōfici (ēns) proficient + -ency http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/PROFICIENCY?s=t

TYPOLOGY

Definition: the study and classification of languages according to structural features, especially patterns of phonology, morphology, and syntax, without reference to their histories. Example: Expertise in language typology and multilingualism will be an advantage. Extra information: The important thing to recognize is that because typologies and resultant classification schema are imposed on the data set, their validity can only be determined by their usefulness. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typology

LINGUISTIC

Definition_ Linguistics is the scientific study of language.There are broadly three aspects to the study, which include language form, language meaning, and language in contex Example: Maria is the women's choice of German can be seen as a linguistic expression Extra information: The study of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.

LEXICOGRAPHER

Defitiion: The process or profession of writing or compiling dictionaries Example: My gradfather was lexicographer Extra information General lexicography focuses on the design, compilation, use and evaluation of general dictionaries, i.e. dictionaries that provide a description of the language in general use. http://www.wordreference.com/definition/lexicographer

NOMINAL

Dfinition: A nominal is a word which differs grammatically from a noun but functions as one. Example: In the poor are many, the word poor is a nominal. It functions as a noun; however, it does not pluralize. Extra information: Of, relating to, or being the amount or face value of a sum of money or a stock certificate, for example, and not the purchasing power or market value. http://www01.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOflinguisticTerms/WhatIsANominal.htm

HOMONYM

Dfinition: Each of two words having the same pronunciation but different meanings, origins, or spelling Example: To , too, and two Extra information: Origin late 17th century: via Latin from Greek homōnumon, neuter of homōnumos 'having the same name', from homos 'same' + onuma 'name'. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles_americano/homonym?q=homonymy#homonym__20