MRTS 1310

DNS

(Domain Name System) Assigns a text based name to a numerical IP address using the following structure: [email protected]. (e.x. [email protected] ; the username: MaryC identifies the person who was issues internet access. The @ literally means the 'at', and host.subdomain is the user's location.)

Gary Thuerk

(Father of Spam) sent the first unsolicited mass e-mailing in history.

Vinton Cerf

(Father of the Internet) developed packet-switching technologies and transmission protocols that are the foundations of the Internet.

SNG

(Satellite News Gathering) could easily fill the airwaves 24/7. Using newer satellite technology, one-the-scene reporters could shoot live video with portable cameras and uplink it to a satellite that would send it to the studio. During the Gulf War CNN reporters relied heavily on satellite delivery to show the world what was happening on up-to-the-minute accounts. Broadcast networks had a hard time competing due to the lack of news bureaus and reporters, giving CNN's reputation as a premier source for news.

ICANN

(The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) assigns top-level domains. The first top-level domains created for the internet were .com (commerical), .org (organization), .net (network), edu. (educational), etc.

TCP/IP

(Transmission control protocols/Internet protocols) the system in which servers and routers deliver online messages through. Defines how computers electronically transfer information to each other on the Internet. TCP is the set of rules that governs how smaller packets are reassembled into an IP file until all of the data bits are together.

What historical event caused television to emerge as a primary source of news and information?

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Routers

A computer that links smaller networks and sorts each packet of data until the entire message is reassembled, and then it transmits the electronic packets either to other routers or directly to the addressee's server.

Blocking

A network schedules a succession of similar programs over a block of time - for example, four half-hour situation comedies scheduled over 2 hours. The network hopes to attract sitcom lovers and then keep them watching the whole block of shows.

Hammocking

A new or poorly rated show is scheduled between two successful shows. After watching the first program, the network hopes that viewers will stay tuned to the same channel and watch the new or poorly rated show while waiting for the next program to begin.

Leading out

A poorly rated program is scheduled after a popular show with the hope that the audience will stay tuned to the same channel.

Servers

A powerful computer that provides continuous access to the Internet.

Bridging

A program is slotted to go over the starting time of a show on a competing network. For example, the season finale of a reality show could be scheduled from 8:00pm to 9:30 pm to compete with another network's reality program that is scheduled to start at 9:00 pm.

Stunting

A special program, such as an important sporting event or a holiday show, is scheduled against a highly rated, regularly scheduled show on another network. Although the network may capture new viewers only for its special program, it's still drawing viewers away from the competition.

Robert E. Kahn

Along with Vint Cerf, invented TCP/IP protocols.

What is meant by place shifting? What are services offer the ability to engage in it?

An OTT provider that is also ushering in a new way of watching television is called place shifting. Dish Networks-Sling TV is a streaming device that lets users remotely watch cable and satellite channels on an Internet-connected computer or mobile device.

Know how artificial intelligence is being used and its impacts.

Artificial Intelligence is being used to automate and replace some human functions (e.x. computers that can learn, answer questions, and solve problems). There are hopes that computers will one day be self-aware and be of superhuman intelligence, and the thoughts and information in our brains can be downloaded or transferred to a computing environment.

What are the top radio formats in 2016 according to class lecture?

Country News/talk Pop CHR Adult contemporary (AC) Classic hits Classic rock Hot AC Urban contemporary Rhythmic contemporary Sports

Marc Andreesen

Developed Mosaic, the first web browser. Mosaic was based on a system of clickable, intuitive hyperlinks. Mosaic turned into Netscape Navigator with the help of Jim Clark.

Tim Berners-Lee

Father of the World Wide Web) Was in control of the development system for worldwide interconnectivity that was later dubbed the World Wide Web.

What is hypersonic sound?

Hypersonic sound: takes an audio signal from any source (television, stereo, CD, or computer), converts it to ultrasonic frequency and directs it to any target up to 100 yards away. For example, one roommate could watch tv while the other blasted the stereo, and neither would hear what the other is hearing.

Roy Tomlinson

Implemented the first email on the Arpanet system.

Donald Davies

Independently created Packet switching (NPL)

Paul Baran

Invented Packet-switching (RAND corportation)

Understand the sources and methods of radio programming (local, network/syndicated, turn-key automation, voice-tracking, etc.).

