Motor Control Final

___ is a centrally located control mechanism that produces genetic, repetitive, actions; it is similar to a motor program and triggered by some stimulus and seems to use patterns for activations

A central pattern generator

Automatic processing is thought to be the result of

A lot of practice

____refers to stable and enduring traits that are genetically determined and underlie a person's skilled performance

Abilities

Perceptual narrowing does not result in which of the following

Ability to use more of the information in the environment

Effective target width is a measure of

Accuracy

Feedforward information represents ___

Anticipated sensory consequences

___ is the level of excitement of a person's central nervous system

Arousal

The inverted U principle examines the relationship between

Arousal and performance

Perceptual narrowing occurs when

Arousal is high

The components of stimuli from sources such as a vision, audition, and touch are thought to be ___ in the stimulus identification stage

Assembled

___ describes processing that is quick, done in parallel, and is involuntary. It does not demand attention, is more prominent during the later stages of learning, and take lots of practice

Automatic processing

In a double-stimulation paradigm, the performer is asked to respond to

Both stimuli

Evidence suggests that during a Stroop task, the color of the ink an d the word spelled by the ink are initially processed

In parallel

"Looked-but-failed-to-see" car accidents seem to be linked to the phenomenon of

Inattention blindness

Fitt's law states that movement time is linearly related to _____

Index of difficulty

The differences in people's performance that are caused by differences in stable and enduring abilities are

Individual differences

The study of ___ involves the distinct emphases: abilities and prediction

Individual differences

All of the following are important distinctions of skill except

Inherited traits

When it comes to talking on the phone while driving, research suggests that hands free talking ___ in comparison to handheld talking

Interferes equally with driving

Information stored in which memory system is thought to be very abstract?

Long term memory

For a quick pointing movement made with the arm while standing, the first muscles to activate are the

Lower back and legs

Fitt's Law tells us all of the following except

MT decreases as movement amplitude increases

Factor(s) known to affect vigilance include

Motivation Arousal Fatigue All the above **

Motor program theory fails to explain which of the following

Novel tasks and storage problems

This type of control system sends centrally determined, prestructured commands to the effector and runs without feedback. It is used for rapid, discrete movements

Open-loop control

Which of the following does not provide proprioceptive information to a performer

Optical flow

The "cocktail party effect" is an example of ___ processing

Parallel processing

____ occurs when two or more stimuli are processed at the same time without interference

Parallel processing

____ is thought of as building new, more stable, more precise and/or longer-operating motor programs

Practice

Making you movements in a soccer game unpredictable forces your opponent to

React

The interval of elapsed time after a suddenly presented stimulus until the beginning of the response is called the

Reaction time interval

In the study of anticipation, one research method involves showing a video clip where the view of an opponent's body part is blocked. If the blocked view interferes with the athlete's anticipation, this indicates that

The athlete uses that perceptual information

Reaction time and decision making are not influenced by which of the following?

The color of stimuli

Variable Error (VE) measures

The consistency of error in a block of trials

When a person attempts to produce the same force on repeated trials, ____ is thought to be caused by relatively noisy processes that convert central nervous system impulses into activation of muscle motor units

Variability

The M1 feedback loop is at a low level in the spinal cord and does not involve____

Voluntary control

A ____ skill occurs in a stable and predictable environment

closed

The RT interval is a measure of accumulated durations of the three stages of information processing

True

The blind-sight phenomenon demonstrates that we can respond to objects in the environment unconsciously

True

The psychological refractory period is the delay in responding to the second of two closely spaced stimuli

True

All of the following are important distinctions of abilities except

Developed with practice

The method scientist use to examine individual abilities or difference (factors that make people different from each other) is

Differential approach

The visual system is used to detect the orientation of the body in the environment, is non-conscious, and takes in all of the visual field

Dorsal stream vision

According to Hick's Law, choice RT increases a constant amount every time the number of stimuli-response alternative is

Doubled

The method scientists use to examine variables that influence people's performance in a uniform way is

Experimental approach

When an expert reverts from a ___ to a ___ focus of attention, the consequences to performance can be negative result in "choking"

External; internal

A decreased stimulus- response compatibility will decrease choice RT

False

Because the velocity of a movement is larger when a movement is sped up, decreasing the movement time for a task increases timing error

False

Decreases in accuracy when movement times are very short are simply due to less time for feedback utilization

