MSCI 575 final
08. For most estuaries, net water flow is ____ the estuary along the bottom and ____ the estuary at the surface. A. into , out of B. out of, into C. up, down D. down, up E. longitudinal, lateral
A. into, out of
25. Larvae that have a yolk sac are described as being _____. A. lecithotrophic B. planktotropic C. merozooplankton D. dependent E. r-selected
A. lecithotrophic
40. Which of the following have the lowest salinity range? A. limnetic B. oligohaline C. mesohaline D. polyhaline E. euhaline
A. limnetic
21. Long-lived planktonic larvae have __________ rates of endemism than those with limited dispersal. A. lower B. higher C. the same
A. lower
Cryptic species _______identical but genetically different. A. morphologically B. are not C. morpholy D. sometimes E. morphically
A. morphologically
Deposit feeders are usually found in ___ sediments while filter feeders are found in ___ sediments A. muddy, sandy B. sandy, muddy C. organic rich, organic poor D. muddy, muddy
A. muddy, sandy
03. When the Mixing Depth is less than the Critical Depth, there is _______ net phytoplankton growth. A. positive B. reduced C. zero D. negative E. alternative
A. positive
12. The process that results in the formation of inorganic compounds from organic compounds is _________. A. remineralization B. decomposition C. regeneration D. inorganic fixation E. metabolism
A. remineralization
29. Water column stratification favors the growth of _________ phytoplankton cells. A) small and motile B) large C) diatom D) senescent E) light-limited
A. small and motile
44. The Intermediate Disturbance, Equal Chance, and Gradual Change Hypothesis assume that species composition is seldom in a ______. A. state of equilibrium B. competitive network C. closed system D. tipping point E. transition
A. state of equilibrium
05. Why is the number of trophic levels limited to 5? A. The amount of available energy at the 5th level is too low to sustain life B. There are only 5 types of feeding categories C. Phytoplankton production is too low D. The 5th level is nutrient limited E. Some systems actually have 6 trophic levels
A. the amount of available energy at the 5th level is too low to sustain life
11. The compensation depth is the depth at which ______ equals the rate of gross primary production. A. the respiration rate B. the photic zone C. the mixing depth D. nutricline E. grazing rate
A. the respiration rate
46. In fish, gill rakers are a special adaptation to minimize the impacts of _____ on the gills. A. turbidity B. salinity C. parasites D. zooplankton E. osmotic pressure
A. turbidity
23. In Michaelis-Menten kinetics, Vmax is the maximum __________ rate. A. uptake B. growth rate C. velocity parameter D. excretion E. volumetric
A. uptake
Phytoplankton blooms along the shelf edge are usually attributed to ____ A. upwelling B. downwelling C. N fixation D. high zooplankton densities E. storms
A. upwelling
Shelf phytoplankton production is controlled primarily by A. vertical mixing of nutrients B. zooplankton C. downwelling D. river runoff
A. vertical mixing of nutrients
39. Homogeneous salinity from surface to bottom is characteristic of _____ estuaries. A. well-mixed B. fjord C. salt wedge D. reverse E. positive
A. well-mixed
23. Major ocean currents have can be classified as thermohaline or _________. A. wind-driven B. Eckman transport C. clockwise D. tidal E. reverse
A. wind-driven
Continental shelves have a P:R ratio close to ____ A. 2 B. 1 C. 0.5 D. 0.1 E. 10
B. 1
14. Usually, around _____% of phytoplankton gross primary production is excreted as dissolved organic matter. A. 10 B. 20 - 30 C. 90 D. 50 E. 50 -60
B. 20-30
Benthic biodiversity usually peaks around a depth of ____m in the open ocean A. 1000 B. 2000 C. 3000 D. 4000 E. 5000
B. 2000
18. Sea level has been much lower for the last _____ years. A. 25 million B. 250,000 C. 25,000
B. 250,000
Average NPP on continental shelves is ca. ___ g C m^-2 y^-1 A. 100 B. 300 C. 500 D. 750 E. <50
B. 300
33. Sulfate (SO4) is the ____ most abundant ion in seawater. A) 2nd B) 3rd C) 4th D) 5th E) 6th
B. 3rd
30. Marine and Terrestrial primary production are approximately equal at _____ Pg C y-1. A. 5 B. 50 C. 500 D. 5000 E. 0.5