Local Programs - usually create and fund their own material Network/Syndicated Programs - All inclusive, meaning that music, news, commercials, on-air talent, and other program elements are supplied to a station.

Know the categories of the early programming content including the early personalities and programs.

Music - Alan Freed, Rock n Roll, Todd Storz + Bill Stewart (Top 40 format), Casey Kasem, American Bandstand, Soul Train, Dramas - Soap operas that were named because of the usual laundry detergent sponsors. (e.x. Betty and Bob) Comedies - Amos 'n' Andy, Beulah, Bob Hope Radio Show, Jack Benny Program, Burns and Allen Show

Know the basics of the general types of current day radio programs (music, news/talk, noncommercial).

Music - it's a standard for radio programs to establish an identifying format. News and Info - All News (air national, regional, local news, weather, traffic, and special interest feature stories), Sports/talk , News/talk Noncommercial radio - Most stations are on housed on college campuses, Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), National Public Radio (NPR)

Narrative programs

Narrative Program: weave a story around the lives of fictional characters played by actors. Anthologies: Live productions of serious Broadway dramas became common fare on television in the late 1940's and early 1950's. These ___ were hard-hitting plays and other works of literature that were adapted for television. (e.x. Kraft Television Theatre) Dramas: Presents viewers with a narrative that is usually resolved at the end of each episode; in other words, the story does not continue from one episode to the next. (e.x. NCIS, CSI, etc.) Serials: Have an ongoing narrative from one episode to the next. ____ are different from other types of dramas in several ways: there is little physical action (most action takes place within the dialogue), there are many primary characters, they can have many storylines going on at the same time, and there are usually twists in the story. (e.x. Dallas and General Hospital) Situation Comedies (Sitcoms): usually half-hour programs that present a humorous narrative that is resolved at the end of each episode. ____ feature a cast of recurring characters who find themselves caught up in some situation. (e.x. I Love Lucy and The Honeymooners) Movies and Miniseries: Movies created for television and created to accommodate commercial breaks. A miniseries is a multipart made-for-television movie that airs as several episodes rather than in one installment (an example of a miniseries is Roots).

Non - Narrative programs

Non Narrative Programs: Tells stories that are real and do not come from fictional scripts. Game shows, talk shows, reality shows, sports, and news are all examples of non-narrative programs. Variety show: Visual acts such as juggling, dancing, and magic tricks are shown on variety shows. (e.x. The Ed Sullivan Show) Game and Quiz shows: Centered on contestants performing outrageous stunts for money and prizes. (e.x. Wheel of Fortune, The Price Is Right) Reality shows: Includes Reality Situation (Candid Camera), Reality Family (An American Family & The Obsbournes), Reality Crime and Medicine (COPS & Trauma: Life in the ER), Reality Dating (The Bachelor/Bachelorette), Reality Game (Survivor & American Idol), and Reality Home Improvement (Trading Spaces & House Hunters). Sports: 1960 Winter Olympics was the first Olympics televised in the US. An example is Sports Center. Late Night Talk: The Tonight Show and The Late Show

Stripping

Normally used for syndicated programs, stripping occurs when a program is shown at the same time 5 days a week. For instance Seinfeld which originally aired 1 day per week in prime time, is stripped in off-network syndication-- episodes are aired 5 days per week in non-prime time hours.

Seamless Programming

One program directly follows another, without a commercial break or beginning or ending credits. Some programs use a split-screen technique, in which program credits and closing materials blend in with the start of the following program.

Counterprogramming

One type of program, such as a drama, is scheduled against another type of a program say, a sitcom, on another network. Counterprogramming works especially well if a strong program of one type is scheduled against a struggling show of another type.

What POTS and VoIP telephone technologies? What are the basics of their operation?

POTS: (Plain old telephone service) Circuit-switching system, in which circuits are open and dedicated to the call. In the transmission space taken up by one POTS call, three or four Internet calls can be made. VoIP: (Voice over Internet protocol and IP telephony) Internet telephony is a packet-switching system-similar to the Internet. Packet switching is much more efficient than the cellular phone system and POTS circuit-switching system.

Know what constitutes payola.

Payola: taking of value in exchange for on-air presentation/promotion.

