Morphology of Flowering Plant

ovary (fruit) wall aka pericarp

3 layer covering Epicarp(outermost layer Mesocarp(Middle layer Endocaro(innermost layer

Sub Ariel weak stem

4 types, offestes suckers runners Stolons Ariel Stem

Ovary

A flower structure that encloses and protects ovules and seeds as they develop. The basal swollen part of the carpel. It is the lower part of the carpal which bears one ore more like ovules. These ovules after fertilization mature into seeds The ovule is attatched to flattened portion cushion like structire known as placenta The ovary has one or more chambers or loculi If one chamber than it is uniocular if two then Biocular 3 is triocular and so one

simple fruit

A fruit derived from a single carpel or several fused carpels. Derived from the ovary of a single flower 2 types dry fruit and fleshy fruits(succulent fruits) Dry Dehisent Fruit is fruit that bursts automatically and release seeds(Maturity) -LEGUME OR POD Dry indehisent: don't split open (maturity)cypesela(sunflower,Caryopsis(wheat maize rice)

Aggregate Fruit

A fruit such as a blackberry that develops from a single flower that has several carpels. Every carpel will from a fruit-let and these are the aggregate fruit

True Fruit

A fruit that developed only from carpel tissue, not containing any other, FRUITS THAT DEVELOP FROM OVARY

False Fruit(psuedocarp)

A fruit that doesn't develop from the ovaries

inflorescence

A group of flowers tightly clustered together. Types of Infloresence Racemose Inflorescence Cymose Inflorenscence

Fruit

A mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal. After fertilization the ripened or mature ovary is called Fruit There are 3 types of Fruit need to know : Simple Fruit Aggregate Fruits Composite fruits

fibrous root system

A root system common to monocots consisting of a mat of thin roots spreading out below the soil surface. In monocotytyledonous plants, the primary root is short lived and is generally replaced by a number of fine threadlike roots, These roots are called fibrous roots. These roots originate form the base of the stem and contititute the fibrous root system.

Seed Coat

A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule. 2 PARTS tesla and tegmen Tesla is the outer of the outerlayer tegmen is the inside

main functions of ROOT VERY IMPORTNAT

Absorbtion of Water and minerals form soil Provide anchorage to the plant parts Storage of reserve food material Synthesis of plant growth regulators

alternate phyllotaxy

Alternate Phyllotaxy, Single leaf is present at each node in alternate fashion

Root

An organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and minerals from the soil. below the ground , means postitively geotropic(growth towards earth) Hydrotropic(towards water) negativly phototrophic(away from light) non green Arise from radical part of embryo Main root which arise from radical part is called primary root which give rise to lateral roots endegenously(substances and processes are those that originate from within an organism)

Offset stem

Aquatic Platns such as pista and eichornia conatin lateral brach which bear short internodes. in these lateral branches the distance between two nodes decreases and each node bears a rosette of leaves above and cluster of roots.

Modifications of Roots

Besides the primary functions , the secondary functrions are present, EX. Storage roots respiritory roots prop roots stilt roots

Terminal Bud

Bud resent at the tip of the stem the growth of the stem and its branches are accomlished by it

region of maturation (differentiation)

Cells become parenchyma cells, to store and move nutrients. Or, they may become sclerencyma cells, which become part of the cell wall. also have root hair on it for absorbtion of water.

region of elongation

Cells become several times their original length. Vacuoles merge

Corolla

Corolla is the second whorl of the flower, the individial leaf segment of the corolla is said to be the PETALS. They are genreally brightly colored have fragrance which plays a role in insect attraction They may be polypetalis(free of petals) or Gamopetalis(full of petals)

Cymose Inflorescence

Definite Inflorescnece main axis is definte, there will be a terminal flower, and when terminal flower is present new axis apears and branches to another terminal flower, and they also brache out They are are in besipetal order( Opposite acropetal )

Position of Floral Parts on Thalamus

Depending on the position of calyx corolla stamen(anrdroceiem) w respects to ovary it can be classified as : Hypogynous perigynous epigynous

Runner Stem

Elongated prostrate branch with long internodes and roots at nodes, e.g grasses

Hypogynous

Floral organization in which the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to the receptacle below the ovary The female organ (gynociem0 occupies the highest position while all others are present below The ovary is Superior

Asymmetric flower

Flower cannot be divided into two similar halves by any vertical plane passing through the center example is Canna

Bracteate Flower

Flowers with reduced leaf around base of pedicel(BRacts)

gynocieum

Gynocieum is the 4th and last whorl of the flower. Gynoecium is the female reproductoive part of the flower whcih is composed of two or more carpels. Capels may be free or fused. When the carpals are free as a lotus or rose it is said to be apocarpous and when carpels are fused as in mustard and tomoato they are said to be synocarpus Carpels have 3 parts : Ovary Style Stigma

Embryo

Has embryonal Axin and cotyledon(monocot and dicot)

Perigynous Flower; Superior Ovary

If the gynoceium is situated in the middle and the other parts are located on the rim of thamamus; almost same level as ovary

Endosperm

In angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization. Provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.

axile placentation

In axile placentation, Multilocular ovary, ovules are in the middle or in the axil for example china rose , tomato, and lemon.