B. 50
22. Following the K-T Mass Extinction Event ___ million years ago, almost 11% of marine species went extinct. A. 250 B. 64 C. 125 D. 3.5 E. 92
B. 64
16. Estuaries and lagoons comprise ______% of coastline along Atlantic & Gulf Coast and 10-20% on Pacific Coast. A. 70 - 80 B. 80 - 90 C. 60 - 70 D. 40 - 50 E. 30 - 40
B. 80-90
27. In Ekman transport, the direction of NET water movement is _____˚ to the right of the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere. A. 45 B. 90 C. 270 D. 180 E. 25
B. 90
03. For consumers, approximately _____of assimilated energy is used for reproduction. A. 40 - 80% B. < 10% C. 20 - 30% D. 30 - 40% E. 50%
B. <10%
The saltmarsh cord grass Spartina alterniflora uses the ______ pathway of photosynthesis. A. C3 B. C4 C. C2 D. shortest E. carbonic anhydrase
B. C4
The three major branches on the General Phylogenetic Tree are _______, Bacteria, and Archea. A. Fungi B. Eukarya C. Aracnida D. Archetypa E. Eubacteria
B. Eukarya
49. An N:P molar ratio less than 16 usually indicates _______ limitation. A. P B. N C. S D. Si E. A and D
B. N
44. Usually, fixed ____ is the limiting nutrient for freshwater systems and fixed _____ limits primary production in ocean habitats. A. N, P B. P, N C. P, Fe D. Fe, P E. Fe, N
B. P, N
25. Which of the following is the largest in areal extent? A. Ecoregion B. Realm C. Province D. Biome E. Ecosystem
B. Realm
17. Most of variation in biological, physical, & chemical properties is ______ the continental shelf in the South Atlantic Bight. A. along B. across C. variable D. offshore from E. undetermined for
B. across
50. Adult fish that live in the sea and migrate to freshwater for breeding are ______. A. amphidromous B. anadromous C. catadromous D. ecotonal
B. anadromous
41. Dissimilative sulfate reduction is a major source of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in ______ environments. A. oxic B. anoxic C. pelagic D. oligotrophic E. polluted
B. anoxic
28. Major ocean currents have a ________ rotation in the northern hemisphere. A. cyclonic B. anticyclonic C. counterclockwise D. tidal E. reverse
B. anticyclonic
47. Diatom vegetative sizes are maintained by ____ reproduction. A. sexual B. asexual C. binary fission
B. asexual
Estuaries have high ___ and low ___ relative to deep ocean habitats A. diversity, biomass B. biomass, diversity C. pressure, salinity D. salinity, pressure E. fidelity, diversity
B. biomass, diversity
Osedax is a ____ eating worm A. detritus B. bone C. flesh D. phytoplankton E. fish
B. bone
13. The excretion of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by phytoplankton _____ with excess nutrient supply. A. increases B. decreases C. stays constant
B. decreases
34. A salinity between 5 and 10 ppt can be considered to be an ______ between freshwater and marine habitats. A. diversion B. ecotone C. ecotype D. barrier E. sink
B. ecotone
15. A plant or animal species that is restricted to one or a few localities in its distribution is said to be ________. A. extirpated B. endemic C. allopatric D. expatriated E. sympatric
B. endemic
32. Maximum tidal ranges occur during _______. A. solstices B. equinoxes C. the spring D. the winter
B. equinoxes
32. Micromonas is the smallest known ________ phytoplankton species in the world's oceans. A. virus B. eukaryote C. diatom D. dinoflagellate E. prokaryote
B. eukaryote
48. The Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis can only occur in the dark. A. True B. False
B. false
____ feeders are usually more abundant near the shore than ____ feeders A. deposit, filter B. filter, deposit C. planktonic, demersal D. fish, plankton
B. filter, deposit
36. A morainal sill and steep walls are characteristic of _____ type estuaries. A. bar-built B. fjord C. tectonic D. drowned river valley E. canyon
B. fjord
38. _____ are habitat determining species that substantially alter, sometimes even create, the structural habitat on which other species depend. A. Founders B. Foundation species C. Turnkey species D. Structural species E. Cryptic species
B. foundation species