False

How we use attention is not defined by how the attentional resources are allocated

False

Short-term memory is the briefest of all memory

False

The prediction of success in motor skills is very effective in motor behavior

False

There is evidence that movement time and kinematics for two limbs completing different, incongruent tasks are determined independently and not by a joint command

False

Visual acuity, color vision, height, and build are considered skills more than abilities

False

An early view that a single global ability is the basis for all motor behavior (now viewed as incorrect)

General motor ability hypothesis

The reason for a choke under pressure occur as much because of information processing errors as they do for motor performance errors

True

The storage and the novelty are limitations to simple motor program theory

True

When separate, incongruent task demands are required of two limbs, the explanatory power of Fitt's law is reduced

True

In an experiment that examines Fitt's Law, amplitude and width can vary in different combinations in the task

True

Increasing the arousal level generally enhances performance, but only to a point

True

Short-term memory and working memory are the same thing

True

Skills with purely temporal goals seem to follow different principles than those with purely spatial goals

True

The amount of practice has a large effect on

Choice RT

____ is the interval between the presentation of one of several stimuli to the beginning of one of several possible responses

Choice reaction time

Automaticity is most effective in which type of skills

Closed

Automatic Processing is most effective in

Closed skills

Riding a bicycle is an example of a ___task?

Continuous

___ skills unfold in an ongoing fashion without recognizable beginning and end

Continuous

___ is a type of information processing that is deliberate and requires consciousness. It is slow, sequential, demanding of attention, voluntary, and more prominent during the early stages of learning

Controlled processing

The method of measuring the strength of a relationship between people's performance scores on two tasks is

Correlation

_____is a surgical procedure in which a bundle of nerves is severed an results in the prevention of nerve impulses reaching the spinal cord; animal experiments using this surgery provide evidence for motor programs

Deafferentation

Attention remaining for a secondary task is ___ when the primary task is more complex

Reduced

If a movement is ___, instructions to decrease movement time have a detrimental effect on spatial accuracy

Relatively slow

Which information processing stage is responsible for a transition process between sensory input and movement output

Response selection

____ is the stage of information processing in which a person decides what to do with the information provided

Response selection

Investigators from the ____ perspective state that the regularities of movement patterns are not represented in programs but emerge naturally out of the complex interactions among degrees of freedom

Self-organization

Proprioception includes all of the following except

Sensory information from outside of the body

Chopping cucumbers and tomatoes for a salad would best be described as

Serial skill

The process of rehearsing information keeps it available in the

Short term memory

In relation to memory, the ____ is a "holding cell" for sensory information and is not sustained by attention

Short term sensory store

The term ____ describes proficiencies that can be modified by practice and are essentially countless in number

Skills

____ is the type of accuracy required of aiming movements for which the position of the movement's end point is important to the performance

Spatial accuracy

Anticipation that involves what will happen in the environment is called

Spatial anticipation

A view that several specific independent motor abilities are the basis for every type of motor performance is

Specificity hypothesis

According to Donders (1868) a C-type (go/no-go reaction) task requires

Stimulus detection and stimulus identification

The extent to which a stimulus and response are connected in a natural way is called

Stimulus-response compatibility

Decision Making can be influenced by

The number of stimulus-response alternatives Stimulus-response compatibility Population stereotypes All of the above**

Selecting someone for a high-performance team because he or she performs well as a novice is problematic because

The relative importance of various underlying abilities can change as a learner progresses from beginner to expert

Extroception provides information to the processing system about

The state of the environment

All of the following regarding closed loop control are accurate except

The system involves error correction without the use of feedback

All of the following are true about skill correlation except

There is an underlying general ability for balance skills

Skill are different from movements because

They have an environmental goal

According to GMP theory, invariant features make a pattern consistently appear the same

True

According to GMP theory, parameters determine how a movement is executed

True

An inverted U-relationship exists between spatial accuracy and force requirements with the least accuracy produced at moderate force levels

True

An open-loop system is not sensitive to whether or not actions were successful in meeting the goal

True

Any factor that increases the duration of one or more of the stages of information processing will lengthen RT

True

Attention is a resource or pool of resources available that can be used for various tasks

True

Even with extensive practice, a person lacking a sufficient level of the fundamental abilities required for a particular task will not achieve high levels of performance

True

Fitt's Law describes the tendency for performers to trade speed for accuracy

True