Phyllode leaf modification

In ceratin platns such as australian Acaia , the leaves are small and short lived. In these plants tje perioles modify to from flat green coloured leaf like structires which performs the functions of photosyntheiss, they are known as phylloids

Sucker stem

In plants like bannana and pineapple , the lateral braches originate from basal and underground portion of the main stem, they grow below the surface of the soil to some distance and then emerges out obliquely to form ariel shoot.

Stem tendril (stem modification)

In some plants axillary buds on stem modify to form tendrils that are long thin and sprirally coiled sensitive structures. They are climbing organs of the plant which coil around the nearby support. They provide support to the weak and tender stem, e.g tendrils are present in grape vine gourd ( pumpkins ,watermeon cuomber.

leaf Spine

In some plants ex. aloe cactuses, leaves modify into small sharp pointed structure which reduce respiration and protect plants from browsing animals The sharp poined part is called leaf spine

Storage organs

In some plants such as onion garlic fleshy leaves sotre food and hence form storage in plants

Leaf tendril (leaf modification)

In some plants, leaves modify into long slender thread like sensative to touch and therefore coil around a support. Their Main functions is to provide support for climbin plants, peas sweet peas for example

Calyx

Is the outermost whorl of the flower and its members are called the sepals. The sepals are generally leaf like structures that protect flower in the bud stage The calyx can be Gamosepalis(W sepals) or polysepalis(no sepals)

Corm

It grows vertically beneath soil surface, it is usually unbrached, it bears nodes internodes , buds and scale leaves E.G Colocasia , Gladiolus, chroculum, crocus, armipholus (zaminkand)

Tuber

Its terminal portion of underground stem branch is wollen fat due to accumulation of of food. E.G: potato, Helanthous Tuberosus(jerusalum artichoke)

The modifications of leaves

Leaf Tendrils Leaf Spines Storage Organs phyllodes

Seed

Made by matured and fertilized ovule Each seed has a seed coat and one embryo

Reticulate venation in leaves

Mid Rib→ veins→veinlets, Reticualar Venation is the Irregular network of a vein and veinlets. PRESENT IN ALL DICOTS exceptions: alocasia, colocasia, dioscorea, smilex: these are all monocots but have reticulate venation

free central placentation

Ovules attached to a free-standing column in the center of a unilocular ovary, it may seem as if there is a partition, but there is no partiotion, example is dianthus

insectivorous plants

Plants that derive some or most of their nutrients (but not energy) from trapping and consuming commonly insects (other arthropods, protozoans and animals may also be trapped).

Regions of the root

Root Cap REigon of meristematic Activity Reigon of elongation Reigon of masuration

STUDY THINGS THAT ARE ON KNOWLEDGE CLOUF

STUDY THE SPECIAL FLOWERS ON KNOWlEDGE CLOUD

Monocot And DIcots

STUDY THIS VERY IMPORTANT GUARANTEED TO BE ON NEET EXAM

Funtions of Stem

Stem bears and supports leaves flowers, and fruit It conducts water minerals an dsalt from roots to leaves and fruits the food amnufactured in the leaves are transported into the roots and organs of storage through the stem

Bulb (stem modification)

Stem is reduced and disc shaped, the bud is surrounded by many concentric scale leaves. Leaf bases of inner ones are edible and fleshy, but outerones are try, e.g onion, lily, garlic

Stigma

Stigma is generally situated at the tip of the style. Stigma acts as the receptive organ for pollen grains during pollination After fertilization it becomes full seed then full fruit

Morphology

Study of external structurees size, shape color texture root → root system stem leaf flower → shoot system fruits seeds

Racemose inflorescence

THe shoot acis grows infinitely and the flowers are in acropetal Succession/order( younger flowers are present on the top or the apex and old flowers are at the base) and axis is still growing The main axis is called peducle

Cohesions of Stamens

THe stamen may be free or united . When the stamen are free then they are called polyandrous and when stamens are united in a single bundle it is called monoadelphous. china rose When they are in two bundles then it is called diadelphous for example pea if it is in more than two bundles then it is polyadalephoous