19. _____ is induced by density and elevation differences between freshwater runoff and salt water. A. tidal flow B. gravitational circulation C. Ekman transport D. tidal pumping
B. gravitational circulation
40. _____ allow nitrogen fixation by some cyanobacteria in oxic environments. A. nodules B. heterocysts C. homocysts D. filaments E. nodes
B. heterocysts
Invertebrates that spend their entire life cycle as zooplankton are termed A. larvae B. holozooplankton C. merozooplankton D. anadramous
B. holozooplankton
41. Disturbance that occurs at intermediate levels usually ____ species diversity. A. inhibits B. increases C. negatively affects D. has no effect on E. hinders
B. increases
47. Low survival rates zooplankton larvae is known as the _______. A. funnel effect B. larval bottleneck C. predation principle D. bottle effect E. larval gap
B. larval bottleneck
39. The "larval bottleneck" is used to describe _______ of larvae that eventually reach adulthood. A. high survival rates B. low survival rates C. predation D. immortality E. settlement
B. low survival rates
09. ____ is usually the most abundant form of combined inorganic N in runoff, riverine input, groundwater discharge, and atmospheric deposition due to rapid oxidation of ammonium. A. nitrite B. nitrate C. ammonium D. urea E. amines
B. nitrate
12. ______ is the most abundant (non-gaseous) chemical species of BIOAVAILABLE nitrogen in deep ocean waters. A. nitrite B. nitrate C. ammonium D. A and C only E. urea
B. nitrate
47. Nitrate reductase is an enzyme that converts nitrate to ________. A. amino acids B. nitrite C. nitrile D. proteins E. urea
B. nitrite
20. _________ phytoplankton usually grow well under mixed conditions, while ________ phytoplankton prefer stratified water columns. A. flagellated, non-motile B. non-motile, flagellated C. eukaryotic, prokaryotic D. diazotrophic, non-diazotrophic E. diatoms, cyanobacteria
B. non-motile, flagellated
50. _________ phytoplankton usually grow well under wellmixed conditions, while ________ phytoplankton prefer stratified water columns. A. flagellated, non-motile B.non-motile, flagellated C. eukaryotic, prokaryotic D. diazotrophic, non-diazotrophic
B. non-motile, flagellated
The transport of materials from the estuary onto the continental shelf is known as ___ A. outsourcing B. outwelling C. import D. advection E. flow
B. outwelling
24. The observation that many similar species occur in close proximity in the seemingly uniform environment of the water column is known as "the _____ of the plankton". A. paradigm B. paradox C. principle D. competition E. rule
B. paradox
26. If the water column is anoxic, sediments will be a source for ________ diffusing into the water column. A. oxygen B. phosphate C. silicate D. bacteria E. A, B, C, and D
B. phospate
19. Plankton ranging in size from 0.2 - 2.0 μm in size are termed ____. A. femtoplankton B. picoplankton C. bacteria D. nanoplankton E. microplankton
B. picoplankton
Fish are obligate ___ A. swimmers B. poikilotherms C. homeotherms D. decomposers
B. poikilotherms
35. The Optimal Foraging Theory and the Time in Patch Model are generally applied to explain the costs vs. benefits of different _____ strategies. A. reproductive B. predation C. mating D. swimming E. parasitic
B. predation
48. A fish that is a male first, and female second is a _____ hermaphrodite. A. synchronous B. protandrous C. protogynous D. simulataneous
B. protandrous
In an Eckman spiral, the NET direction of water movement is ___ to the wind direction in the northern hemisphere A. parallel B. right perpendicular C. left perpendicular
B. right perpendicular
29. The tides in South Carolina are _______. A. diurnal B. semidiurnal C. mixed D. greater than 6 meters E. microtidal
B. semidiurnal
18. In the South Atlantic Bight, coastal currents flow _____ and offshore currents flow ______. A. north, south B. south, north C. west, east D. east, west
B. south, north
27. According to Stokes' Law, a sphere will increase its sinking speed in proportion to the ____ of the radius. A) inverse B) square C) cube D) square root E) reciprocal
B. square
Benthic biomass in the deep ocean has a high positive correlation with ___ A. nekton production B. surface primary production C. depth D. temperature E. ocean trenches