Know the pertinent facts concerning point-to-point/one-to-one communication and PDAs covered in chapter 6. When were the various types of technology possible? When were they introduced to the public? Etc.

Point to Point/one-to-one communication was prominent during the telegraph in 1835. later came landline phones, fax machine, and then cell phones in 1984. PDA: (personal digital assistant) Apple's Newton was the first organizing and messaging handheld PDA. Introduced in 1993, Newton was an immediate hit. Later came the Palm Pilot debuted in 1996. Most PDA's were self-contained and stored information that could not be shared.

What was the purpose of the Prime Time Access Rule? What did it specifically prohibit?

Prime Time Access Rule (PTAR) - Enacted by the FCC in 1970 to promote competition among competing television stations. This rule prevented network affiliates in the top 50 markets from programming more than three hours of network shows in prime time (i.e. 7:00pm to 11:00pm Eastern and Pacific; 6:00pm to 10:00pm Central and Mountain). The FCC's goal was to encourage more local programming at television stations and to give independent producers 1 hour of prime time for syndication distribution of their programs outside of the network hold on this lucrative audience. However, most of the stations affected by the rule resorted to finding inexpensive programming rather than producing their own. The result was more game shows and other syndicated fare.

First-run syndicated programs

Produced for television stations but are not intended for prime-time network airing. First-run syndicated shows mostly fill the morning, afternoon, and early-evening time slots. (e.x. Jeopardy! , Wheel of Fortune, Judge Judy)

Demographics

Slightly more males (54%) than females (46%) listen to podcasts, and just over one half (52%) of the podcast listening audience is between the ages of 12 and 34. Further, podcast listeners have a higher-than-average annual income.

What is the purpose of contributing to the grid?

Some scientists are using unused computing power to perform research on issues like health, poverty, and sustainability. Developers hope that as more computers join the systems and they link together, a worldwide grid will be created, giving access to resources around the world at a touch of a button.

Be familiar with the various arrangements used to pay for syndicated programs. Also, what are network/affiliate compensation arrangements?

Stations pay cash and/or negotiate for commercial time in exchange for network and syndicated programming. Some stations might cut a deal in which they get programming free of charge, but the network or syndicator reaps revenue by selling commercial time within a show to national advertisers.

Packet Switch Network

Takes bundles of data and breaks them up into small packets or chunks that travel through the network independently.

Syndicator

Television syndicators are companies that distribute television programs to local television stations, cable television networks, and other media outlets. Local television affiliates and independent stations both depend on syndicated material to fill out their broadcast schedules. There are two basic types of syndicated programs: first run and off network.

What is the IoT?

The Internet of Things: describes machine-to-machine (M2M) communication that is possible because of cloud computing and networks of data-gathering sensors, which can be placed in any 'thing'-- device, person, or animal. A 'thing' in the Internet of Things, can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is low, or any natural or manmade object that can be assigned an IP address and is provided with the ability to transfer data over a network.

Leading in

The idea is to grab the viewers' attention with a very strong program, anticipating that they will watch that popular show and then stay tuned to the next program on the same channel.

Clients

The sender's computer is the origination point, known as the client.

Head-to-head programming

This strategy is the opposite of counterprogramming; that is, two popular shows of the same genre are pitted against each other. For example, one network may schedule its highly rated reality show against another network's highly rated reality show to make viewers choose one show over the other.

Repetition

Used mostly by cable networks. Repetition involves scheduling a program such as a movie to air several times during the week or even during the day.

Tentpoling

When a popular program is scheduled between two new or poorly rated programs. The theory is that viewers will tune to the channel early in anticipation of watching the highly rated program and thus see at least part of the less popular preceding show. Presumably, viewers will stay tuned to the same channel after the conclusion of the popular program to catch the beginning of the next not-so-popular show.

Audience Penetration

about 33% of the U.S. pop. has listened to a podcast. With about 320 million people in the United States, that percentage translates into 105 million listeners.

Number of podcasts

estimated 250,000 unique podcasts in over 100 languages of which about 115,000 are recorded in english.

Off syndicated programs

those that once aired or are still shown as regularly scheduled programs on one of the broadcast networks. For example, Seinfeld episodes are no longer being produced, many local broadcast stations and cable networks buy the rights to old episodes from a syndicator. The stations air the show at whatever time of day it will draw the largest number of viewers in the market.