Thalamus of Flower

Thalamus is the swolen end of the pedical or stalk

Tap Root System

The Primary root is direcetly elongated from the radicle and grows inside the soil(which is called dicots) It bears lateral roots of several orders that are referred to as secondary and tertiaru toots and etc. the primary roots and its branches contribute to the tap root system

Symmetry of Flower

The arrangement of floral organs around the axis of flower 3 Types: Actinomorphic Flower Zygomorphic Flower Asymmetric Flower

epigynous flower

The flowers in which the margin of the thalamus grows upward enclosing the pvary completely and getting fused with it , the other parts are located above flower

Axillary Bud

The leaf makes and angle with an upper part of the stem the angle is made between the leaves and the upper part of the stem is called axil. The axillary bud is present hear

Leaf Base( hypopodium)

The lowermost part of the leaf by which the leaf is attatched to the node of the stem. Leaf base bears two lateral small leaf like structures called STIPULES to protect leaf bud. The middle line running through a leaf is called mid rib, the branches coming out of the mid rib is called veins The branching of the veins are called vein-lets inside these midrib and veins are called vascular bundle for the transport of the food and water The flat green part is ground tissue of mesophil The normal leaf is called a Di-cot leaf

marginal placentation

The placenta in the marginal placentation forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovules . The ovules are borne in two alternate rows of ovules or seeds along the ventral sutures. Found in Pisum Satinum

The Flower

The reproductive structure of an angiosperm Meant for sexual reproduction It consists of four whorls which are successicely arranged on the thalamus or receptacle. The thalamus is the end of th epeducle or the stalk The four whirls present in a flower are calyx ,corolla androciem(stamen) ,and gynociem(carpels) The Calyx and Corolla are non essnetial eccesory organs The androcieum(stamens) and the gynociem(carpels) are the reproductive organs of a flower .

Peduncle

The stalk of a flower or inflorescence. THE MAIN AXIS

Style

The stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top. the tube like structure which connects stigma and ovary

Adhesions of Stamens

The stamen may attatch to other floral organs such as petals sepals etc. When the stamen is attatched to the Stamen it is called the epipetalous e.g bringal When the stamen is attached to the perianth then it is said to be epiphyllous.

Buds

The stem bears buds which may be terminal or axillary. A bud is defined as the young, immature, underdeveloped, compact shoot. There are 2 types: terminal bud and Axillary Bud

Underground Stem

The stem is generally the Ariel part of the plant(present above ground and is green). but in some plants it is modified for storing food materials where it forms underground stem which penetrates the soil. Organ of Perennation. for unfavorable conditions.

arrangement of leaves on a stem(phyllotaxy)

There are 3 types Alternate Phyllotaxy opposite phyllotaxy whorled phyllotaxy

Root Systems

There are 3 types of root system Tap Root System Fibrous Root System Adventitious Root System

Vein structune in plants

There are two types of venations: reticulate venation and Paralell venation

Imbricate Aestivation

There is no definite or fixed pattern. a whole petal or sepalcould be fully internal or even fully external , or one overlapping or one overlapped

valvate aestivation

There is no overlapping of sepals or petals

Vexillary Aestivation

There is one large petal called the vexillum or standard. Then there are 2 medium petals no sepals called wings or alae ,then there are 2 small boat shaped fused petals called keel or Carina MAximum Questions will come from this .... need to know THIS ONLY HAPPENS W PETALS NOT SEPALS

Prop roots (corn), Pillar roots

These are roots that arise form the branches of stem for providing mechanical support to heavy branches as pillars, ex. bunyan tree

Composite fruits

They are formed from an inflorescence, whose ovaries, at maturity, produce a single structure. THE ENTIRE INFLOROSENCE PARTICIPATES I NFRUIT FORMATION

Stilt roots

They arise from lower noses of stem to support main axis and enter the soil obliquely, e.g sugarcane, maize

Amdroecium(stamens)

This is the male reproductive organ in flowers which is composed of stamens. A stamen conists of a filament and anther anthers are usually bi-lobed. Each Lobe conatins two microsporangia or pollen sacs. The pollen grains are produced in pollen sacs

Region of meristematic activity

This layer is few millimetre above root cap, the cells of this layer are thin walled, small , with dense protoplasm. They divide repeatedly to produce new cell

Parallel venation in leaves

Veins and veinlets are running paralell. ALL MONOCOTS Exception: Calophyllun, exyngerum, carymbium: these are dicots but have paralell venation