B. surface primary production
28. The primary driving force for tides is ________. A. the sun B. the moon C. Earth's rotation D. wind E. density differences
B. the moon
26. On the continental shelf, circulation is primarily _______. A. thermohaline B. wind-driven C. both A and B
B. wind driven
45. Niche Diversification, Circular Networks, and Compensatory Mortality Hypotheses assume that high diversity is maintained _____ continual changes in species composition. A. with B. without C. under D. constantly E. suboptimal but
B. without
In many estuaries, fisheries yield is approximately ___% of primary production A. 1 B. 5 C. 10 D. 20 E. 25
C. 10
The sinking rate for phytodetritus is approximately ___meters per day A. 10 B. 50 C. 100 D. 200 E. 300
C. 100
32. The Redfield ratio is _________ C:N:P A. 106:1:16 moles B. 106:16:1 grams C. 106:16:1 moles D. 106:1:16 grams E. A and B
C. 106:16:1
22. The turnover time of bacteria in sediments is approximately _____ times per year. A. 10 B. 100 C. 200 D. 400 E. 750
C. 200
Habitat partitioning allows different species to effectively use different areas of estuaries over ___ A. space B. time C. A and B D. none of the above
C. A and B
Which of the following would be a good estimate of cellular metabolism? A. CO2 uptake B. O2 production C. O2 consumption D. temperature E. enzyme
C. O2 consumption
50. _____ is usually used to infer estimated sinking rates for phytoplankton and other small cells. A. the Reynolds number B. Fick's Law C. Stokes' Law D. temperature E. the Redfield Ratio
C. Stoke's law
10. In terms of the total amount of nitrogen fixed, the most important nitrogen fixer (diazotroph) in the open ocean is probably_______. A. Trichocystous B. Oscillatoria C. Trichodesmium D. Prochlorococcus E. Synechococcus
C. Trichodesmium
37. The _____ Effect may occur when population sizes are small and result in extinction. A. Founder B. Allele C. Allee D. Hardy E. Paradox
C. allee
27. Why is there such a large difference in the percentage of benthic species vs. pelagic species? A. More benthic area relative to water volume B. The benthos is more habitable than the water column C. Benthic habitats are more easily sampled than the water column D. Mostly due to coral reef species
C. benthic habitats are more easily sampled than the water column
Why is there such a large difference in the percentage of benthic species vs. pelagic species? A) More benthic area relative to water volume B) The benthos is more habitable than the water column C) Benthic habitats are more easily sampled than the water column D) Mostly due to coral reef species
C. benthic habitats are more easily sampled than the water column
14. A SCUBA diver was at a depth of 50 m (150 ft) in clear ocean waters and accidently sliced his finger on an angry coral. What is the color of the liquid oozing out of the injured finger? A. Red B. Ultraviolet C. Blue D. Orange E. Yellow
C. blue
46. Nutrient controls of phytoplankton growth would be an example of a _____ effect. A. web B. top-down C. bottom-up D. Allee E. Arrhenius
C. bottom-up
31. On the continental shelf and the open ocean, tidal circulation is ______. A. east - west B. west - east C. circular D. north - south E. south - north
C. circular
44. An ADCP measures _____. A. chlorophyll B. temperature and salinity C. current velocity D. vertical flux E. diffusion
C. current velocity
49. The intensity of competition between species in the intertidal zone generally ____ with increasing latitude. A. stays constant B. increases C. decreases D. grows exponentially E. becomes more important
C. decreases
Shelf sediments may harbor high densities of ___ zooplankton that emerge at night A. epibenthic B. epipelagic C. demersal D. Pelagic E. holo
C. demersal
The major SINK for combined N on the shelf is ____ A. N fixation B. deposition C. denitrification D. A and B E. A, B, and C
C. denitrification
43. _____ is said to occur when positive interactions between species lead to enhanced survival. A. Cooperation B. Synergy C. Facilitation D. Commensalism E. Vacillation
C. facilitation
13. Diatoms are heavy due to their silicified ______. A. flagella B. spines C. frustules D. skeletons E. spikes
C. frustules
10. The sum of material and energy gains and losses is _____ A. respiration B. reproduction C. growth D. NPP
C. growth
A fish that has both active female and active male tissues at the same time is a ____ individual A. protogynous B. protandrous C. hermaphroditic D. gonochoristic
C. hermaphroditic
15. Estuaries filled entirely by ocean-transported sediment are said to be ____. A. positive-filled B. negative-filled C. inverse-filled D. turbid estuaries E. reverse estuaries
C. inverse-filled
21. Invertebrates that spend a portion of their life cycle as zooplankton are termed ______. A. larvae B. holozooplankton C. merozooplankton D. anadromous
C. merozooplankton
42. Tides that have semidiurnal and diurnal characteristics are ______ tides. A. diurnal B. semidiurnal C. mixed D. wind E. solar
C. mixed
On the contintnetal shelves, the Macoma community is usually associated with ___ sediments. A. rocky B. sandy C. muddy D. coarse E. methane
C. muddy
31. _________ is the most successful and most abundant genus on Earth. A. Synechococcus B. Homo C. Prochlorococcus D. Trichodesmium E. Microcystis
C. prochlorococcus
49. A fish that is a female first, and male second is a _____ hermaphrodite. A. synchronous B. protandrous C. protogynous D. simulataneous
C. protogynous
48. Most of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool in the marine environment is ________. A. edible B. labile C. refractory D. bioavailable E. precipitated
C. refractory
38. A steep halocline and high freshwater discharge are characteristic of _____ estuaries. A. well-mixed B. fjord C. salt wedge D. reverse E. positive
C. salt wedge
07. The main determinant of the metabolic rate of an organism is its _______. A. size B. biomass C. surface area D. trophic level E. age
C. surface area
33. Spring tides have a periodicity of ____solar days. A. 30.7 B. 28.4 C. 7.5 D. 14.8 E. 6
D. 14.8
30. A semi-diurnal tidal day has a period of ____ hours. A. 6 B. 12 C. 24 D. 24.8 E. 28.4
D. 24.8
26. When did the most recent major species radiation begin? A. In the Triassic Period B.In the Jurassic Period C. 65,000 years ago D. 65,000,000 years ago E. During the Cretaceous Period
D. 65,000,000 years ago
05. Photoacclimation can be achieved by __________ of photosynthetic units (PSUs). A. increasing the size B. increasing the number C. turning off D. A or B E. A, B, or C
D. A or B
39. Under oxic conditions, phosphate adsorbs (sticks to) onto__. A) oxyhydrides B) calcium carbonate C) clay minerals D) A,B and C
D. A, B, and C
On the continental shelf, carbon sources other than autochthonous production likely come from ___ A. phytoplankton B. rivers C. estuaries D. B and C E. A, B, and C
D. B and C
42. In ocean basins located large distances from continents, _____ may be a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton. A. phosphorus B. organic matter C. sulfur D. iron E. molybdenum
D. Iron
The removal of a _____has major impacts on ecosystem function. A. predator B. herbivore C. bacteria D. keystone species E. redundant species
D. Keystone species
20. _____ is a process in which the water mass remains intact but is transported downstream. A. diffusion B. dispersive mixing C. dispersion D. advection E. bulk transport
D. advection
36. Many species use ______ coloration to defend themselves against predation. A. danger B. inverse C. imposematic D. aposematic E. aposentic
D. aposematic
____ may modulate nutrient fluxes across the sediment/water interface on continental shelves A. phytoplankon B. macroalgae C. the oxycline D. benthic microalgae E. salinity
D. benthic microalgae
04. Changes in biomass at one trophic level that affect lower trophic levels are known as _____ effects. A. chain B. waterfall C. transformation D. cascade
D. cascade
43. Rotary tidal currents are usually found on _______. A. the west coast B. the east coast C. the western side of estuaries D. continental shelves
D. continental shelves
____ are usually considered the numerically dominant holozooplankton group in ocean ecosystems A. chaetognaths B. nematodes C. ostracods D. copepods E. krill
D. copepods