Bisexual Flowers

When a flower has both androcium and gynocium

Pentamerous Flower

When all the Floral appendages(whorls) are in multiples of five

Tetramerous Flower

When all the Floral appendages(whorls) are in multiples of flour

Trimerous flower

When all the floal appendages(whorls) are in multiples of 3

rhizome

a horizontal, underground stem that produces new leaves, shoots, and roots,will have nodes internodes and buds and etc. Two types : Root Stock and Straggling Root STock : grow obliquely upright near soil surface. Straglling: horizontal Branched Racemose: axis is monopodial e.g saccharum, lotus uniparious cymose: Sympodial, two axis growth both ways(ginger, tumeric)

Compound Leaf

a leaf of a plant consisting of several or many distinct parts (leaflets) joined to a single stem. The leaf lamina is divided Insisions touch the midirb They have leaflets The stipule is present only in leaf base not on leaflet base, Leaf is divided into leaflets THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF COMPOUND LEAVES 1) Pinnatelely Compound Leaf 2) Palmately Compund Leaves

Simple leaf

a leaf that has an undivided blade

Root Cap

a structure that covers the tip of a root, protecting the root from injury made up of cells called parenchymatous cells

Aestivation

arrangemetn of petals or sepals on floral bud There are 4 types of this aestivation. S

twisted aestivation

each sepal and petal have two margins. One end of petal or sepal is overlapping and the other is overlapped over, giving it a twisted shape E.g China Rose , cotton, lady finger

Zygomorphic flower

flower has bilateral symmetry - it can be divided in two equal halves by only one vertical Plane e.g peas gulmohur bean cassia

parthenocarpic fruit

fruit produced without fertilization

unisexual flower

imperfect flower, either stamens(androciem) or carpels(gynociem) but not both

Stolon

in plants like mint and jasemine a slender lateral branch rises from the base of the axis after growing arielly for some time then arches downwards.

respiratory roots

in some plants rizophira growing in swampy areas, many roots some out of the ground vertically upwards to get oxygen for respiration. these roots are called pneumatophores

Ariel Stem

it is called Phyllocalde Phyllo: means leaf Clade: means stem A phyllocalde is a stem that does the fuctions of a leaf The stem performs photosynthsis, because surafce area has been reduced. in form of spine. th They are green due to the prescence of photosynthetic pigments E.G cactusis, Europhobia

opposite phyllotaxy

leaf arrangement in which there is a pair of leaves at each node, and the leaves are arranged in opposite directions. E.g superposed

pinnately compound leaf

leaf type with a divided leaf blade consisting of leaflets arranged on both sides of the midrib THere are unipinnate(the one in picture) , bipinnate,tripinnate, Decompound leaves STUDY CHART IN AAKASH FILE This is dependent on the amount of leaves and leaflet

palmately compound leaf

leaf type with leaflets that emerge from a point, resembling the palm of a hand THey may be Unifoliate, bifoliate, trifoliate, quadrifolliate, multifolliate

whorled phyllotaxy

more than two leaves per node

parietal placentation

ovules are borne on the ovary wall or on extensions of it like tomato etc

actinomorphic flower

radial symmetry The flower can be divided into two equal radia lhalves divided at any plane passing through the center E.G Mustard Batura Cilli

adventitous roots

roots that grow from an unexpected region of the plant, such as from a stem or leaf (adventurous) allow plants to grow above ground which helps support tall/long stems ex. m maize grasses sugarcane monstera

helicoid

shaped like a spiral Flower

Types of Leaves

simple and compound

Stem

supporting structure that connects roots and leaves and carries water and nutrients between them Bears branches flowers, and fruits divides into nodes and internodes Negatively geotrophic (growth away from earth) In its early stages: green but as gets older becomes dark brown negatively Hygroscopic

Reproductive roots

sweet potatoo adventatiitious buds are present. they can germinate and form new plants .

Placentation

the development and differentiation of the fetal and maternal portions of the placenta. The arrangement of the ovules on the placenta is known as placentation. It is of the following types Marginal Axile parietal Free Central Basal

Leaf

the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants A leaf is an lateral generally flattened strucutre borne on the stem. It is comprised of 3 parts Leaf Base Petiole Lamina or Leaf blade

storage roots (modified root)

they store food ex tunip and beat root carrot(conical Shape) Furiform- radishes

basal placentation

usually containing a single ovule attached to the bottom of the ovary Ex . sunflower, MOST ADVANCED TYPE AND BELONGS TO THE MOST ADVANCED FAMILY

floating roots of Jussiaea

white sponeogus roots arise form branches to trap air for respiration

ebracteate flower

without bracts