08. Nitrification and denitrification are said to be _______ processes. A. oxic B. anoxic C. uncoupled D. coupled E. A and C
D. coupled
24. Organisms that are found associated with the bottom habitats are said to be ______. A. merozooplankton B. holozooplankton C. pelagic D. demersal E. tychopelagic
D. demersal
30. Silica may be the limiting nutrient for _______ growth if N and P concentrations are in excess. A. cyanobacteria B. dinoflagellates C. cryptophytes D. diatoms E. A and D
D. diatoms
35. The Chesapeake Bay and Charleston Harbor are good examples of ______ estuaries. A. bar-built B. fjord C. tectonic D. drowned river valley E. canyon
D. drowned river valley
13. Why is the rapidly increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2 a problem for calcareous organisms? A. It lowers dissolved oxygen concentrations B. It enhances calcification C. It affects the grazing rates of zooplankton D. It causes dissolution of calcium carbonate E. It not a real problem
D. it causes dissolution of calcium carbonate
Mud deposits at the edge of the continental shelf indicate a ____ energy environment A. high B. dynamic C. moderate D. low E. sandy
D. low
18. Most open ocean species of phytoplankton are picoplankton (0.2 - 2 µm). This is likely due to ______. A. low temperatures B. turbulence C. low sunlight D. low nutrient concentrations E. high grazing
D. low nutrient concentrations
34. Under oxic conditions, _______ readily adsorbs (binds) to particles and calcium carbonate. A. nitrate B. nitrite C. ammonium D. phosphate E. A, B, and C
D. phosphate
45. Non-tidal flows are also known as tidal _____. A. vectors B. excess C. flows D. residuals E. mixing vectors
D. residuals
Sea cucumbers are most closely related to ___ A. polychaetes B. annelids C. ascidians D. starfish
D. starfish
11. A major sink for labile dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in epipelagic ocean waters is _____. A. excretion B. respiration C. outgassing D. the microbial loop E. atmospheric deposition
D. the microbial loop
42. The termination of some phytoplankton blooms may be caused by ______. A. too much sunlight B. high nutrient concentrations C. a reduction in herbivore biomass D.viruses E. sinking out of the photic zone
D. viruses
46. A low Reynolds number indicates that ______ is more important for organism movement than inertial forces. A. salinity B. temperature C. pressure D. viscosity E. turbulence
D. viscosity
Continental shelves occupy ____% of the ocean area, but provide 20-30% of total ocean productivity A. 20 B. 31 C. 6 D. 19 E. 11
E. 11
On the continental shelf, recycled (regenerated) N accounts for more than ___% of the N required for primary production A. 10 B. 25 C. 50 D. 75 E. 90
E. 90
24. _____ can exist in solid, liquid, and gas states under normal environmental conditions on Earth. A. N B. P C. S D. Fe E. A and C;
E. A and C
Mid-ocean ridges are common sites for ___ A. chemosynthesis B. hydrothermal vents C. mineral deposits D. A and C only E. A, B and C
E. A, B and C
31. Atmospheric dust can be a major source of _________ for the open ocean. A. iron B. silica C. microbes D. phosphorus E. A, B, C, and D
E. A, B, C and D
07. The complete nitrogen cycle requires _________ environments. A. low pH B. dark C. anoxic D. oxic E. C and D
E. C and D
36. The primary sink for silica in the world's ocean is __________ environments. A. atmospheric B. terrestrial C. deep ocean D. diatoms E. C and D
E. C and D
Most harmful species of phytoplankton are ____. A. diatoms B. bacteria C. cryptophytes D. viruses E. dinoflagellates
E. Dinoflagellates
If only 1-3% of surface NPP reaches the ocean floor, what happens to the other 97%? A. consumed by zooplankton B. degraded by bacteria while sinking C. trapped in the microbial loop D. it is denitrified E. All of the above
E. all of the above
Organism-sediment relations in benthic environments includes... A. metabolism and nutrient recycling in-situ B. Mediation of energy flow C. processing/filtering water-removal of particulates D. nutrient regeneration and exchange with overlying waters E. all of the above
E. all of the above
The source(s) of organic matter inputs into the deep sea is/are A. surface primary production B. POM C. chemosynthesis D. food falls E. All of the above
E. all of the above
43. A major source of "new" iron for the oligotrophic North Atlantic Ocean is ______. A. regeneration B. upwelling C. downwelling D. river input E. atmospheric dust
E. atmospheric dust
19. The primary wavelengths for light absorption by chlorophyll a are _____ and _____. A. green, red B. blue, green C. yellow, green D. orange, yellow E. blue, red
E. blue,red
14. Two major groups of MOTILE phytoplankton are_____and _______. A. diatoms, dinoflagellates B. cyanobacteria, cryptophytes C. diatoms, cyanobacteria D. diatoms, cryptophytes E. chrysophytes, cryptophytes
E. chrysophytes, cryptophytes
41. Which of the following have the highest salinity range? A. limnetic B. oligohaline C. mesohaline D. polyhaline E. euhaline
E. euhaline
29. _______ prevents taxa from evolving locally and spreading into other regions. A. currents B. insolation C. planktotrophic larvae D. competition E. isolation
E. isolation
04. Prokaryotes use ______ to convert N2 gas to organic N and ammonium. A. denitrification B. nitrification C. ammonification D. nitrate fixation E. nitrogen fixation
E. nitrogen fixation
17. Chloroplast stacking (pigment packaging) is a method used by phytoplankton for _______. A. nutrient uptake B. photosynthesis C. respiration D. buoyancy E. photoacclimation
E. photoacclimation
25. A high kt for a phytoplankter suggests that it would grow faster when nutrient concentrations are low. A. True B. False
False
37. Small Reynolds Numbers (Re) indicate that viscosity can be ignored. A) True B) False
False
In terms of biodiversity, deep sea habitats are similar to estuaries True False
False
22. The only "true" pelagic macroalga in the open ocean is _______. A. Pycnococcus B. Ulva C. Sargassum D. Prochloroccus E. Spartina
Sargassum
34. Ecosystems are composed of _______. A. populations B. species C. communities D. communities and the abiotic features of the seascape E. biospheres
abiotic features of the seascape
The boundary between the continental shelf and the continental rise is the a. continental margin b. continental slope c. deep ocean floor d. hadal zone e. mesopelagic
b. continental slope
Approximately ___% of surface primary production reaches deep sea (>3000 m) habitats A. 1 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20
A. 1
16. Marine species constitute more than ___% of the known species on Earth. A. 14 B. 8 C. 5 D. 60
A. 14
09. A system rate of primary production in an estuary was found to be 300 g C m-2 y-1. What is a good estimate of the biomass (in g C m-2) of predatory (meat eating) benthic macrofauna in this system? A. 3 B. 30 C. 60 D. 0.3 E. < 10
A. 3
The more closely-related the two competitors, the more ___ the outcome of competition will be. A. even B. uneven C. distinct D. limited E. unfortunate
A. Even
20. Plants use ___ as the electron acceptor for oxygenic photosynthesis, resulting in O2 as a byproduct. A. H2O B. NO2 C. H2S D. SO4 E. NH4
A. H2O
38. The surface area of a cell is important for biogeochemical cycling because.... A. Rates are directly proportional to surface area B. Rates are inversely proportional to surface area C. Only small cells are important for biogeochemical cycling D. Smaller cells have lower uptake rates
A. Rates are directly proportional to surface area
Sandy sediments on the continental shelf have a typical ____ community A. Venus B. Macoma C. Epipelagic D. benthic E. Mya
A. Venus
02. Respiration increases the concentration of dissolved CO2 and results in ______ in pH. A. a decrease B. an increase C. no change D. buffering E. a stable
A. a decrease
06. If a copepod was the size of a human, how big would a bacterium be? A. a single grain of rice B. a hot dog C. a hamburger D. a pizza E. a potato
A. a single grain of rice
23. Sediment reworking and mixing by infauna and epifauna is known as ________. A. bioturbation B. downwelling C. biomixing D. burial E. grazing
A. bioturbation
_____ light is attenuated more quickly than _____light in near coastal and estuarine waters. A. blue, red B. black, white C. infrared, ultraviolet D. red, blue E. reflected, absorbed
A. blue, red
40. Interference competition, exploitation competition, and _____ are the primary modes of interspecific competition. A. competitive exclusion B. predation C. resource D. parasitism E. mimicry
A. competitive exclusion
15. As the attenuation coefficient for PAR increases, the depth of the photic zone ______. A. decreases B. increases C. stays the same
A. decreases
The total number of offspring produced by an individual female fish is the ___ A. fecundity B. productivity C. output D. population recruitment E. inventory
A. fecundity
Major sources of NEW combined N for the shelf include river runoff, atmospheric deposition, and ____ A. groundwater B. regeneration C. downwelling D. hypoxia E. N fixation
A. groundwater
If respiration is greater than production, then the system is net ___ A. heterotrophic B. autotrophic C. allotrophic D. positive E. negative
A. heterotrophic
06. Nitrate concentrations are usually _____ below the permanent thermocline. A. high B. low C. the same as surface waters D. in the form of ammonium E. C and D
A. high
21. Oligotrophic phytoplankton species with larger cells usually have a ____ half-saturation constant (Kt) than smaller cells for nutrient uptake. A. higher B. lower C. constant
A. higher
35. Black and smelly marsh sediments are highly reduced and rich in ________ A. hydrogen sulfide (H2S) B. adsorbed phosphate (PO4) C. oxygen (O2) D. hydrogen sulfate (SO4)
A. hydrogen sulfide
28. When phytoplankton cells age or die, the C:N ratio _____. A) increases B) decreases C) stays constant
A. increases
33. According to biogeographic theory, species richness _____ with increasing island area. A. increases B. decreases C. varies with D. has no relation to E. dissipates with
A. increases
45. The concentration GRADIENT (dC/dZ) in the diffusive boundary layer ______ as flow around a particle increases. A. increases B. decreases C. does not change
A. increases
Nitrogen export from an estuary usually ___ with decreasing residence time A. increases B. decreases C. remains static D. denitrifies E. declines
A. increases
The intensity of intertidal zonation of fauna ______ with decreasing latitude. A. increases B. decreases C. is constant D. exponentially increases
A. increases
02. In an inverse estuary (Mediterranean-type circulation), water flow is __ the estuary at the surface and __ the estuary along the bottom. A. into, out of B. out of, into C. up, down D. down, up E. longitudinal, lateral
A. into, out of
In the open ocean, the oxygen minimum zone usually occurs below the ________ zone. A. nutrient maximum B. bathypelagic C. photic D. abyssopelagic E. pH maximum
c. photic
Intertidal zonation along the coast of South Carolina is due primarily to _____ A. Competition B. Physical conditions C.Wave energy D. Winter temperatures E. SC doesn't have intertidal zonation
competition
16. It is possible for the critical depth to be shallower than the compensation depth. A. True B. False
false
The primary nutrient responsible for eutrophication in estuarine and coastal waters is ____
fixed N
The deep sea has ____biomass and ___diversity
low, high
Nutrient pollution in coastal waters is high correlated with ____
the human population in the watershed
What is the likely source for the associated pathogens affecting coral reefs in the Florida keys?
the sahara desert
What happens to calcium carbonate at lower temperatures
the solubility increases (dissolves faster)
Why do the largest marine consumers in the ocean feed on zooplankton and phytoplankton?
they could not obtain enough energy for survival if the fed at higher trophic levels
What are the three types of reefs?
Fringing, barrier, and atoll
37. The Great Lakes are considered to be a series of estuaries. A. True B. False
True
T/F: Corals may recover from bleaching events
True
12. Genetic diversity, species diversity, and diversity of the environment are all components of _________. A. marine ecology B. diversity indices C. biodiversity D. ecodiversity E. biotic indices
biodiversity
The bathypelagic region is deeper than the ________ region in the ocean. A. aphotic B. hadalpelagic C. abyssopelagic D. mesopelagic E. hadal
d. mesopelagic
Coral zooxanthellae are...
dinoflagellates